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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第10期15卷 1821-1830页

作者： george zaki ghali Michael george zaki ghali Emil zaki ghali United States Environmental Protection Agency ArlingtonVAUSA Department of Toxicology Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA Department of Neurological Surgery Houston Methodist HospitalHoustonTXUSA Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA Department of Medicine Inova Alexandria HospitalAlexandriaVAUSA Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery El Gomhoureya General HospitalAlexandriaEgypt

Variability in cardiovascular spectra was first described by Stephan Hales in *** and Hering initially noted respirophasic variation of the arterial pressure waveform in 1865 and Sigmund Mayer noted a lower frequency oscillation of the same in anesthetized rabbits in *** low frequency oscillations were noted by Barcroft and Nisimaru in 1932,likely representing vasogenic *** the origins of Traube Hering and very low frequency oscillatory variability in cardiovascular spectra are well described,genesis mechanisms and functional significance of Mayer waves remain in *** theories have posited baroreflex and central supraspinal mechanisms for genesis of Mayer *** studies have demonstrated the persistence of Mayer waves following high cervical transection,indicating a spinal capacity for genesis of these *** suggest a general tendency for central sympathetic neurons to oscillate at the Mayer wave frequency,the presence of multiple Mayer wave oscillators throughout the brainstem and spinal cord,and possible contemporaneous genesis by baroreflex and vasomotor mechanisms.

关键词： Mayer waves genesis origins central sympathogenesis spinal cord cervical transection

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Nafamostat mesylate attenuates the pathophysiologic sequelae of neurovascular ischemia

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第12期15卷 2217-2234页

作者： george zaki ghali Michael george zaki ghali United States Environmental Protection Agency ArlingtonVAUSA Department of Toxicology Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA Department of Neurological Surgery University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA

Nafamostat mesylate,an apparent soi-disant panacea of sorts,is widely used to anticoagulate patients undergoing hemodialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass,mitigate the inflammatory response in patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis,and reverse the coagulopathy of patients experiencing the commonly preterminal disseminated intravascular coagulation in the Far *** serine protease inhibitor nafamostat mesylate exhibits significant neuroprotective effects in the setting of neurovascular *** mesylate generates neuroprotective effects by attenuating the enzymatic activity of serine proteases,neuroinflammatory signaling cascades,and the endoplasmic reticulum stress responses,downregulating excitotoxic transient receptor membrane channel subfamily 7 cationic currents,modulating the activity of intracellular signal transduction pathways,and supporting neuronal survival brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB/ERK1/2/CREB,nuclear factor kappa *** effects collectively reduce neuronal necrosis and apoptosis and prevent ischemia mediated disruption of blood-brain barrier *** clinical applications of these compounds may mitigate ischemic reperfusion injury in patients undergoing cardiac,hepatic,renal,or intestinal transplant,preventing allograft rejection,and treating solid organ *** effects mediated by nafamostat mesylate support the wise conduct of randomized prospective controlled trials in Western countries to evaluate the clinical utility of this compound.

关键词： apoptosis cerebrovascular excitotoxicity infarction ischemia nafamostat mesylate necrosis neuroprotection serine protesae subarachnoid hemorrhage

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The crossed phrenic phenomenon

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第6期12卷 845-864页

作者： Michael george zaki ghali Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy Drexel University College of Medicine

The cervical spine is the most common site of traumatic vertebral column injuries. Respiratory insufficiency constitutes a significant proportion of the morbidity burden and is the most common cause of mortality in these patients. In seeking to enhance our capacity to treat specifically the respiratory dysfunction following spinal cord injury, investigators have studied the “crossed phrenic phenomenon”, wherein contraction of a hemidiaphragm paralyzed by a complete hemisection of the ipsilateral cervical spinal cord above the phrenic nucleus can be induced by respiratory stressors and recovers spontaneously over time. Strengthening of latent contralateral projections to the phrenic nucleus and sprouting of new descending axons have been proposed as mechanisms contributing to the observed recovery. We have recently demonstrated recovery of spontaneous crossed phrenic activity occurring over minutes to hours in C_1-hemisected unanesthetized decerebrate rats. The specific neurochemical and molecular pathways underlying crossed phrenic activity following injury require further clarification. A thorough understanding of these is necessary in order to develop targeted therapies for respiratory neurorehabilitation following spinal trauma. Animal studies provide preliminary evidence for the utility of neuropharmacological manipulation of serotonergic and adenosinergic pathways, nerve grafts, olfactory ensheathing cells, intraspinal microstimulation and a possible role for dorsal rhizotomy in recovering phrenic activity following spinal cord injury.

关键词： crossed traumatic spontaneously olfactory diaphragm descending vertebral spine sprouting minutes

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