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Unexpected Twinning and Phase-Transition of the Indentation Standards, Their Transition Energies, and Scientific Dichotomy

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2024年第6期12卷 2119-2159页

作者： gerd Kaupp Department of Chemistry University of Oldenburg Oldenburg Germany

The general use of aluminium as an indentation standard for the iteration of contact heights for the determination of ISO-14577 hardness and elastic modulus is challenged because of as yet not appreciated phase-changes in the physical force-depth standard curve that seemed to be secured by claims from 1992. The physical and mathematical analyses with closed formulas avoid the still world-wide standardized energy-law violation by not reserving 33.33% (h2 belief) (or 20% h3/2 physical law) of the loading force and thus energy for all not depth producing events but using 100% for the depth formation is a severe violation of the energy law. The not depth producing part of the indentation work cannot be done with zero energy! Both twinning and structural phase-transition onsets and normalized phase-transition energies are now calculated without iterations but with physically correct closed arithmetic equations. These are reported for Berkovich and cubecorner indentations, including their comparison on geometric grounds and an indentation standard without mechanical twinning is proposed. Characteristic data are reported. This is the first detection of the indentation twinning of aluminium at room temperature and the mechanical twinning of fused quartz is also new. Their disqualification as indentation standards is established. Also, the again found higher load phase-transitions disqualify aluminium and fused quartz as ISO-ASTM 14577 (International Standardization Organization and American Society for Testing and Materials) standards for the contact depth “hc” iterations. The incorrect and still world-wide used black-box values for H- and Er-values (the latter are still falsely called “Young’s moduli” even though they are not directional) and all mechanical properties that depend on them. They lack relation to bulk moduli from compression experiments. Experimentally obtained and so published force vs depth parabolas always follow the linear FN = kh3/2 + Fa equation, where

关键词： Aluminium Fused Quartz Copper Twinning Structural Phase-Transitions Undue Indentation Standards Data Manipulation Zerodurr Absolute Hardness

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Hordedane diterpenoid phytoalexins restrict Fusarium graminearum infection but enhance Bipolaris sorokiniana colonization of barley roots

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Molecular Plant 2024年第8期17卷 1307-1327页

作者： Yaming Liu Dario Esposto Lisa K.Mahdi Andrea Porzel Pauline Stark Hidayat Hussain Anja Scherr-Henning Simon Isfort Ulschan.Bathe Ivan F.Acosta Alga Zuccaro gerd U.Balcke Alain Tissier Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalleGermany Institute for Plant Sciences Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences(CEPLAS)Cologne BiocenterUniversity of CologneCologneGermany Department of Bioorganic Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalleGermany Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding research CologneGermany Horticultural Sciences University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA.

Plant immunity is a multilayered process that includes recognition of patterns or effectors from pathogens to elicit defense *** include the induction of a cocktail of defense metabolites that typically restrict pathogen ***,we investigate the interaction between barley roots and the fungal pathogens Bipolaris sorokiniana(Bs)and Fusarium graminearum(Fg)at the metabolite *** identify hordedanes,a previously undescribed set of labdane-related diterpenoids with antimicrobial properties,as critical players in these *** of barley roots by Bs and Fg elicits hordedane synthesis from a 60o-kb gene *** reconstruction of the biosynthesis pathway in yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana produced several hordedanes,including one of the most functionally decorated products 19-β-hydroxy-hordetrienoic acid(19-OH-HTA).Barley mutants in the diterpene synthase genes of this cluster are unable to produce hordedanes but,unexpectedly,show reduced Bs *** contrast,colonization by Fusarium graminearum,another fungal pathogen of barley and wheat,is 4-fold higher in the mutants completely lacking ***,19-OH-HTA enhances both germination and growth of Bs,whereas it inhibits other pathogenic fungi,including *** of microscopy and transcriptomics data suggest that hordedanes delay the necrotrophic phase of *** together,these results show that adapted pathogens such as Bs can subvert plant metabolic defenses to facilitate root colonization.

关键词： barley Hordeum vulgare diterpenoid phytoalexins gene cluster pathogenic fungi Bipolaris sorokininiana Fusarium graminearum

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A Hierarchy of Compatibility and Comeasurability Levels in Quantum Logics with Unique Conditional Probabilities

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2010年第12期54卷 974-980页

作者： gerd Niestegge Zillertalstrasse 39 81373 Muenchen Germany

In the quantum mechanical Hilbert space formalism, the probabilistic interpretation is a later ad-hocadd-on, more or less enforced by the experimental evidence, but not motivated by the mathematical model *** involving a clear probabilistic interpretation from the very beginning is provided by the quantum logics withunique conditional *** includes the projection lattices in von Neumann algebras and here probabilityconditionalization becomes identical with the state transition of the Lüders-von Neumann measurement *** the definition of a hierarchy of five compatibility and comeasurability levels in the abstract setting of thequantum logics with unique conditional *** meanings are: the absence of quantum interference orinfluence, the existence of a joint distribution, simultaneous measurability, and the independence of the final stateafter two successive measurements from the sequential order of these two measurements.A further level means that twoelements of the quantum logic (events) belong to the same Boolean *** the general case, the five compatibilityand comeasurability levels appear to differ, but they all coincide in the common Hilbert space formalism of quantummechanics, in von Neumann algebras, and in some other cases.

关键词： quantum measurement conditional probability quantum logic operator algebras

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Epigenetic changes of DNA repair genes in cancer

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分子细胞生物学报:英文版 2011年第1期3卷 51-58页

作者： Christoph Lahtz gerd P.Pfeifer Department of Cancer Biology Beckman Research InstituteCity of HopeDuarteCA 91010USA

‘Every Hour Hurts,The Last One Kills’.That is an old saying about getting *** day,thousands of DNA damaging events take place in each cell of our body,but efficient DNA repair systems have evolved to prevent ***,our DNA repair system and that of most other organisms are not as perfect as that of Deinococcus radiodurans,for example,which is able to repair massive amounts of DNA damage at one *** many instances,accumulation of DNA damage has been linked to cancer,and genetic deficiencies in specific DNA repair genes are associated with tumor-prone *** addition to mutations,which can be either inherited or somatically acquired,epigenetic silencing of DNA repair genes may promote *** review will summarize current knowledge of the epigenetic inactivation of different DNA repair components in human cancer.

关键词： DNA methylation DNA repair epigenetics

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Human immune cells＇ behavior and survival under bioenergetically restricted conditions in an in vitro fracture hematoma model

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2013年第2期10卷 151-158页

作者： Paula Hoff Patrick Maschmeyer Timo Gaber Tabea Schiitze Tobias raue Katharina Schmidt-Bleek rene Dziurla Saskia Schellmann Ferenz Leonard Lohanatha Eric rohner Andrea Ode gerd-riidiger burmester Georg N Duda Carsten Perka Frank Buttgereit Department of rheumatelogy and Clinical Immunology Charite University Hospital Berlin Germany German Arthritis research Center (DrFZ) Berlin Germany Berlin-Brandenburg Center for regenerative Therapies (BCrT) Berlin Germany Julius Wolff Institute Berlin Germany Department of Orthopedics Charite University Hospital Berlin Germany These authors contributed equally to this work

The initial inflammatory phase of bone fracture healing represents a critical step for the outcome of the healing process. However, both the mechanisms initiating this inflammatory phase and the function of immune cells present at the fracture site are poorly understood. In order to study the early events within a fracture hematoma, we established an in vitro fracture hematoma model： we cultured hematomas forming during an osteotomy （artificial bone fracture） of the femur during total hip arthroplasty （THA） in vitro under bioenergetically controlled conditions. This model allowed us to monitor immune cell populations, cell survival and cytokine expression during the early phase following a fracture. Moreover, this model enabled us to change the bioenergetical conditions in order to mimic the in vivo situation, which is assumed to be characterized by hypoxia and restricted amounts of nutrients. Using this model, we found that immune cells adapt to hypoxia via the expression of angiogenic factors, chemoattractants and pro-inflammatory molecules. In addition, combined restriction of oxygen and nutrient supply enhanced the selective survival of lymphocytes in comparison with that of myeloid derived cells （i.e., neutrophils）. Of note, non-restricted bioenergetical conditions did not show any similar effects regarding cytokine expression and/or different survival rates of immune cell subsets. In conclusion, we found that the bioenergetical conditions are among the crucial factors inducing the initial inflammatory phase of fracture healing and are thus a critical step for influencing survival and function of immune cells in the early fracture hematoma.

关键词： apoptosis fracture hematoma model hypoxia immune cells inflammation

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Facile synthesis of ( β -chlorodifluoroethyl)phosphonates via chlorination reaction of difluoroalkyl diazo derivatives with HCl

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2022年第5期33卷 2429-2432页

作者： Jiang Liu romana Pajkert Li Wang Haibo Mei gerd-Volker röschenthaler Jianlin Han Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsCollege of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen gGmbHCampus Ring 1Bremen 28759Germany

An efficient chlorination reaction of in situ generated(β-diazo-α,α-difluoroethyl)phosphonates has been achieved with hydrochloric acid as a chlorine source under mild and operationally convenient *** reaction does not need any catalyst and tolerates a wide scope of substrates,which affords the(β-chlorodifluoroethyl)phosphonate products in good to excellent *** reaction represents the first example of the halogenation of difluoroalkyl diazo compounds,and also provides an easy way for the synthesis of difluoromethylenephosphonate-containing compounds.

关键词： Difluorodiazoethane (β-Diazo-α,α-difluoroethyl)phosphonates Halogenation reaction Difluoroalkyl diazo Hydrochloric acid Masked carbene

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2010年类风湿关节炎分类标准——美国风湿病学会和欧洲抗风湿病联盟的联合倡议

2010年类风湿关节炎分类标准——美国风湿病学会和欧洲抗风湿病联...

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贵州省医学会风湿病学分会第四届学术年会

作者： Daniel Aletaha Tuhina Neogi Alan J Silman Julia Funovits David T Felson Clifton O Bingham Ⅲ Neal S Birnbaum gerd r burmester Vivian P Bykerk Marc D Cohen Bernard Combe Karen H Costenbader Maxime Dougados Paul Emery Gianfranco Ferraccioli Johanna MW Hazes Kathryn Hobbs Tom WJ Huizinga Arthur Kavanaugh Jonathan Kay Tore K Kvien Timothy Laing Philip Mease Henri A Menard Larry W Moreland raymond L Naden Theodore Pincus Josef S Smolen Ewa Stanislawska-Biernat Deborah Symmons Paul P Tak Katherine S Upchurch Jiri Vencovsky Frederick Wolfe Gillian Hawker 季兰岚邓雪蓉赵明田真张卓莉 Medical University of Vienna ViennaAustria Boston University School of Medicine BostonMassachusettsUSA

目的 :在早期类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,rA)的诊断中,1987年美国风湿病学会(AmericanCollege of rheumatology,ACr;旧称Americanrheumatism Association,ArA)的诊断标准因为缺乏敏感度而受到质疑。本研究的目的是建立新的rA分类标准。方法 :由ACr和欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EuropeanLeague Against rheumatism,EULAr)共同组成的工作小组,分三个阶段建立rA新的分类标准。研究的目标人群是初发的未分化关节炎患者,主要研究目的是寻找能够预测这些病人发展为rA的危险因素,并将rA疾病特点定义为持续性和/或侵蚀性关节炎。结果 :在新的分类标准中,确诊rA至少需要一个关节有明确的滑膜炎表现,除外其他可能导致滑膜炎症的疾病,同时以下四项评分的总分≥6分(最高10分):受累关节的数量和部位(0-5分)、血清学自身抗体异常(0-3分)、急性期反应物升高(0-1分)和症状持续时间(共分两级;0-1分)。结论 :既往诊断rA比较依赖骨破坏这一rA晚期表现,而新的分类标准着重于疾病早期表现而不是晚期特点,将疾病特点重新定义为持续性和/或侵蚀性滑膜炎。这一新标准的推出将再次强调了rA早期诊断的必要性以及早期有效治疗对于预防或减少不良后遗症的发生具有重要意义。

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Multiobjective Electric Machine Optimization for Highest reliability Demands

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CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems 2020年第2期4卷 71-78页

作者： gerd Bramerdorfer Department of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics Johannes Kepler University LinzAustria

This article is about illustrating a workflow for incorporating reliability measures to typical electric machine design optimization *** measures facilitate comparing designs not only for rated conditions,but also allow to analyze their performance in the presence of unevitable ***,by additionally considering reliability or robustness as objectives compared to conventional optimization scenarios,designs featuring low parameter sensitiveness can be *** analysis of the design’s reliability as part of solving optimization problems involves a significant increase in required numerical *** minimize the associated prolongation of the runtime,an approach featuring a design of experiments based reduction of required computations and a consequent surrogate modeling technique is presented *** successful training,the metamodel can be applied for fast evaluating lots of different parameter combinations.A test problem is defined and *** on the observed findings,the necessity of incorporating robustness evaluations to machine design optimization becomes *** addition,the derived models allow for studying the impact of any tolerance-affected parameter on the machine performance in *** facilitates further beneficial studies,as for instance the analysis of selected changes of tolerance levels rather than a general minimization of the respective ranges which usually is associated with high production cost.

关键词： electric machine optimization,reliability ro-bustness,sensitivity six sigma tolerance analysis

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robustness Criteria for Concurrent Evaluation of the Impact of Tolerances in Multiobjective Electric Machine Design Optimization

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CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems 2020年第1期4卷 3-12页

作者： gerd Bramerdorfer Department of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics Johannes Kepler University LinzAustria

This article is about a comparison of different measures for determining the robustness or reliability of electric machine designs in the presence of inevitable *** selected criteria shall be suitable for concurrent evaluation in the course of solving state-of-the-art large scale multi-objective opti-mization *** the past,besides particularly customized criteria,mainly gradient based measures,worst case information,or standard deviation based quantities were *** this work,the quantile measure is introduced for electric machine design optimization and compared with the existing *** evaluation of a design’s robustness is typically examined based on finite element *** for most measures a signif-icant number of parameter combinations and thus computations are required,a surrogate model assisted approach is presented to minimize computational effort and runtime.A test problem is defined and analyzed to illustrate the differences of selected robustness *** reveal the importance of considering robustness in the optimization ***,a careful choice of appropriate measures has to be *** designs are compared and conclusions and an outlook on future activities are presented.

关键词： electric machine optimization robustness sen-sitivity six sigma tolerance analysis quantile

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Thermochemical Treatment——Technologies for recovery and Utilisation of Materials

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过程工程学报 2006年第2期6卷 231-236页

作者： gerd Kley rudolf Brenneis Burkart Adamczyk Franz-Georg Simon Division Waste Treatment and remedial Eng. Federal Inst. Materials Research and Testing BAM Berlin 12200 Germany

The arc furnace technology is an ideally suited process for the treatment of hazardous and problematic waste. The operation conditions of the furnace can be adapted for optimal transformation of the waste material input into raw materials and usable products. The process can significantly reduce the impact of contaminated wastes and industrial residues, and enable material conversion and separation. Thus, the products of the process have various applications. The capability of the process is illustrated with three examples, the treatment of bottom ash and filter ash from waste incineration plants, of stainless steel slags and of chromium-containing residues from the refractory industry.

关键词：热化学处理原料分离耐火材料不锈钢

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