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Biochar surface functional groups as affected by biomass feedstock, biochar composition and pyrolysis temperature

Carbon Resources Conversion 2021年第1期4卷 36-46页

作者： Rainer Janu Verena Mrlik Doris Ribitsch Jakub Hofman Petr Sedlácek Lucie Bielsk gerhard soja AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH Konrad Lorenz-Str.243430 TullnAustria University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Institute of Environmental BiotechnologyKonrad Lorenz-Str.203430 TullnAustria Masaryk University Faculty of ScienceRECETOXKamenice 753/562500 BrnoCzech Republic Brno University of Technology Materials Research CentrePurkyňova 464/11861200 BrnoCzech Republic University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Institute for Chemical and Energy EngineeringMuthgasse 1071190 WienAustria

By testing 92 different biochars,this study had the objective to determine the relations between simple physico-chemical characteristics of biochar(elemental composition,ash fraction,specific surface area,process parameters)and infrared sorption characteristics revealing the presence of specific functional *** results of Diffusive Reflection Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy were statistically analyzed with multiple linear regression techniques and Principal Component Analysis(PCA)with the biochar characterization parameters as model *** dominant parameters affecting the functional group signals were the pyrolysis temperature,the H/C-ratio and specific surface area of the biochar and the ash *** models were able to explain 60-90%of data variance for specific peaks in the *** application of PCA could further reduce the input parameters to three main factors explaining 70.8%of total data *** of the first two main factors showed the similarity of infrared spectra of biochars produced at 300 and 450℃,whereas a pyrolysis temperature of 600℃ lead to a partial and a 750℃ to a nearly complete loss of biochar surface functional groups.

关键词： FTIR DRIFTS Spectroscopy Characterization Carbonization

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Translocator protein and neurodegeneration: insights from Alzheimer’s disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第4期20卷 1090-1091页

作者： Arpit Kumar Pradhan Rainer Rupprecht gerhard Rammes Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin der Technischen Universität München Klinikum rechts der IsarMunichGermany Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMartinsriedGermany Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University RegensburgRegensburgGermany

The 18 kDa translocator protein(TSPO)located on the outer mitochondrial membrane regulates several key cellular processes including mitochondrial homeostasis,cholesterol transport,apoptosis,cell proliferation,and maintenance of mitochondrial health(Rupprecht et al.,2022,2023).TSPO is expressed in both peripheral organs and the central nervous system,with a more pronounced expression in tissues that produce *** main reason why TSPO has garnered so much attention is because it plays a key role in neurosteroidogenesis by transferring cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane,which is the rate-limiting step in neurosteroid synthesis.A cholesterol-recognizing amino acid consensus domain has been identified in the cytosolic C terminus of the TSPO protein by both in vitro and site-directed mutagenesis experiments(Li et al.,2001).However,the role of TSPO in the process of neurosteroid synthesis has been challenged by several studies,particularly TSPO knockout models,which suggest that TSPO removal does not affect the phenotype or the system’s viability(Tu et al.,2014).However,ligands targeting TSPO have been shown to enhance levels of neurosteroids which suggests that neurosteroidogenesis is one of the major functional roles mediated by the TSPO protein.

关键词： cholesterol organs

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RESILIENCE 2.0： COMPUTER-AIDED DISASTER MANAGEMENT

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Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2017年第3期26卷 321-335页

作者： gerhard Chroust Georg Aumayr Institute for Telecooperation Johannes Kepler University Linz Austria Johanniter Osterreich Ausbildung und Forschung Vienna Austria

Many factors （larger population, more dependency on technology, more human-caused interference in the natural systems and equilibria, climate changes,... ） contribute to the seemingly growing number and severity of disasters. Additional exaggeration is generated by public media. As a consequence Disaster Prevention and Disaster Management must be given increased attention. The ultimate goal of Disaster Management is resilience of the affected system and thus the adequate and acceptable survival of the affected population. We discuss system behavior in the case of an assault or disturbance： from being fragile （loss of their functionality due to the assault） to being resilient （having the capacity ... of bouncing back to dynamic stability after a disturbance）, or even antifragile （being able to ＂learn＂ so as to improve disaster resilience）. Resilience 2. 0 identifies a new paradigm： modem Information and Communication Technologies （ICT） are employed as a basis for enabling and improving resilience of a system. ICT provide the basis for sufficient preparation before an assault, for quick recognition of, and for effective, efficient reactions to disasters. Only the coordinated intra- and interphase deployment of ICT promises sufficient success and can bring resilience to currently as yet fragile systems. We discuss stressors （time and performance pressure, physical and psychological stress on personnel） and problems due to damaged ICT-platforms and communication infrastructure. The basic message is that computer-aided Disaster Management is able to offers a new level of reactivity： Resilience 2.0.

关键词： Disaster vulnerability resilience human reaction hazard threat systemic reaction

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Biomimetic Sensors:Active Electrolocation of Weakly Electric Fish as a Model for Active Sensing in Technical Systems

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2007年第2期4卷 85-90页

作者： gerhard von der Emde Zoological Institute University of Bonn53115 BonnGermany

Instead of vision, many nocturnal animals use alternative senses for navigation and object detection in their dark environment. For this purpose, weakly electric mormyrid fish employ active electrolocation, during which they discharge a specialized electric organ in their tail which discharges electrical pulses. Each discharge builds up an electrical field around the fish, which is sensed by cutaneous electroreceptor organs that are distributed over most of the body surface of the fish. Nearby objects distort this electrical field and cause a local alteration in current flow in those electroreceptors that are closest to the object. By constandy monitoring responses of its electroreceptor organs, a fish can detect, localize, and identify environmental objects. Inspired by the remarkable capabilities of weakly electric fish in detecting and recognizing objects, we designed technical sensor systems that can solve similar problems of remote object sensing. We applied the principles of active electrolocation to technical systems by building devices that produce electrical current pulses in a conducting medium （water or ionized gases） and simultaneously sense local current density. Depending on the specific task a sensor was designed for devices could （i） detect an object, （ii） localize it in space, （iii） determine its distance, and （iv） measure properties such as material properties, thickness, or material faults. Our systems proved to be relatively insensitive to environmental disturbances such as heat, pressure, or turbidity. They have a wide range of applications including material identification, quality control, non-contact distance measurements, medical applications and many more. Despite their astonishing capacities, our sensors still lag far behind what electric fish are able to achieve during active electrolocation. The understanding of the neural principles governing electric fish sensory physiology and the corresponding optimization of our sensors to solve

关键词： biomimetic weakly electric fish sensory system electrolocation sensor

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Spatial modeling issues in future smart cities

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Geo-Spatial Information Science 2013年第1期16卷 7-12页

作者： gerhard SCHMITT Department of Architecture and Future Cities Laboratory ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerlandand ETH CREATESingapore

It is our goal to make today’s and future cities smart,sustainable and *** order to achieve this,it is fundamental to understand how each city works,to formalize the knowledge gained and to apply it to a city model as the base for simulations that can generate future scenarios with a high level of *** nature of this model,which must cover design,qualitative and quantitative aspects,has changed over *** this study,we focus on the role of the spatial dimension and of geometry in a city *** from being a dominating generative force in ancient cities,spatial modeling has developed into an underlying description language for present and future cities to define functions and properties of the city in space and *** example of the stocks and flows model applied to the city depicts where and how spatial modeling influences the design,construction and performance of the future Smart City.

关键词： future cities spatial modeling stocks and flows city models reality-based 3D models

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THAI experimental research on hydrogen risk and source term related safety systems

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Frontiers in Energy 2021年第4期15卷 887-915页

作者： Sanjeev GUPTA Martin FREITAG gerhard POSS Becker Technologies GmbH Rahmannstrasse 11Eschborn 65760Germany

In the defense-in-depth concept employed for the safety of nuclear installations,maintaining integrity of containment as the last barrier is of high importance to limit the release of radioactivity to the environment in case of a severe *** active and passive safety systems implemented in containments of light water reactors(LWRs)are designed to limit the consequences of such *** the performance and reliability of such systems under accident conditions is critical to the safety of nuclear *** the aftermath of the Fukushima accident,there has been focus on re-examining the existing safety systems to demonstrate their capabilities for a broader range of boundary conditions comprising both the early as well as the late phases of an *** addition to the performance testing of safety systems,their interaction with containment atmosphere needs detailed investigations to evaluate the effects of operation of safety systems on H2 risk and fission product(FP)behavior in containment,which may ultimately have an impact on the source term to the *** this context,an extensive containment safety related experimental research has been conducted in a thermalhydraulics,hydrogen,aerosols,and iodine test facility(THAI,60 m3,single vessel)/(THAI+,80 m3,two interconnected vessels).Related to the subject of this paper,experimental investigations covered performance testing of various safety and mitigation systems,i.e.,containment spray,passive autocatalytic recombiner(PAR),pressure suppression pool(water pools),and effects of their operation on H2 risk and in-containment FP *** experimental results have provided a better phenomenological understanding and database for validation and further improvement of a safety analysis tool based on computation fluid dynamic(CFD)and lumped parameter(LP)modeling *** paper summarizes the main insights obtained from the aforesaid THAI experimental research covering safety systems

关键词： severe accident containment safety mitigation H2 risk source term

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On the shear modulus and thermal effects during structural relaxation of a model metallic glass:Correlation and thermal decoupling

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第8期103卷 144-151页

作者： Hongbo Zhou Vitaly Khonik gerhard Wilde Institute of Materials Physics University of MuensterWilhelm-Klemm Str.10Muenster 48149Germany Department of General Physics Voronezh State Pedagogical UniversityLenin Str.86Voronezh 394043Russia

Pd_(40)Ni_(40)P_(20)(at.%)samples with different enthalpy states were fabricated through high-pressure torsion or sub-Tg annealing of the as-cast ***,the underlying structural relaxation was studied by in-situ shear modulus measurements and modulated differential scanning *** results show that high-pressure torsion leads to shear modulus softening and an increase of the nonreversible exothermic enthalpy,indicating a significant structural rejuvenation,while sub-Tg annealing causes shear modulus hardening and a decrease of the nonreversible exothermic *** reversible endothermic effect which can reflect the fractional change of supercooled liquid with temperature was found to be almost identical for all samples,and independent of deformation or thermal *** total heat flow can be well correlated with the shear modulus within the framework of interstitialcy ***,we demonstrate that the structural relaxation below Tg decouples into internal stress relaxation andβ-*** addition,this work indicates that the processes ofα-relaxation andβ-relaxation in the metallic glass are of similar structural origin but occur on different spatial scales.

关键词： Bulk metallic glass In-situ shear modulus Thermal properties Relaxation Interstitialcy theory

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Land Monitoring Network Services based on international geospatial standards:SOSI and geoland2/SDI Projects

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2010年第S1期3卷 70-84页

作者： Stephan Meissl gerhard Triebnig EOX IT Services GmbH Thurngasse 8/41090 WienAustria

Spatial Observation Services and Infrastructure is a project to develop and verify innovative infrastructure and services within the context of land monitoring and Earth Observation initiatives at European and Member State(MS)*** project’s results contribute to the concept definition of the Shared Environmental Information System(SEIS)emphasising symmetrical online sharing of information as opposed to unidirectional *** a pre-operational set-up,involving the European Environment Agency(EEA),four MS sites and the European Space Agency(ESA),a decentralised information system respecting the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe(INSPIRE)principles is demonstrated integrating distributed data and processing services as well as interactive multi-lingual *** geoland2 project is carried out in the context of Global Monitoring for the Environment and Security(GMES),a joint initiative of the European Commission and ESA,aiming to build up a European capacity for *** Spatial Data Infrastructure(SDI)task shall set up operational services for the discovery,viewing,access and delivery of all products generated in the geoland2 *** paper presents the projects along the five International Standards Organisation(ISO)/Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing viewpoints and concludes with the main recommendation that service provisioning can strongly benefit from a(re-)utilisation of the Service Support Environment(SSE)technology provided sustainably by ESA and from the related rich experience.

关键词： geoland2 SOSI INSPIRE GMES environment monitoring satellite Earth Observation

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Repellent effects of pongam oil on settlement and oviposition of the common greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum on chrysanthemum

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Insect Science 2007年第3期14卷 219-224页

作者： ROMAN PAVELA gerhard HERDA Research Institute of Crop Production Prague Czech University of Agriculture Prague Czech Republic

The repellent activities, including host deterrence and anti-oviposion, of pongam oil against the adults of the common greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood in greenhouses were tested. Chrysanthemum plants treated with different concentrations （0.5%-2.0%） of water-suspended pongam oil showed relatively long-lasting host deterrent and anti-oviposition effects on the adults of greenhouse whitefly. Although the repellent effect declined in time and concentration, strong effects on the reduction of oviposition were found, which lasts, dependent on concentration at least 12 days after application.

关键词： botanical insect control agent oviposition pongam oil repellence Trialeurodes vaporariorum

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Numerical simulation method for weld line development in micro injection molding process

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Journal of Central South University 2009年第5期16卷 774-780页

作者：谢磊 ZIEGMANN gerhard 蒋炳炎 Institute of Polymer Materials and Plastics Engineering Clausthal University of Technology Key Laboratory of Modern Complex Equipment Design and Extreme Manufacturing Ministry of EducationCentral South University

In order to reduce the "trial-mold" risk and cost,numerical simulation method was applied to micro injection molding weld line development investigation. The micro tensile specimen which has the size of 0.1 mm(depth) ×0.4 mm(width) ×12 mm(length) in test area was selected as the objective part,and polypropylene(PP) as the experimental material. Respectively with specific commercial software(Mold Flow) and general computational fluid dynamic(CFD) software(Comsol Multiphysics) ,the simulation experiments for development of weld line in micro injection molding process were executed and the real comparison experiments were also carried out. The results show that during micro injection molding process,the specific commercial software for normal injection molding process is not valid to describe the micro flow process,the shape of flow front in micro cavity flowing which is important in weld line developing study and the contact angle due to surface tension are not able to be simulated. In order to improve the simulation results for micro weld line development,the general CFD software,which is more flexible in user defining function,is applied. The results show better effects in describing micro fluid flow behavior. As a conclusion,as for weld line forming process,the numerical simulation method can give a characteristic analysis results for processing parameters optimizing in micro injection molding process;but for both kinds of softwares quantitative analysis cannot be obtained unless the boundary condition and micro fluid mathematic model are improved in the future.

关键词： weld line micro injection molding numerical simulation

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