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Reactive astrocyte scar and axon regeneration:suppressor or facilitator?

Neural Regeneration Research 2016年第7期11卷 1050-1051页

作者： Yosuke Ohtake george m.Smith Shuxin Li Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyDepartment of NeuroscienceLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University

Several major factors are known to contribute to CNS axon regenerative failure after injury, including reduced intrinsic growth capacity of developed neurons and extrinsic factors mediating axon outgrowth. For the latter, a non-permissive environment around the lesion and the lack of sufficient neurotrophic support within the adult CNS play important roles （Silver et al., 2015）. In addition to generation of various inhibitory substrates by oligodendrocytes, fibrotic tissues, inflammatory cells and other cell types, reactive astrocytes surrounding lesions are thought to highly suppress regeneration of injured CNS axons （Silver and miller, 2004; Ohtake and Li, 2014）. A great number of studies suggest that reactive astrocytic scars form one of the major barriers preventing axon regeneration after CNS iniuries, including spinal cord injury （SCI）. However, reactive astrocytes were reported to provide a beneficial role by reducing infiltrating immunoreactive cells into adjacent domains, protecting bordering neural tissue from damage and generating numerous supportive extracellular matrix （ECm） components to promote cell survival and growth （Bush et al., 1999）. Previ- ous data showed that ablation of reactive astrocytes increased inflammation and secondary tissue damage, prevented blood- brain barrier formation and increased local neurite growth. Interestingly, a recent study by Anderson et al （2016） provides evidence that reactive astrocytes around the lesioned spinal cord support axon regeneration after SCI, rather than block regrowth （Anderson et al., 2016）.

关键词： astrocyte regeneration suppressor neurotrophic extrinsic latter intrinsic glial injured sensory

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Paleoecological Response of Corals to the End-Triassic mass Extinction： An Integrational Analysis

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Journal of Earth Science 2018年第4期29卷 879-885页

作者： george D Stanley Jr Hannah m E Shepherd Autumn J Robinson University of montana Paleontology Center Missoula MT 59812 USA

The end-Triassic （also Triassic-Jurassic） mass extinction severely affected life on planet Earth 200 million years ago. Paleoclimate change triggered by the volcanic eruptions of the Central Atlantic magmatic Province （CAmP） caused a great loss of marine biodiversity, among which 96% coral genera were get lost. However, there is precious little detail on the paleoecology and growth forms lost between the latest Triassic extinction and the Early Jurassic recovery. Here a new pilot study was conducted by analyzing corallite integration levels among corals from the latest Triassic and Early Jurassic times. Integration levels in corals from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic were determined through both the Paleobiology Database as well as from a comprehensive museum collection of fossil corals. Results suggest that in addition to a major loss of diversity following the end-Triassic mass extinction, there also was a significant loss of highly integrated corals as clearly evidenced by the coral data from the Early Jurassic. This confirms our hypothesis of paleoecological selectivity for corals following the end-Triassic mass extinction. This study highlights the importance of assigning sim- ple to advanced paleoecological characters with integration levels, which opens a useful approach to understanding of mass extinction and the dynamics of the recovery.

关键词： coral loss integration level end-Triassic mass extinction paleoecology

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modelling surface runoff using the soil conservation service-curve number method in a drought prone agro-ecological zone in Rwanda

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2019年第1期7卷 9-17页

作者： Dieudonne Uwizeyimana Stephen m.mureithi Simon m.mvuyekure george Karuku Geoffrey Kironchi Department of Land Resource management and Agricultural Technology University of NairobiP.O Box 2905300625 NairobiKenya ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources of Rwanda P.O.Box 6961KigaliRwanda Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board P.O.Box 5016KigaliRwanda

Runoff farming is reported to improve land productivity and crop yields in hot and dry *** study was conducted to assess the available rainwater that can be harvested in a conserved catchment in a drought prone agro-ecological *** study was carried out in the Cyili sub-catchment,southern province of Rwanda,which has an irregular rainfall pattern and unexploited runoff *** Conservation Service-Curve Number method (SCS-CN),CROPWAT model version 8 and Hazen model with an average daily rainfall data recorded from 1971 to 2016 were applied to estimate the runoff and water requirements in the study *** of the study revealed that more than half rainfall water received in the catchment was lost through runoff (229.8 mm) and effective rainfall was lower (246.9 mm) than the actual crop water requirement for maize (330 mm).The expected seasonal surface runoff volume to be harvested by the farmers was 3008 m3 ha-1 per season and 1.29 × 106 m3 per season for the entire whole sub-catchment (430 ha).Based on Hazen model,the return period of low rainfall (dry spell) event would be expected every 2 years with a 98% probability of *** sub-catchment has higher potential runoff volume to stabilize the deficit of water demand in the period of short rainy *** suggests that rainwater harvesting through supplementary irrigation is an option to improve the crop yield in the dry period as well as in the annual dry season.

关键词： Available rainwater Cyili sub-Catchment Curve number Runoff Rwanda

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ALLOZYmE-BASED GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN AN UNSTABLE “POPULATION” OF CHINESE ONCOmELANIA HUPENSIS (GASTROPODA: RISSOACEA: POmATIOPSIDAE)

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中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志 2000年第1期 23-25页

作者： ZHANG Yi,george m davis,LIU He xiang,FENG Ting Institute of Parasitic Diseases Chinese Academy of Preventive medicine WHO Collaborating Center for malaria Schistosomasis and Filariasis Chinese National Center of Systematic medical malacology Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology ministry of

Objective] To answer the following questions:① For Oncomelania snails collected two years apart from the same locality, has there been genetic divergence? ②How much experimental error has there been in studying subsets of these populations? ③As this is an unstable population, what has the net effect been on Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWe)? [methods]Allozymes were studied using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Data collected from numbers of experiments were compiled. Data from each collection were divided into two equal subsets based on chronology of the experiments. Thirty four loci were studied using 72 to 180 snails per subset. [Results] The mean number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 5 ～1 9. With each consecutive subset,the % polymorphic loci dropped from 38 2 to 17 *** mean heterozygosity was very low: 0 033 to 0 049 and not significantly different from Hardy Weinberg expectations. Ten loci and 11 alleles exclusive to the first group were eliminated from the overall study reducing the number of polymorphic loci from 19 to 10. There were significant departures from HWe at five loci having a substantial number of individuals for each allele. Neis and Wrights D were 0 003±0 001 and 0 054±0 006 respectively. [Conclusion] ① There were significant errors seen primarily in the results scored in the earliest experiments.② These earlier errors involving scoring difficult to resolve loci, and interpretation of rare alleles that were not found in later experiment had no significant effect on overall genetic distance.③ The use of Wright's D for closely related populations is explained. Results with Nei's D indicated no significant difference among the four subunits; Wright's D yielded significant difference between the collections made two years apart, attributed to the annual flooding of the Yangtze River mixing snails from different localities. ④ major polymorphic loci were not in Hwe as predicted using the unstable population model.

关键词： Oncomelania hupensis allozyme unstable population genetic variation.

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Therapeutic Benefits of Natural Ingredients for Atopic Dermatitis

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Chinese Journal of Integrative medicine 2018年第4期24卷 308-314页

作者： george man HU Li-zhi Peter m Elias mao-qiang man Dermatology Services Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco School of Basic medical Sciences Tianjin Medical University

Although a variety of regimens are available for the treatment of atopic dermatitis（AD）, severe adverse reactions and unpopular costs often limit their usage. In contrast, certain inexpensive, naturally-occurring ingredients are proven effective for AD with fewer side effects. The beneficial effects of these ingredients can be attributed to inhibition of cytokine and chemokine expression, IgE production, inflammatory cell infiltration, histamine release, and/or the enhancement of epidermal permeability barrier function. Since herbal medicines are widely available, inexpensive and generally safe, they could be valuable alternatives for the treatment of AD, particularly for those patients who are not suitable for the utilization of immune modulators. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic benefits of natural ingredients for the treatment of AD and the mechanisms of their actions.

关键词： atopic dermatitis natural ingredients permeability barrier transepidermal water loss inflammation

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Acute and chronic toxicity of nickel to nitrifiers at different temperatures

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第8期31卷 169-178页

作者： Xiaoguang Liu mohammad m.I.Chowdhury masuduz Zaman mingu Kim george Nakhla Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Western Ontario Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering University of Western Ontario

This study investigated the acute nickel toxicity on nitrification of low ammonia synthetic wastewater at 10, 23, and 35°C. The nickel inhibition half-velocity constants(K_(I,Ni)) for ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB) based on Ni/mLSS ratio at 10, 23, and 35°C were 5.4 and 5.6 mg Ni/g mLSS, 4.6 and 3.5 mg Ni/g mLSS, and 9.1 and 2.7 mg Ni/g mLSS, respectively. In addition, chronic toxicity of nickel to nitrification of low ammonia synthetic wastewater was investigated at 10°C in two sequencing batch reactors(SBRs). Long-term SBRs operation and short-term batch tests were comparable with respect to the extent of inhibition and corresponding Ni/mLSS ratio. The μ_(max), b, and K_o of AOB were 0.16 day^(-1), 0.098 day^(-1) and 2.08 mg O_2/L after long-term acclimatization to nickel of 1 mg/L at 10°C, high dissolved oxygen(DO)(7 mg/L) and long solids retention time(SRT) of 63–70 days. Acute nickel toxicity of nitrifying bacteria was completely reversible.

关键词： Nickel inhibition Temperature Nitrifying culture Activated sludge Toxicity

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Increased connectivity of hiPSC-derived neural networks in multiphase granular hydrogel scaffolds

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Bioactive materials 2022年第3期7卷 358-372页

作者： Chia-Chen Hsu Julian H.george Sharlayne Waller Cyril Besnard David A Nagel Eric J Hill michael D.Coleman Alexander m.Korsunsky Zhanfeng Cui Hua Ye Institute of Biomedical Engineering Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOX37DQUK mBLEm Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX13PJUK School of Biosciences College of Health and Life SciencesAston UniversityBirminghamB47ETUK Translational medicine Research Group Aston Medical SchoolCollege of Health and Life SciencesAston UniversityBirminghamB47ETUK

To reflect human development,it is critical to create a substrate that can support long-term cell survival,differentiation,and *** are promising materials for 3D ***,a bulk structure consisting of dense polymer networks often leads to suboptimal microenvironments that impedes nutrient exchange and cell-to-cell ***,granular hydrogel-based scaffolds were used to support 3D human induced pluripotent stem cell(hiPSC)-derived neural networks.A custom designed 3D printed toolset was developed to extrude hyaluronic acid hydrogel through a porous nylon fabric to generate hydrogel *** and hydrogel granules were combined using a weaker secondary gelation step,forming self-supporting cell laden *** three and seven days,granular scaffolds supported higher cell viability compared to bulk hydrogels,whereas granular scaffolds supported more neurite bearing cells and longer neurite extensions(65.52±11.59μm)after seven days compared to bulk hydrogels(22.90±4.70μm).Long-term(three-month)cultures of clinically relevant hiPSC-derived neural cells in granular hydrogels supported well established neuronal and astrocytic colonies and a high level of neurite extension both inside and beyond the *** approach is significant as it provides a simple,rapid and efficient way to achieve a tissue-relevant granular structure within hydrogel cultures.

关键词： microgel Hydrogel Hyaluronan iPSC Neural tissue engineering 3D printing

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Why forefoot striking in minimal shoes might positively change the course of running injuries

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2017年第2期6卷 154-161页

作者： Irene S.davis Hannah m.Rice Scott C.Wearing Spaulding National Running Center Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School Sport and Health Sciences University of Exeter Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology

It is believed that human ancestors evolved the ability to run bipedally approximately 2 million years ago. This form of locomotion may have been important to our survival and likely has influenced the evolution of our body form. As our bodies have adapted to run, it seems unusual that up to 79% of modern day runners are injured annually. The etiology of these injuries is clearly multifactorial. However, 1 aspect of running that has significantly changed over the past 50 years is the footwear we use. modern running shoes have become increasingly cushioned and supportive, and have changed the way we run. In particular, they have altered our footstrike pattern from a predominantly forefoot strike(FFS) landing to a predominantly rearfoot strike(RFS) landing. This change alters the way in which the body is loaded and may be contributing to the high rate of injuries runners experience while engaged in an activity for which they were adapted. In this paper, we will examine the benefits of barefoot running(typically an FFS pattern),and compare the lower extremity mechanics between FFS and RFS. The implications of these mechanical differences, in terms of injury, will be discussed. We will then provide evidence to support our contention that FFS provides an optimal mechanical environment for specific foot and ankle structures, such as the heel pad, the plantar fascia, and the Achilles tendon. The importance of footwear will then be addressed, highlighting its interaction with strike pattern on mechanics. This analysis will underscore why footwear matters when assessing mechanics. Finally, proper preparation and safe transition to an FFS pattern in minimal shoes will be emphasized. Through the discussion of the current literature, we will develop a justification for returning to running in the way for which we were adapted to reduce running-related injuries.

关键词：跑步鞋子受伤身体形态力学环境 FFS 可能影响加载方式

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Endovascular thrombectomy for stroke: current best practice and future goals

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Stroke & Vascular Neurology 2016年第1期1卷 16-22页

作者： Bruce C V Campbell Geoffrey A Donnan Peter J mitchell Stephen m.davis Department of medicine and Neurology Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne HospitalUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and mental Health University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia Department of Radiology Royal Melbourne HospitalUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia

Endovascular thrombectomy for large vessel ischaemic stroke substantially reduces disability,with recent positive randomised trials leading to guideline changes *** review discusses in detail the evidence provided by recent randomised trials and metaanalyses,the remaining areas of uncertainty and the future directions for *** data from existing trials have demonstrated the robust benefit of endovascular thrombectomy for internal carotid and proximal middle cerebral artery *** remains for more distal occlusions where the efficacy of alteplase is greater,less tissue is at risk and the safety of endovascular procedures is less *** artery occlusion was excluded from the trials,but with a dire natural history and proof of principle that rapid reperfusion is effective,it seems reasonable to continue treating these patients pending ongoing trial *** has been no evidence of heterogeneity in treatment effect in clinically defined subgroups by age,indeed,those aged>80 years have at least as great an overall reduction in disability and reduced *** there was no heterogeneity across the range of baseline stroke severities included in the *** that routine use of general anaesthesia reduces the benefit of endovascular thrombectomy is increasing and conscious sedation is generally preferred unless severe agitation or airway compromise is *** impact of time delays has become clearer with description of onset to imaging and imaging to reperfusion *** in the onset to imaging reduce the proportion of patients with salvageable brain ***,in the presence of favourable imaging,rapid treatment appears beneficial regardless of the onset to imaging time *** to reperfusion delays lead to decay in the clinical benefit achieved,particularly in those with less robust collateral *** brain imaging options to assess prognosis have various advantages and disadvan

关键词： routine epoch benefit

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Linear Circuit Analysis Artice m. davis

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1998年

作者： Artice m. davis

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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畅想之星图书光盘版（南通市图书馆镜像）

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