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Open Journal of Ecology 2024年第3期14卷 183-198页

作者： Beatrice Chepkoech Cheserek george morara ogendi Paul Mutua Makenzi Department of Environmental Science Egerton University Njoro Kenya

Decline in wildlife populations is manifest globally, regionally and locally. A wildlife decline of 68% has been reported in Kenya’s rangelands with Baringo County experiencing more than 85% wildlife loss in the last four decades. Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) is endemic to Lake Bogoria landscape in Baringo County and constitutes a major tourist attraction for the region necessitating use of its photo on the County’s logo and thus a flagship species. Tourism plays a central role in Baringo County’s economy and is a major source of potential growth and employment creation. The study was carried out to assess spatio-temporal change of dispersal areas of Greater Kudu (GK) in Lake Bogoria landscape in the last four years for enhanced adaptive management and improved livelihoods. GK population distribution primary data collected in December 2022 and secondary data acquired from Lake Bogoria National Game Reserve (LBNGR) for 2019 and 2020 were digitized using in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Measures of dispersion and point pattern analysis (PPA) were used to analyze dispersal of GK population using GIS. Spatio-temporal change of GK dispersal in LBNR was evident thus the null hypothesis was rejected. It is recommended that anthropogenic activities contributing to GK’s habitat degradation be curbed by providing alternative livelihood sources and promoting community adoption of sustainable technologies for improved livelihoods.

关键词： Spatio-Temporal Change Dispersal Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus Strepsiceros) Point Pattern Analysis (PPA) GIS

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Locals towards Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros, Pallas, 1766) Conservation in Lake Bogoria Landscape, Kenya

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Open Journal of Ecology 2023年第12期13卷 894-913页

作者： Beatrice Chepkoech Cheserek george morara ogendi Paul Mutua Makenzi Department of Environmental Science Egerton University Egerton-Njoro Kenya

Several interventions have been suggested for averting and reducing wildlife declines including;securing dispersal areas and migratory corridors, strengthening and investing in local communities and landowners to create and develop community and private wildlife conservancies, and diversification of rural livelihoods through benefits from ecosystem services. Greater Kudu endemic to the Lake Bogoria landscape in Kenya is categorized as vulnerable to extinction due to unsustainable exploitation and management of resources although the continued economic importance of the Greater Kudu in the Lake Bogoria landscape is its best defense. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to analyze the status of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of locals towards the conservation of the Greater Kudu in the landscape. The survey was conducted using a semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire administered to target populations (N = 137 households). Face-to-face interviews of key informants (KI) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were also carried out. It was found that 84% of KAP respondents agreed that the landscape is rich with biodiversity while 77% of them agreed that conservation of the ecosystem is important for rural livelihoods. Further, 73% of KAP respondents agreed that the extinction of Greater Kudu in the Lake Bogoria landscape may lead to poverty. It is recommended that all-inclusive adaptive management and conservation strategies should embrace continuous monitoring, and understanding dispersal of Greater Kudu to ensure its survival, in the landscape for improved livelihoods.

关键词： Knowledge Attitudes and Practices Survey Greater Kudu Conservation Lake Bogoria Landscape

Land Tenure and Its Influence on Agriculture in Artisanal Gold-Mining Zones of Sikasso Region, Mali

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Open Journal of Ecology 2021年第2期11卷 95-104页

作者： Mahamadou Moussa Keita george morara ogendi Rural Polytechnic Institute for Training and Applied Research Katibougou Koulikoro Mali Department of Environmental Science Egerton University Njoro Campus Nakuru Kenya Dryland Research Training and Ecotourism Centre Chemeron Baringo Kenya

Land tenure is a major determinant of the types of land use in a region or area and, by extension, affects its conservation. Most of the land that falls under public or communal land-tenure systems in developing countries such as Mali faces numerous challenges among them being natural resource overexploitation. This is mainly because the land is openly accessible to all people around it, and thus the tendency to overexploit the land resources leading to degradation, and food and environmental insecurity. In Mali, land ownership falls under three categories: Public or Government, Communal and Private. This study was undertaken to assess the land ownership types in Yanfolia District, Mali, a gold-mining area that lies some 170 km southern east of capital district of Bamako and upstream of Selingué dam on Sankarini River. A social survey of 200 households was done using a structured questionnaire. Additional research instruments were focus group discussion, key informant interviews and observation check-lists. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings indicated that most of the land under gold-mining was owned by the government followed by community and finally private. There were significant associations between size of land under gold-mining and land tenure types: communal land (χ2 = 30.52;p = 0.000);private land (χ2 = 65.09;p = 0.000) and public or government land (χ2 = 177;p = 0.000). Gold-mining takes place mostly on lands classified under public/government and communal compared to that which takes place on lands classified as private. It is recommended that the relevant Malian governmental regulatory and enforcement agencies implement and enforce existing environmental laws with respect to land and environment. These agencies should adopt participatory and sustainable approaches to land and natural resources management for improved food and environmental

关键词： Land Gold-Mining Environment Agriculture Food-Security

Avian and Habitat Diversity in the Semi-Arid Lands of Baringo South, Kenya

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Open Journal of Ecology 2020年第8期10卷 518-536页

作者： george morara ogendi Rhoda N. Ondieki Department of Environmental Science Egerton University Egerton Kenya Dryland Research Training & Ecotourism Centre Chemeron Egerton Kenya

Semi-arid wooded-shrublands are important and critical habitats that provide breeding and feeding grounds for a variety of bird species, some of which are endangered, vulnerable or threatened with extinction. Habitat type and size influence abundance and diversity of birds globally and particularly in developing countries that are characterized by rapid human population growth and haphazard urban, agricultural and industrial development. The objective of this study was to assess avian and habitat diversity at Chemeron, a semi-arid land in the northern rangelands of Kenya. The study was guided by four questions: What kind of Habitat types are present at Chemeron study area? What kind of birds are found at Chemeron area? What is the conservation status of birds found at Chemeron area? What are the functional feeding guilds of birds that are found in the study area? How does the habitat type influence bird species abundance and diversity at Chemeron? Four 2-km long transects radiating from a central point within the study area were selected for a ground survey of birds that was conducted on foot. The surveys were conducted between 06:30 and 09:30 and 16:00 and 18:00 from October 2019 to April 2020. Bird species were observed and identified to the species level using high-resolution binoculars, field guidebooks and available taxonomic keys. Our surveys documented two main habitat types: Acacia-Balanites-Boscia woodlands dominated by Acacia senegal, Acacia mellifera, Acacia nilotica, Boscia angustifolia, and Balanites aegyptica. The second kind of habitat consisted of the invasive Acalypha fruticosa and Indigofera arrecta with Acacia reficiens-Acacia brevispica overstorey. A total of 53 bird species were sighted and identified the vulnerable Yellow necked spurfowl (Francolinus leucoscepus). Seventy-nine percent of the birds were sighted as singles or in pairs except for the gregario

关键词： Habitat Avian Diversity Extinction Acacia Woodlands Rangelands

Impact of Removal of Copper Leaf (<i>Acalypha fruticosa</i>Forssk.) on Plant Species Diversity and Abundance at Chemeron, Baringo County, Kenya

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Open Journal of Ecology 2020年第6期10卷 341-355页

作者： george morara ogendi Rhoda N. Ondieki Tabitha W. Njoroge Department of Environmental Science Egerton University Njoro Kenya Dryland Research Training & Ecotourism Centre Chemeron Egerton University Njoro Kenya

Invasive plant species may significantly alter plant species community composition and structure thereby negatively impacting on ecosystem services. Their impacts on plant communities may be both direct and indirect. The direct effects may include a reduction in the abundance and diversity of palatable plant species that constitute important forage for livestock, wildlife, and medicines for the local communities. Declines in ecosystem resilience are of the notable indirect effects of invasive species. The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of a plant species, copper leaf (Acalypha fruticosa) on floral diversity and abundance at Chemeron, Baringo County in Kenya. The study was guided by three questions: What is the plant composition in terms of grasses, herbs, shrubs, and trees in the study area? Are there any variations in plant abundance between the two sites (sites with and without Acalypha fruticosa)? Are there variations in plant species diversity between the two study sites? Two sites (one with A. fruticosa and another two without this invasive species) were selected within the Chemeron Research Centre. Two belt transects measuring 100 m × 20 m on each site were laid parallel to each other. Plant samples were collected from five 1 m × 1 m quadrats that were laid at intervals of 20 m. The plant species or specimens were identified to the species level using available taxonomic keys. Various indices including Shannon-Wiener (H’), Evenness Index, Richness Index and Simpson’s Index of Diversity Index (SDI) were calculated. All the diversity, richness and evenness indices were considerably higher in the site without A. fruticosa compared to that where this invasive species was present. Higher H’ (3.14 to 3.21) and SDI (0.93 to 0.94) values were noted in sites without the invasive species compared to H’ (2.11 to 2.20) and SDI (0.77 to 0.85) in sites with A. fruticosa present. Out of the

关键词： Baringo Copper Leaf Diversity Indices Invasive Species Plant Diversity

An Investigation of the Factors That Motivated Illegal Settlements in the Mau Forest, Kenya

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Open Journal of Ecology 2021年第11期11卷 725-740页

作者： Alice Jebiwott george morara ogendi Abiodun Akintunde Alo Ronald Kibet Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute (PAULESI) University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Department of Environmental Science Egerton University Egerton Kenya Department of Forest Resource Management University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

The Mau Forest has in the recent past elicited serious political and environmental debates regarding its conservation status, as the forest is fast dwindling and the repercussions felt widely across the country. The forest, regarded as the largest indigenous montane forest in east Africa, has been hard hit by land-use changes mainly extensive and ill-planned human settlements. To save the forest, the government has resorted to forced evictions of the settlers. We sought to understand the drivers and causes for the observed illegal settlements in the Mau Forest. To collect data, we conducted focus group discussions and administered household questionnaires on evictees in the South-West and Eastern Mau. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the binary logistic regression model indicate that Poverty (p = 0.000), Agricultural production (p = 0.000) and Land Given by Government (p = 0.018) contributed significantly to the prediction of people’s motivation of settling in the Mau Forest. In conclusion, population pressure, laxity in forest law enforcement and insecure land tenure and politics were identified as some of the factors that motivated the observed rise in illegal settlements in Mau Forest. Such information on the factors that led to the illegal settlements in Mau Forest would be useful for forest conservation policy makers and managers. It will be a basis upon which interventions can be undertaken to enhance sustainable forest management in Kenya and beyond.

关键词： Mau Forest Logistic Regression Illegal Settlements Forest Conservation Eviction

Application of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Food and Water Security in the Semi-Arid Turkana County, Kenya

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Open Journal of Ecology 2020年第6期10卷 321-340页

作者： Cecilia Mwango Ratemo george morara ogendi Guangwei Huang Rhoda N. Ondieki Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Sophia University Tokyo Japan Department of Environmental Science Egerton University Njoro Kenya Dryland Research Training and Ecotourism Centre Chemeron Kenya

Weather extremes negatively affect socioeconomic developments in arid and semi-arid areas (ASALs) and increase vulnerability of residents to food and water insecurity. Thus, communities adapt to such extremes of weather using Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and/or Modern Technologies. Modern farming technologies and land resource developments in ASALs have in past ignored TEK, and in most cases led to undesired outcomes. It’s against this backdrop that this study was conceived to assess TEK among the Turkana people, its application and contribution to food and water security. The research adopted a cross-sectional social survey in collecting data from Central Turkana Sub-County residents. The study revealed that the Turkana people possess vast knowledge related to their environment;that this TEK plays a significant role in food production, preservation and in natural resource management. For instance, in 82% of the respondents use TEK in enhancing livestock production through the selection of livestock species that are suitable and drought tolerant;over 70% of them use TEK in reducing risk associated with livestock losses due to prolonged droughts. Further, TEK influenced the development and conservation of the water resources (r = 0.631;p < 0.01) including siting boreholes and wells. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.755;p < 0.01) between TEK and food security. TEK should be incorporated into the decision-making processes involving development projects within the ASALs.

关键词： Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Climate Variability Droughts Food Security Traditional Ecological Knowledge Water Security

Land Tenure and Its Influence on Agriculture in Artisanal Gold-Mining Zones of Sikasso Region, Mali

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Avian and Habitat Diversity in the Semi-Arid Lands of Baringo South, Kenya

Open Journal of Ecology（生态学期刊） 2021年第2期

作者： Mahamadou Moussa Keita george morara ogendi

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Characteristic Relationships between Phosphorous Accrual, Ecosystem Aspects and Water Level Fluctuations in Tropical Lakes: Naivasha Ramsar Site, Kenya

Open Journal of Ecology（生态学期刊） 2020年第8期

作者： george morara ogendi Rhoda N. Ondieki

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2021年第1期9卷 53-67页

作者： Beatrice N. Obegi george M. ogendi Reuben Omondi Boston J. Siriba george N. morara Nehemiah M. Rindoria Paul Orina Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Naivasha Kenya Department of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences Kisii University Kisii Kenya Department of Environmental Science Egerton University Kenya Dryland Research Training & Ecotourism Centre Chemeron Egerton University Kenya Department of Biological Sciences Kisii University Kisii Kenya Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Kegati Kenya

Hydrological dynamics affect water levels and thus affecting ecosystem structure and functions. Lake levels in tropical ecosystems affect phosphorous input through runoff from adjacent watersheds. The resultant biological community, water and sediment quality of the lakes due to water level changes is a reflection of the geology of the area and the anthropogenic activities in the watershed. The study conducted between January 2018 and December 2019 was to explore relationships between the phosphorous input and Water Level Fluctuations (WLF) recorded by Water Resource Authority (WRA). Lake water samples were analyzed in the laboratory for phosphorous using molybdenum blue-ascorbic method and recorded using spectrophotometer. Chlorophyll-a was determined by extracting a filtered sample with 15 ml acetone and incubating overnight and thereafter read using a double beam spectrophotometer. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) was determined by filtering 200 ml of a water sample and dried overnight at 105°C. The lowest and highest phosphorous concentrations recorded were 0.2 mg/l and 0.42 mg/l at NST7 and NST2, respectively. Measurements of Chlorophyll-a were 0.32 mg/l and 0.42 mg/l at NST9 and NST2, respectively. Secchi transparency measurements were 32.9 cm at NST3 and 84 cm at NST1. The highest and lowest TSS concentrations were 0.14 mg/l and 0.13 mg/l at NTS1 and NST8, respectively. The hydrodynamic regime in most tropical lakes plays a significant role in the re-reaction of phosphorous that consequently influences productivity. Tropical lakes have extreme lake level fluctuations which accelerate the production process. The influence of water level changes on aquatic productivity is crucial in most tropical lakes and should be taken into consideration when assessing the environmental impacts.

关键词： Lake Level Fluctuations Total Phosphorous Ecosystem Aspects Lake Naivasha