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Prevalence of HBs Antigen, and HCV and HIV Antibodies in a Young Male Population in Cameroon

open Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第12期5卷 185-190页

作者： Dominique Noah Noah Firmin Ankouane Andoulo Brice Valery Moussima Essoh georges nko’o ayissi Servais Albert Fiacre Eloumou Bagnaka Magloire Biwole Sida Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Douala Douala Cameroon Gastroenterology Service of the Yaounde Central Hospital Yaounde Cameroon Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaounde 1 Yaounde Cameroon Hepatology and Gastroenterology Department Yaounde University Teaching Hospital (CHU) Yaounde Cameroon Douala General Hospital Douala Cameroon

Introduction: According to WHo estimates, 57% of cases of liver cirrhosis and 78% of primary liver carcinoma are caused by a hepatitis B or C virus. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of these diseases and HIV among a young male population, according to region. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from 17 February to 31 March 2014 in the ten administrative regions of Cameroon. The study included male subjects of Cameroonian nationality aged at least 18 and at most 23, and living in the regions concerned. It excluded subjects that did not match the age, gender, and nationality criteria. For each subject, 10 ml of blood was collected in a dry tube. After centrifugation at 3000 RPM for 5 minutes, the serum was collected for the detection of viral infections. For subjects that tested positive, a confirmatory test was conducted. Results: In total, 4367 subjects were selected, with an average age of 20.46 (+/- 1.17) years. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus stood at 13.01% (with 95% CI: 12.03% - 14.05%). That of viral hepatitis C was 0.30% (95% CI: 0.17% - 0.52%). Co-infection with hepatitis B and C viruses was 0.05% (95% CI: 0.01% - 0.18%). The prevalence of HIV infection was 1.01% (95% CI: 0.74% - 1.36%). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of HBsAg in the population of young males is high. It tallies with the early vertical and horizontal modes of transmission that prevail in our environment.

关键词： Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis C Virus HIV Infection Young Male Population Cameroon

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Inter-observer Variability in the Detection and Interpretation of Chest X-Ray Anomalies in Adults in an Endemic Tuberculosis Area

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open Journal of Medical Imaging 2015年第3期5卷 143-149页

作者： Boniface Moifo Eric Walter Pefura-Yone georges Nguefack-Tsague Marie Laure Gharingam Jean Roger Moulion Tapouh André-Pascal Kengne Samuel nko’o Amvene Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS) The University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Radiology and Radiation oncology FMBS Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties’ FMBS Yaoundé Cameroon Service of Pneumology A Jamot Hospital of Yaoundé Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Public Health FMBS Yaoundé Cameroon South African Medical Research Council & University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

Purpose: To assess the inter-observer agreement in reading adults chest radiographs (CXR) and determine the effectiveness of observers in radiographic diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a tuberculosis endemic area. Methods: A quasi-observational study was conducted in the Pneumology Department of Yaounde Jamot Hospital (Cameroon) from January to March 2014. This included six observers (two chest physicians, two radiologists, two end-training residents in medical imaging) and 47 frontal CXRs (4 of diffuse interstitial lung disease, 6 normal, 7 of lung cancers, 7 of bacterial pneumonia, 23 of PTB). The sample size was calculated on the basis of an expected 0.47 Kappa with a spread of 0.13 (α = 5%, CI = 95%) for six observers and five diagnostic items. The analysis of concordance was focused on the detection of nodules, cavitary lesions, pleural effusion, adenomegaly and diagnosis of PTB and lung cancer. These intervals of kappa coefficient were considered: discordance (0.81). Results: The average score for the detection of caverns was the highest (58.3%) followed by that of the correct diagnosis of tuberculosis (49.3%). Pneumologists had the highest proportions of correct diagnosis of tuberculosis (69.6% and 73.9%) and better inter-observer agreement (k = 0.71) for PTB diagnosis. observers were more in agreement for the detection of nodules (0.32 - 0.74), adenomegalies (0.43 - 0.69), and for the diagnosis of cancer (0.22 - 1) than for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (0.19 - 0.71). Disagreements were more frequent for the detection of pleural effusions (-0.08 - 0.73). Conclusion: The inter-observer agreement varies with the type of lesions and diagnosis. Pneumologists were most effective for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. observers were more in agreement for the detection of nodules and the diagnosis of cancer than for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

关键词： Inter-observer Variability Concordance Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nodules Caverns Lung Cancer Chest Radiography Kappa

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Impact of Standardized Scheme on the Detection of Chest X-Ray Abnormalities and Radiographic Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Adult

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open Journal of Medical Imaging 2014年第1期4卷 23-30页

作者： Marie Laure Gharingam Boniface Moifo Eric Walter Pefura Yone André Pascal Kengne Jean Roger Moulion Tapouh Annick Laure Edzimbi georges Nguefack-Tsague Samuel nko’o Amvene Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy The University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences The University of Yaoundé I Yaounde Cameroon Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences The University of Yaoundé I Yaounde Cameroon Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties The University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Service of Pulmonology Yaounde Jamot Hospital Yaounde Cameroon Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences The University of Yaoundé I Yaounde Cameroon Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy The University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences The University of Yaoundé I Yaounde Cameroon Department of Public Health The University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon South African Medical Research Council & University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

Purpose: The complexity of chest radiography (CXR) is a source of variability in its interpretation. We assessed the effect of an interpretation grid on the detection of CXR anomalies and radio- graphic diagnosis of tuberculosis in an endemic area for tuberculosis. Methods: The study was conducted in Yaounde (Cameroon). Six observers (2 pulmonologists, 2 radiologists and 2 senior residents in medical imaging) interpreted 47 frontal CXR twice two months apart without (R1) and with (R2) the aid of an interpretation grid. We focused on the detection of micro nodules (n = 16), cavitations (n = 12), pleural effusion (n = 6), adenomegaly (n = 6), and diagnosis of tuberculosis (n = 23) and cancer (n = 7). Results: The average score for accurate detection of elementary lesions was 40.4% [95%CI: 25% - 58.3%] in R1 and 52.1% [36.9% - 65.3%] in R2. The highest im- provement was observed for micro nodules (19.8%). Cavitations had the highest proportions of accurate detections (58.3% in R1 and 65.3% in R2). The average score of accurate diagnosis was 46.1% in R1 and 57.4% in R2. Accurate diagnosis improved by 3.6% for tuberculosis and 19% for cancer between R1 and R2. Intra-observer agreement was higher for the diagnosis of cancers (0.22 ≤ k ≤ 1) than for diagnosing tuberculosis (0.21 ≤ k ≤ 0.68). Inter-observer agreement was highly variable with a modest improvement for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in R2. Conclusion: Standardized interpretation scheme improved the detection of CXR anomalies and diagnosis of tuberculosis. It significantly improved inter-observer’s agreement in diagnosing tuberculosis but not in detecting most lesions.

关键词： Chest Radiography Interpretation Scheme Tuberculosis Micro Nodules Cavitations Agreement

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