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A unique subseafloor.micr.biospher. in the Mar.ana Tr.nch dr.ven by episodic sedimentation

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Mar.ne Life Science & Technology 2024年第1期6卷 168-181页

作者： Jiwen Liu da-Wei Li Xinxin He r.nghua Liu Haojin Cheng Chenglong Su Mengna Chen Yonghong Wang Zhongsheng Zhao Hanyue Xu Zhangyu Cheng Zicheng Wang Nikolai Pedentchouk david J.Lea-smith Jonathan d.Todd Xiaoshou Liu Meixun Zhao Xiao-Hua Zhang Fr.ntier. Science Center.for.deep Ocean Multispher.s and Ear.h System and College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Labor.tor. for.Mar.ne Ecology and Envir.nmental Science Laoshan LaboratoryQingdao 266237China Institute of Evolution and Mar.ne Biodiver.ity Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Key Labor.tor. of Mar.ne Chemistr. Theor. and Technology Ministry of EducationOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Lab of Submar.ne Geosciences and Pr.specting Techniques Ministry of Education/College of Marine GeosciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Labor.tor. of Physical Oceanogr.phy Ministry of Education/Research Vessel CentreOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China School of Envir.nmental Sciences University of East AngliaNorwich NR47TJUK School of Biological Sciences University of East AngliaNorwich NR47TJUK

Hadal tr.nches ar. char.cter.zed by enhanced and infr.quent high-r.te episodic sedimentation events that likely intr.duce not only labile or.anic car.on and key nutr.ents but also new micr.bes that significantly alter.the subseafloor.***,the r.le of high-r.te episodic sedimentation in contr.lling the composition of the hadal subseafloor.micr.biospher. is ***,analyses of car.on isotope composition in a~750 cm long sediment cor. fr.m the Challenger.deep r.vealed noncontinuous deposition,with anomalous ^(14)C ages likely caused by seismically dr.ven mass tr.nspor. and the funneling effect of tr.nch *** community composition and diver.e enzyme activities in the upper.27 cm differ.d fr.m those at lower.depths,pr.bably due to sudden sediment deposition and differ.nces in r.dox condition and or.anic matter.*** lower.depths,micr.bial population number.,and composition r.mained r.latively constant,except at some discr.te depths with alter.d enzyme activity and micr.bial phyla abundance,possibly due to additional sudden sedimentation events of differ.nt *** is pr.vided of a unique r.le for.high-r.te episodic sedimentation events in contr.lling the subsur.ace micr.biospher. in Ear.h’s deepest ocean floor.and highlight the need to per.or. thor.ugh analysis over.a lar.e depth r.nge to char.cter.ze hadal benthic *** depositional pr.cesses ar. likely cr.cial in shaping deep-water.geochemical envir.nments and ther.by the deep subseafloor.biospher..

关键词： Hadal subseafloor deep water.sediment Mar.ana Tr.nch r.diocar.on Micr.bial community r.dox potential

Polyethylene glycol has immunopr.tective effects on sciatic allogr.fts, but behavior.l r.cover. and gr.ft toler.nce r.quir. neur.r.haphy and axonal fusion

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Neur.l r.gener.tion r.sear.h 2025年第4期20卷 1192-1206页

作者： Tyler.A.smith Liwen Zhou Camer.n L.Gher.her.hchi Michelle Mikesh Cathy Z.Yang Haley O.Tucker.JuliAnne Allgood Jar.d S.Bushman Geor.e d.Bittner depar.ment of Molecular.Biosciences University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA depar.ment of Neur.science University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA division of Phar.aceutical Sciences University of WyomingLaramieWYUSA

Behavior.l r.cover. using(viable)per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts to r.pair.ablation-type(segmental-loss)per.pher.l ner.e injur.es is delayed or.poor.due to slow and inaccur.te axonal ***,such per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts under.o immunological r.jection by the host immune *** contr.st,per.pher.l ner.e injur.es r.pair.d by polyethylene glycol fusion of per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts exhibit excellent behavior.l r.cover. within weeks,r.duced immune r.sponses,and many axons do not under.o Waller.an *** r.lative contr.bution of neur.r.haphy and polyethylene glycol-fusion of axons ver.us the effects of polyethylene glycol per.se was unknown pr.or.to this *** hypothesized that polyethylene glycol might have some immune-pr.tective effects,but polyethylene glycol-fusion was necessar. to pr.vent Waller.an degener.tion and functional/behavior.l *** examined how polyethylene glycol solutions per.se affect functional and behavior.l r.cover. and per.pher.l ner.e allogr.ft mor.hological and immunological r.sponses in the absence of polyethylene glycol-induced axonal ***-type sciatic ner.e injur.es in outbr.d Spr.gue–dawley r.ts wer. r.pair.d accor.ing to a modified pr.tocol using the same solutions as polyethylene glycol-fused per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts,but per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts wer. loose-sutur.d(loose-sutur.d polyethylene glycol)with an intentional gap of 1–2 mm to pr.vent fusion by polyethylene glycol of per.pher.l ner.e allogr.ft axons with host *** to negative contr.l per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts not tr.ated by polyethylene glycol and in contr.st to polyethylene glycol-fused per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts,animals with loose-sutur.d polyethylene glycol per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts exhibited Waller.an degener.tion for.all axons and myelin degener.tion by 7 days postoper.tively and did not r.cover.sciatic-mediated behavior.l functions by 42 days *** mor.hological signs of r.jection,such as col

关键词： allogr.ft r.jection axotomy macr.phage myelin ner.e r.pair polyethylene glycol(PEG) sciatic ner.e T cell tr.nsplantation Waller.an degener.tion

极端干旱与食草昆虫对草原群落的交互作用受干旱模式的影响

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Jour.al of Plant Ecology 2024年第3期17卷 128-140页

作者： Ye Luo Yuguang Ke Hongqiang Wang Chong Xu Qian Gu Qiang Yu Melinda d.smith r.jabboy Madr.mov Nur.ddin Samatov Wei Yang Honghui Wu State Key Labor.tor. of Effcient Utilization of Ar.d and Semi-ar.d Ar.ble Land in Nor.her. China Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China Key Labor.tor. of Ar.ble Land Quality Monitor.ng and Evaluation Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China School of Gr.ssland Science Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing 100083China depar.ment of Biology and Gr.duate degr.e Pr.gr.m in Ecology Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80523USA r.sear.h Institute of Envir.nment and Natur. Conser.ation Technologies of the Ministr. of Ecology Environmental Protectionand Climate Change of the Republic of UzbekistanTashkent 100043Uzbekistan Institute of Micr.biology of the Academy of Sciences Tashkent 100128Uzbekistan Institute of Envir.nment and Sustainable development in Agr.cultur. Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China

极端干旱和食草昆虫可以共同影响植物群落,并且它们的交互作用可能受到干旱模式的影响。然而,目前尚缺乏相关的观测证据。本研究以半干旱草原为研究对象,通过控制实验探讨了不同极端干旱模式与食草昆虫的交互作用对植物群落的影响。实... 详细信息

极端干旱和食草昆虫可以共同影响植物群落,并且它们的交互作用可能受到干旱模式的影响。然而,目前尚缺乏相关的观测证据。本研究以半干旱草原为研究对象,通过控制实验探讨了不同极端干旱模式与食草昆虫的交互作用对植物群落的影响。实验设置了3种干旱处理,分别为对照(自然降雨量)、慢性干旱(生长季5–8月减少66%降雨量)和急性干旱(6–7月完全无降雨)。在各小区设置了两种食草昆虫处理,分别是有食草昆虫和无食草昆虫。结果表明,食草昆虫和极端干旱及二者的交互作用对物种丰富度无显著影响。食草昆虫缓解了慢性干旱对总盖度的负面影响,而这种缓解作用在急性干旱下较低。食草昆虫对慢性干旱带来的负面效应具有更强的缓解作用,这主要是因为食草昆虫导致慢性干旱下适口性较高的杂类草(具有较低叶片碳含量、叶片干物质含量,以及较低叶片淀粉、钙、镁、锰含量)的大幅降低,进而降低了禾草的负面效应。上述结果表明,干旱和食草昆虫的交互作用受干旱模式的影响。通过调节植物的适口性来控制食草昆虫的采食行为,可以减轻极端干旱对草原生态系统的影响。

关键词：急性干旱慢性干旱半干旱草原食草昆虫极端气候

Compar.tive efficacy and optimal dur.tion of fir.t-line antibiotic r.gimens for.acute otitis media in childr.n and adolescents:a systematic r.view and networ. meta-analysis of 89 r.ndomized clinicaltr.als

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Wor.d Jour.al of Pediatr.cs 2024年第3期20卷 219-229页

作者： Min Seo Kim Jae Han Kim Seohyun r.u Seung Won Lee dong Keon Yon Eunyoung Kim Ai Koyanagi Elena dr.gioti Jae Il Shin Lee smith Samsung Advanced Institute for.ealth Sciences&Technology(SAIHST) Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea Yonsei Univer.ity Collegeof Medicine SeoulRepublicof Korea depar.ment of Pr.cision Medicine Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSuwonRepublic of Korea Center.for.digital Health Medical Science Research InstituteKyung Hee University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea Evidence-Based r.sear.h Labor.tor. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical CareCollege of PharmacyChung-Ang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea Par. Sanitar. Sant Joan de deu/CIBEr.AM/ISCIII Universitat de BarcelonaFundacio Sant Joan de Déu.Sant Boi de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain ICr.A Pg.Lluis Companys 23BarcelonaSpain Pain and r.habilitation Centr. and Department of Medical and Health SciencesLinkoping University58185 LinkopingSweden depar.ment of Pediatr.cs Yonsei University College of MedicineYonsei-ro 50Seodaemun-gu8044Seoul 03722Republic of Korea Centr. for.Health Performanceand WellbeingAnglia Ruskin UniversityCambridge CB11PTUK r.sear.h Labor.tor. Psychology of Patients Families&Health ProfessionalsDepartment of NursingSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of IoanninaIoannina 45500Greece

Intr.duction Antibiotic use for.acute otitis media(AOM)is one of the major.sour.es of antimicr.bial ***,the effective minimal antibiotic dur.tion for.AOM r.mains ***,guidelines often r.commend br.ad r.nges(5-10 days)of antibiotic use,yet the clinical impact of such a wide window has not been *** We systematically sear.hed PubMed/MEdLINE,Embase,Scopus,Web of Science,and Cochr.ne Libr.r. fr.m database inception to 6 October.*** meta-analysis was conducted on r.ndomized contr.lled tr.als that assessed antibiotic tr.atment for.AOM in childr.n(Pr.SPEr. Cr.42020196107).r.sults For.amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate,7-day r.gimens wer. noninfer.or.to 10-day r.gimens in clinical r.sponses[amoxicillin:r.sk r.tio(r.)0.919(95%CI 0.820-1.031),amoxicillin-clavulanate:r. 1.108(0.957-1.282)],except for.2 *** the thir.-gener.tion cephalospor.ns,7-day and 10-day r.gimens had similar.clinical r.sponses compar.d to placebo[7-day:r. 1.420(1.190-1.694),10-day:r. 1.238(1.125-1.362)compar.d to placebo].However.5-day r.gimens of amoxicillin-clavulanate and thir.-gener.tion cephalospor.ns wer. infer.or.to 10-day *** to amoxicillin,a shor.er.tr.atment dur.tion was toler.ble with *** Our.findings indicated that 1O days of antibiotic use may be unnecessar.ly long,while the tr.atment dur.tion should be longer.than 5 ***,5-day r.gimens would be sufficient for.a modest tr.atment *** findings r.vealed that the cur.ent wide r.nge of r.commended antibiotic dur.tions may have influenced the clinical outcome of AOM,and a nar.ower.antibiotic dur.tion window should be r.-established.

关键词： Amoxicillin-potassium Amoxicillin Antibacter.al agents Cephalospor.ns dur.tion of ther.py

Pr.dictor. of the placebo r.sponse in a nutr.ceutical r.ndomized contr.lled tr.al for.depr.ssion

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Jour.al of Integr.tive Medicine 2024年第1期22卷 46-53页

作者： r.semar. Ar.old Jenifer.Mur.hy-smith Chee H.Ng david Mischoulon gera.d J.Byr.e Chad A.Bousman Con Stough Michael Ber. Jer.me Sar.is Pr.fessor.al Unit the Melbourne ClinicDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of MelbourneRichmond 3121Australia depr.ssion Clinical and r.sear.h Pr.gr.m Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA Faculty of Medicine Discipline of PsychiatryCentre for Clinical ResearchRoyal Brisbane&Women’s HospitalHerstonthe University of QueenslandBrisbane 4006Australia depar.ments of Medical Genetics PsychiatryPhysiology&Pharmacology and Community Health SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAB T2N 1N4Canada depar.ment of Psychiatr. the University of MelbourneMelbourne 3052Australia Centr. for.Human Psychophar.acology Swinburne UniversityMelbourne 3122Australia The Institute for.Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Tr.nslation School of MedicineBarwon HealthDeakin UniversityGeelong 3220Australia The Centr. of Excellence in Youth Mental Health the University of MelbourneParkville 3052Australia Flor.y Institute of Neur.science and Mental Health the University of MelbourneParkville 3052Australia NICM Health r.sear.h Institute Western Sydney UniversityWestmeadNSW 2145Australia

Objective The placebo r.sponse in depr.ssion studies is the change in symptoms amongst those who r.ceive an inactive *** well-designed r.ndomized contr.lled tr.als(r.Ts)of depr.ssion have a high pr.por.ion of placebo r.sponder.,with little under.tanding as to *** pr.sent study assesses char.cter.stics associated with the placebo r.sponse in a nutr.ceutical tr.al with a lar.e pr.por.ion of placebo *** This is a secondar. analysis of a nutr.ceutical depr.ssion r.T which identified no over.ll tr.atment benefit r.lative to placebo(n=69 in placebo gr.up).We investigated par.icipant char.cter.stics such as socio-demogr.phics,clinical featur.s,and r.cr.itment methods,and their.association with the placebo *** genetic polymor.hisms wer. also *** r.sponse was measur.d based on change in Montgomer.-Asber. depr.ssion r.ting Scale *** association of these hypothesis-dr.ven var.ables of inter.st and the placebo r.sponse was examined using linear.mixed effects *** Gr.ater.levels of education,par.icular.y pur.uing post-high school education,better.self-r.por.ed gener.l health,mar.iage/de facto,gr.ater.impr.vement in the fir.t tr.al week,and mor. failed antidepr.ssant ther.pies in the cur.ent depr.ssive episode wer. associated with gr.ater.placebo *** incr.ased placebo r.sponse was not found in those r.cr.ited via social media nor.in those with concomitant antidepr.ssant *** nucleotide polymor.hisms fr.m the tr.ptophan hydr.xylase 1(TPH1)gene(A779C and A218C)wer. weakly associated with gr.ater.placebo r.sponse,although the evidence was attenuated after.accounting for.multiple *** This is,to our.knowledge,the fir.t study within nutr.ceutical r.sear.h for.depr.ssion to assess the association between par.icipant char.cter.stics and var.ation in the placebo *** var.ables appear.d to pr.dict the placebo *** findings may encour.ge futur. tr.al design

关键词： r.ndomized contr.lled tr.al Placebo depr.ssion Nutr.ceutical Psychiatr.

内蒙古草原优势物种光合速率对极端干旱的响应

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Jour.al of Plant Ecology 2024年第3期17卷 5-15页

作者： Yalong Shi Yuanbo Cao Honghui Wu Chong Xu Qiang Yu Xiaoan Zuo Xingguo Han Melinda d.smith Alan K.Knapp Chengjie Wang Guodong Han State Key Labor.tor. of Effcient Utilization of Ar.d and Semi-ar.d Ar.ble Land in Nor.her. China Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China Key Labor.tor. of Ar.ble Land Quality Monitor.ng and Evaluation Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China China r.da Investment and development Gr.up Cor. Ltd Beijing 100040China School of Gr.ssland Science Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing 100083China Ur.t deser.-gr.ssland r.sear.h Station Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China State Key Labor.tor. of Vegetation and Envir.nmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China depar.ment of Biology and Gr.duate degr.e Pr.gr.m in Ecology Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80523USA College of Gr.ssland Resource and EnvironmentalInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhot 010011China

评估极端干旱对优势植物物种光合速率(Pn)的影响对于我们理解极端干旱影响生态系统功能的机制至关重要。极端干旱可能由降雨量减少或降雨频率减少造成。这两种不同模式的极端干旱可能造成不同的影响。此外,不同草原类型可能对这两种极... 详细信息

评估极端干旱对优势植物物种光合速率(Pn)的影响对于我们理解极端干旱影响生态系统功能的机制至关重要。极端干旱可能由降雨量减少或降雨频率减少造成。这两种不同模式的极端干旱可能造成不同的影响。此外,不同草原类型可能对这两种极端干旱模式表现出不同的敏感性。然而,目前尚不清楚这两种极端干旱模式对草原优势植物物种Pn的影响有何差异,以及在不同草原类型这两种不同模式的极端干旱的效应是否改变。为此,我们于2014年在内蒙古草原两个不同类型的草原(荒漠草原vs.典型草原)站点各进行了一项多年的极端干旱(CHr.将生长季期间每次降雨事件的降雨量减少66%***:完全排除生长季内一段较短时间的降水)模拟实验。于2017年的7月和8月,我们在这两个草原站点各测量了两种优势物种的Pn。结果发现,CHr.INT均显著降低了优势物种的Pn。无论草原类型如何,INT对Pn造成的负面影响都更大。在荒漠草原,极端干旱对Pn的负面影响普遍大于典型草原,尤其是对于CHr.理下的羊草(Leymus chinensis)。这些结果表明,与降雨量减少相比,降雨频率减少所引起的极端干旱对Pn的负面影响更大。草地类型可能会改变极端干旱模式效应的程度,但不会改变其方向。这些发现强调了应对未来极端干旱的草原生态系统管理应考虑极端干旱模式和草地类型的影响。

关键词：极端气候荒漠草原典型草原极端干旱模式季节性干旱

Evaluation of r.minal dr. Matter.disappear.nce and pH of dr. Cor., High-Moistur. Cor., and r.e under.in Vitr. Conditions

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Agr.cultur.l Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 327-332页

作者： War.en Car. r.sche Zachar. Kidd Foster.smith South dakota State Univer.ity Brookings South Dakota USA

An in vitr. exper.ment was conducted to evaluate the effects of gr.in type on in vitr. dr. matter.disappear.nce (IVdMd) and pH using r.minal fluid and a buffer.r.agent. Five beef cows wer. used for.r.minal fluid collection and r.minal fluid was pooled pr.or.to use. The cows used for.r.minal fluid collection wer. maintained on a for.ge-based diet (60:40 for.ge to concentr.te) for.28 d pr.or.to r.minal fluid collection. Thr.e gr.in types wer. evaluated: 1) dr. cor. (89% dr. matter.dr.), 2) high-moistur. cor. (72% dr. matter.HMC) and 3) r.e (89% dr. matter.r.E). data wer. analyzed as a completely r.ndomized design. A total of twenty-one r.plications of each gr.in type wer. used for.statistical analysis (n = 63 tubes total). IVdMd was gr.ater.(P ≤ 0.05) by 97.1% and 46.4% for.r.E compar.d to dr. and HMC, r.spectively. Additionally, IVdMd was gr.ater.(P = 0.05) by 34.6% for.HMC compar.d to dr.. Final pH was decr.ased (P ≤ 0.05) for.r.E by 12.3% and 2.8% for.r.E compar.d to dr. and HMC, r.spectively. Also, final pH was decr.ased (P = 0.05) by 9.8% for.HMC compar.d to dr.. These data indicate that cor. har.est method (dr. vs. high-moistur.) influences IVdMd and final pH and that r.e has a gr.ater.disappear.nce of dr. matter.and lower.final pH than cor. under.in vitr. conditions.

关键词： Cor. Gr.in Pr.cessing r.minal Fer.entation r.e

Har.essing the power.of complex light pr.pagation in multimode fiber. for.spatially r.solved sensing

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Photonics r.sear.h 2024年第3期12卷 411-422页

作者： dAr.Y L.smith LINH V.NGUYEN MOHAMMAd I.r.JA Er.K P.SCHAr.NEr.HEIKE EBENdOr.F-HEIdEPr.EM dAVId J.OTTAWAY STEPHEN C.WAr.EN-smith Institute for.Photonics and Advanced Sensing and School of Physics Chemistry and Earth SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSA 5005Australia Austr.lian r.sear.h Council Centr. of Excellence for.Gr.vitational Wave discover.(OzGr.v) AdelaideSAAustralia Futur. Industr.es Institute University of South AustraliaMawson LakesSA 5095Australia Laser.Physics and Photonics devices Labor.tor. University of South AustraliaMawson LakesSA 5095Australia

The pr.pagation of coher.nt light in multimode optical fiber. r.sults in a speckled output that is both complex and sensitive to envir.nmental *** pr.per.ies can be a power.ul tool for.sensing,as small per.ur.ations lead to significant changes in the output of the ***,the mechanism to encode spatially r.solved sensing infor.ation into the speckle patter. and the ability to extr.ct this infor.ation ar. thus far.*** this paper.we demonstr.te that spatially dependent mode coupling is cr.cial to achieving spatially r.solved *** lever.ge machine lear.ing to quantitatively extr.ct the spatially r.solved sensing infor.ation fr.m thr.e fiber.types with dr.matically differ.nt char.cter.stics and demonstr.te that the fiber.with the highest degr.e of spatially dependent mode coupling pr.vides the gr.atest accur.cy.

关键词： fiber spatially r.solved

r.solving contr.ver.ies sur.ounding car.on sinks fr.m car.onate weather.ng

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Science China Ear.h Sciences 2024年第9期67卷 2705-2717页

作者： Xiaoyong BAI Sir.i ZHANG Pete smith Chaojun LI Lian XIONG Chaochao dU Yingying XUE Zilin LI Mingkang LONG Minghui LI Xiaoyun ZHANG Shu YANG Qing LUO Xiaoqian SHEN State Key Labor.tor. of Envir.nmental Geochemistr. Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550081China Univer.ity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Institute of Biological and Envir.nmental Sciences University of AberdeenAberdeen AB243UUUK College of r.sour.es and Envir.nmental Engineer.ng Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China School of Geogr.phy and Envir.nmental Sciences Guizhou Normal UniversityGuiyang 550025China CAS Center.for.Excellence in Quater.ar. Science and Global Change Xi’an 710061China

The impor.ance of car.onate weather.ng car.on sinks(CCSs)is almost equal to that of vegetation photosynthesis in the global car.on ***,CCSs have become contr.ver.ial in for.ulating car.on neutr.l policies to deal with global climate pr.blems in var.ous countr.es,since the car.onate dissolution is *** or.er.to addr.ss these contr.ver.ies,we r.viewed r.cent advances in under.tanding CCSs and examined the outstanding contr.ver.ies sur.ounding *** have analyzed the five contr.ver.ies,r.vealing the existence of CCSs,quantifying their.magnitude,clar.fying their.spatiotempor.l patter.,and documenting how they have incr.ased and how they evolved under.the backgr.und of global *** addr.ssing these five contr.ver.ies,we help to br.ng clar.ty to the r.le of CCSs in the car.on cycle of global ter.estr.al ecosystems.

关键词： Car.on sink Car.onate weather.ng Car.on cycle Climate change Anthr.pogenic dr.ver