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Antimicrobial resistance containment in Africa:Moving beyond surveillance

Biosafety and Health 2024年第1期6卷 50-58页

作者： Zikora Kizito glory Anyaegbunam Ifeanyi Elibe Mba Yandev Doowuese Ngozi j.Anyaegbunam Toluwalase Mba Fetuata Aminat Aina Vincent NnamdigadiChigor Emeka Innocent Nweze Emmanuel A.Ezea Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of Nigeria Nsukka CampusEnugu 410001Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of IbadanIbadan 20005Nigeria Department of Microbiology Federal University of Health SciencesOtukpo 970001Nigeria Measurement and Evaluation Unit Science Education Department University of Nigeria NsukkaEnugu 410001Nigeria Sumy State University Medical InstituteSumy Oblast 40000Ukraine Lead City University Hospital Lead CityIbadan 200255Nigeria Department of Microbiology College of Natural SciencesFederal University of AgricultureAbeokuta 111101Nigeria

Worldwide,infections caused by drug‐resistant pathogens constitute a significant challenge threatening therapeutic *** to the World Health Organization(WHO),antimicrobial resistance(AMR)ranks among the top 10 global public health *** with a high rate of multiple host adaptivity,significant genetic diversity(multiple lineages),high virulence factors,and genetic exchange have been isolated from various sources(humans,animals,and the environment)even without exposure to prior *** now,the source of AMR and how resistant clones are selected in the environment remain largely elusive,and potential anthropogenic transmission has been reported in different *** drug‐resistant pathogens,lineages,resistant clones,outbreak clusters,plasmid replicates,and genes that play a critical role in resistance dissemination have been *** of certain multidrug‐resistant(MDR)determinants has also been shown to enhance or support the propagation of *** far,significant advances have been made in understanding the burden of ***,overcoming AMR requires a holistic approach,as there is no single approach with sufficient precision to curb the *** strengthening AMR surveillance efforts is essential,as we have shown,there is also a need to intensify efforts to strengthen therapeutic interventions,especially in priority regions such as ***,we discussed the burden of AMR and the dissemination of AMR in humans,animals,and the environment(non‐medical drivers).We further delved into the big questions on Africa and discussed how therapeutic interventions involving vaccines and other viable biomaterials could be pivotal in reducing the burden of AMR to the barest minimum.

关键词： Antimicrobial resistance(AMR) Bacteria Surveillance One Health Vaccines Africa

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D-Dimer: Predictor of Postpartum Hemorrhage among Pre-Eclampsia at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre

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Open journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024年第6期14卷 923-937页

作者： Husna Silim Ally Nyasatu G. Chamba Raziya Gaffur Nasra Batchu glory Mangi Pendo S. Mlay Bariki Mchome Mtoro j. Mtoro Thomas j. Kakumbi Rafiki N. Mjema Doris Rwenyagila Eusebius Maro Fredrick Mbise Gilleard Masenga Patricia S. Swai Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology KCMC Hospital Moshi Tanzania Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo) Moshi Tanzania

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the major contributor to maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide as well as in Tanzania. Studies have shown Pre-eclampsia as a risk indicator for Postpartum hemorrhage and D-dimer tends to rise in women with pre-eclampsia. Few studies that have shown the association between D-dimer and PPH have been controversial and differ according to ethnicity and lifestyle. Hence there is no suitable reference interval for D-dimer in predicting Postpartum hemorrhage among women with pre-eclampsia. Broad Objective: This study aimed to assess the association, sensitivity, and specificity of D-dimer as a laboratory predictor of postpartum hemorrhage among women with pre-eclampsia at KCMC hospital. Methodology: This was a hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study conducted at KCMC Hospital in Northern Tanzania from September 2022 to March 2023. A total of 195 women with pre-eclampsia were included in this study. Plasma D-dimer levels were taken from women with pre-eclampsia pre-delivery. Haematocrit was compared before and after delivery, and a fall of 10% was considered as Postpartum hemorrhage together with clinical assessment of the patient. Participants were divided among those who had severe features and those who did not have severe features and were further categorized into those who had PPH and those who did not have PPH. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between D-dimer and PPH adjusting for other factors. The Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the predictive value. Results: Higher median D-dimer levels were seen among women who had PPH compared to those who had no PPH. D-dimer was seen to be associated with PPH, thus for every unit increase of µg/ml of D-dimer among women who had pre-eclampsia without severe features there was a 14% significant increase in the odds of having postpartum hemorrhage and a 45% significant increase of having postpartum hemorrhage among those who had pre

关键词： D-Dimer Preeclampsia Postpartum Hemorrhage Tanzania

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D-Dimer: Predictor of Postpartum Hemorrhage among Pre-Eclampsia at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre

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Open journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology（妇产科期刊） 2024年第6期 923页

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A marathon,not a sprint:Increasing population physical activity as a legacy of sports mega-events

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journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第6期13卷 732-735页

作者： Fiona C.Bull Paul j.Simpson Physical Activity Unit Department of Health PromotionWorld Health OrganizationGeneva CH-1211Switzerland The BMj London WC1H 9JPUK

*** matters The withdrawal of Australia as hosts for the Commonwealth Games in 2026 demonstrates that large international sporting events are more than just sporting mastery,medals,and *** also matters.1 The cost of hosting a major international tournament is eye-wateringly *** governments need to show that the billions of dollars of investment deliver a return beyond sporting glory to justify the resources that are spent.

关键词： return dollar sport

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The impact of out-of-pocket expenditures on missed appointments at HIV r care and treatment centers in Northern Tanzania

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Global Health journal 2021年第2期5卷 90-96页

作者： Carl Mhina Hayden Bosworth john A.Bartlett Helene Vilme joyce H.Mosha Deborah F.Shoo Tom j.Kakumbi glory j.cob Charles Muiruri Department of Population Health Sciences School of MedicineDuke University215 Morris StreetDurhamNC 27701USA Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College Box 2240Moshi KilimanjaroTanzania Health Economics Unit School of Public Health and Family MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownOBSERVATORY 7925South Africa Duke Global Health Institute Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System508 Fulton StreetHSRD 152DurhamNC 27705USA Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences P.0.Box 65001Dar-es-SalaamTanzania

Background:Missed clinic appointments negatively impact clinic patient flow and health outcomes of people living with HIV(PLHIV).PLHIV likelihood of missing clinic appointments is associated with direct and indirect expenditures made while accessing HIV *** objective of this study was to examine the relationship between out-of-pocket(OOP)health expenditures and the likelihood of missing ***:Totally 618 PLHIV older than 18 years attending two HIV care and treatment centres(CTC)in Northern Tanzania were enrolled in the *** attendance and clinical characteristics were abstracted from medical *** on OOP health expenditures,demographics,and socio-economic factors were self-reported by the *** used a hurdle *** first part of the hurdle model assessed the marginal effect of a one Tanzanian Shillings(TZS)increase in OOP health expenditure on the probability of having a missed appointment and the second part assessed the probability of having missed appointments for those who had missed an appointment over the study ***:Among these 618 participants,242(39%)had at least one missed clinic appointment in the past *** expenditure was not significantly associated with the number of missed clinic *** median amount of OOP paid was 5100 TZS per visit,about 7%of the median monthly *** who were separated from their partners(adjusted odds ratio[AOR]=1.83,95%confidence interval[CZ]:1.11-8.03)and those aged above 50 years(AOR=2.85,95%CI:1.01-8.03)were significantly associated with missing an *** those who had at least one missed appointment over the study period,the probability of missing a clinic appointment was significantly associated with seeking care in a public CTC(P=0.49,95%CI:0.88-0.09)and aged between>25-35 years(P=0.90,95%CI:0.11-1.69).Conclusion:Interventions focused on improving compliance to clinic appointments should target public CTCs,PLHIV aged between>

关键词： Missed clinic appointments Out-of-pocket expenditure HIV Tanzania

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Epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in Burkina Faso

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Asian Pacific journal of Tropical Medicine 2008年第2期1卷 1-6页

作者： Simpore j Zeba B Karou D Ilboudo D Pignatelli S Nacoulma OG Musumeci S Saint Camille Medical Centre(SCMC) OuagadougouBurkina Faso University of Ouagadougou Burkina Faso University of Rome "Tor Vergata" RomeItaly Department of Pharmacology Gynecology and ObstetricsPediatricsUniversity of Sassari and Institute of Biomolecular ChemistryNational Research Council(CNR)Li Punti(SS)Italy

Burkina Faso(West Africa) is a tropical country with a high incidence of infectious *** uncontrolled use of antibiotics against bacterial pathogens has given rise to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in this *** aims of this study were;i) to determine the prevalences of the most important pathogenic bacteria isolated in the town of Ouagadougou;ii) to identify the bacterial species which have acquired resistance as a result of antibiotic selection;iii) to compare antibiotic-resistances of Escherichia coli isolated from stool culture in the present study with results obtained in 2002 from strains collected in the same structure in Burkina Faso;iv) to determine the trend of antibiotic resistance in Burkina Faso in order to give local advice on the most appropriate empiric antibiotic *** thousand two hundred and sixty four samples of blood,stools, urine,sputum,pus and vaginal secretion were collected and analyzed in Saint Camille Medical Center(SCMC) laboratory from May 2001 to May *** of the 6264 samples tested no pathogen was identified in 1583(25.31%),whilst 4681(74.73%) were positive with the incidence of the microrganisms isolated being as follows;Escherichia coli 1291(27.6%),Staphylococcus aureus 922(19.7%),Salmonella spp 561(12. 0%),Streptococcus spp 499(10.7%),Klebsiella spp 359(7.7%),Shigella spp(6.3%),Acinetobacter spp 266(5.7%) and others 783(16.7%).Among the isolated pathogens,the highest resistance was found to amoxicillin:Proteus spp 95,6%,Escherichia coli 78,2%,Salmonella spp 62,2%,Shigella spp 73,4% and Klebsiella spp 89,9%,followed by resistance to ampicillin and *** the prevalence of antibiotic resistance of Escherichia cob’from stool cultures isolated during 1999-2000 to that of 2001-2006, a significant reduction was found which could be due to the improved use of antibiotics in recent *** reduced antibiotic-resistance observed in pathogens isolated in Burkina Faso during this study as compa

关键词： Escherichia coli antibiotic-resistance Burkina Faso

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Effect of Complete Feed Feeding Level and Morning glory on Growing Pig Performance

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Open journal of Animal Sciences 2020年第3期10卷 493-501页

作者： Samorn Sreng Sath Keo j. M. DeRouchey M. D. Tokach Lyda Hok j. L. Vipham Faculty of Animal Science Royal University of Agriculture Phnom Penh Cambodia Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Royal University of Agriculture Phnom Penh Cambodia Department of Animal Sciences and Industry Kansas State University Manhattan USA Faculty of Agronomy Royal University of Agriculture Phnom Penh Cambodia Center of Excellence on Sustainable Agricultural Intensification and Nutrition Royal University of Agriculture Phnom Penh Cambodia

A total of 60 castrated male pigs (Yorkshire x Duroc, initially 17.36 kg) were used in a 42-day trial to evaluate the effect of complete feed feeding level and morning glory on growth performance of growing pigs. Pigs were allotted to pens and randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: A) completed feed fed ad libitum;B) complete feed fed at 75% of intake of treatment A, and C) treatment B with ad libitum availability of morning glory. The design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five pens (replications) of each treatment with four pigs per pen. Average daily feed intake (dry matter basis) was higher (P glory). Average daily weight gain of pigs fed ad libitum was greater (P glory intermediate (871, 674 and 714 g, respectively). Feed efficiency improved (P ad libitum or pigs restricted fed but provided morning glory (1.63, 1.56 and 1.65, respectively). For economics, feeding complete feed ad libitum improved (P glory (USD 41.48, 33.42, and 33.89/pig, respectively). In conclusion, feeding growing pigs a complete diet ad libitum resulted in the greatest growth rate and profitability. Offering morning glory (Ipomoea. aquatica) to pigs fed a restricted level of complete feed did improve final body weight, but the extra cost of feeding morning glory offset this advantage resulting in similar profitability on an income over feed cost basis.

关键词： Complete Feed Feed Restriction Growing Pig Growth Performance Morning glory

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Tolerance of Corn (<i>Zea mays</i>L.) to Early and Late Glyphosate Applications

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American journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第18期5卷 2748-2754页

作者： Kris j. Mahoney Robert E. Nurse Wesley j. Everman Christy L. Sprague Peter H. Sikkema Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Harrow Canada Michigan State University East Lansing USA North Carolina State University Raleigh USA University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus Ridgetown Canada

Fifteen field experiments were conducted from 2009 to 2012 in Ontario, Canada and Michigan, USA to determine the tolerance of corn (Zea mays L.) to early (spike or 1- to 2-leaf stage) or late (8- or 10-leaf stage) applications of 900, 1800, 3600, or 7200 g·ae·ha-1 of glyphosate. Postemergence applications were evaluated for corn injury, cob length and deformity, crop moisture at harvest, and yield in the absence of weed competition. In the early application experiment, no visible injury was detected with applications of up to 3600 g·ae·ha-1;however, 1.4% injury was observed 4 weeks after treatment (WAT) when 7200 g·ae·ha-1 was applied to 1- to 2-leaf stage corn. Yet by harvest, the observed injury was transient as yields were similar to the untreated control regardless of glyphosate dose or timing. In the late application experiment, visible injury tended to increase with glyphosate dose. In addition, for corn treated with 7200 g·ae·ha-1 at the 10-leaf stage, injury increased over time as 6%, 11%, and 12% injury was observed 1, 2, and 4 WAT, respectively. Similar to the visible injury of vegetative tissue, cob deformity and reductions in yield tended to increase with glyphosate dose, but this response varied and the data were pooled into two environment groups. For example, in one environment group, corn treated with 7200 g·ae·ha-1 at the 8- and 10-leaf stage had a 9.5% and 14.6% reduction in yield, respectively. Whereas in another environment group, corn yields were similar to the untreated control regardless of glyphosate dose or timing. This research demonstrated that commercially available corn hybrids have tolerance to glyphosate at doses greater than what has been previously published or could reasonably be expected during spray overlaps in a field.

关键词： Dose Injury cob Deformity Yield

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Relationship between Physico-Mechanical Properties, Compacting Pressure and Mixing Proportion of Briquettes Produced from Maize cobs and Sawdust

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journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2014年第1期4卷 50-60页

作者： Stephen j. Mitchual Kwasi Frimpong-Mensah Nicholas A. Darkwa Department of Construction and Wood Technology Education University of Education Winneba Kumasi Campus Kumasi Ghana Department of Wood Science and Technology Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana

This study examined the relationship between selected physico-mechanical properties, compacting pressure and mixing proportion of briquettes produced from combination of maize cob particles and sawdust of low, medium and high density timber species. Particle sizes of maize cobs and sawdust used for the study were ≤1 mm. The two materials were combined at mixing percentages of 90:10, 70:30 and 50:50 (Sawdust:maize cobs). Briquettes were produced at room temperature (28°C) using compacting pressures 20, 30, 40 and 50 MPa. The results suggested that combining maize cob particles with sawdust of low, medium and high density wood species could significantly enhance the relaxed density, compressive strength in cleft and impact resistance index of briquettes produced from agricultural biomass residue like maize cobs. The results further indicated that the physical and mechanical characteristics of briquettes produced from combinations of sawdust of low density species and maize cobs were exceptionally higher than that produced from combinations of maize cob particles, and medium density and high density timber species. The R2 values for the regression model between the independent variables (mixing percentage and compacting pressure) and relaxed density, compressive strength in cleft and impact resistance index of briquettes produced from combinations of maize cob particles and sawdust of low density species (Ceiba pentandra) were 0.966, 0.932 and 0.710 respectively. This study provides a hope for briquetting maize cobs at room temperature using a low compacting pressure.

关键词： Briquette Compacting Pressure Maize cobs Mixing Proportions Physico-Mechanical Properties Sawdust

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儒家廉耻伦理及其当代意义

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齐鲁学刊 2014年第3期 32-37页

作者：严学钧中共安徽省委党校哲学教研部安徽合肥230022

同仁义礼智信五常相比,廉耻尚不构成儒家伦理之核心,但是,它仍然是不可忽视的儒家主要伦范,同礼义一起成为儒家推崇的"四维",并在清代纳入"古八德"而受到儒家和整个社会的遵奉。如果说"廉"是儒学着力阐述的基本道德规范之一,廉洁从政是... 详细信息

同仁义礼智信五常相比,廉耻尚不构成儒家伦理之核心,但是,它仍然是不可忽视的儒家主要伦范,同礼义一起成为儒家推崇的"四维",并在清代纳入"古八德"而受到儒家和整个社会的遵奉。如果说"廉"是儒学着力阐述的基本道德规范之一,廉洁从政是儒家一贯的政治社会理想,那么耻德也是儒家重要伦常规范之一,历代儒家特别是原始儒家要求人们要"有耻"、"知耻"、"贵有耻"、"人不可以无耻",认为"知耻近乎勇",耻是"立人之节"、"治世之大端",并为此论证了人有羞耻之心。汲取儒家耻感文化的合理成分,显然有助于为人们作出趋荣避耻的价值选择,确立明荣知耻的价值标准,树立正确的荣辱观,倡导社会主义核心价值观。

关键词：儒家廉耻伦理核心价值观

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