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Chinese Physics Letters 1987年第2期4卷 93-95页

作者： DING Ruiqin geoffry kolbe D.D.Burgess Physics Department Wuhan UniversityWuhan Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory University of CaliforniaU.S.A. Spectroscopy Group Physics DepartmentImperial CollegeLondon SW72BZ.U.K.

The Collisional-Radiative Models(CRM)of hydrogen are used in the experiments of a resonant H-αlaser pulse through an optically deep hydrogen *** causes for the disagreement between the theoretical predictions and exp... 详细信息

关键词： hydrogen LASER plasma.

Mitigating climate change through diet choice:Costs and CO_(2) emissions of different cookery book-based dietary options in Germany

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2020年第4期11卷 392-400页

作者： Karin kolbe Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences University of Koblenz-LandauKoblenz56068Germany

The human-food sector is one of the most challenging areas when it comes to greenhouse gas(GHG)*** this study,recipes from similar cookery books were analysed to identify the extent to which CO_(2) reduction can be achieved cost-effectively by cooking vegan,ovo-lactovegetarian or meat-containing recipes.A total of 311 recipes from six different German omnivorous,vegetarian and vegan cookery books were analysed in terms of GHG emissions and *** results illustrate that,based on calories,the vegan recipes on average lead to a 10% reduction in GHGs compared to vegetarian recipes and a 65% reduction compared to recipes high in *** costs for vegan recipes are 45% higher than those for vegetarian *** relatively high prices for vegan dishes result from the cost of meat and dairy replacement ***,GHG emissions from vegan recipes are only slightly lower than those from vegetarian recipes.

关键词： Climate change Nutrition Greenhouse gas emissions Meat Vegetarian Vegan Costs

Oxidative stress and male reproductive health

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第1期16卷 31-38页

作者： Robert J Aitken Tegan B Smith Matthew S Jobling Mark A Baker geoffry N De Iuliis Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science Discipline of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science and IT University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia

One of the major causes of defective sperm function is oxidative stress, which not only disrupts the integrity of sperm DNA but also limits the fertilizing potential of these cells as a result of collateral damage to proteins and lipids in the sperm plasma membrane. The origins of such oxidative stress appear to involve the sperm mitochondria, which have a tendency to generate high leve｜s of superoxide anion as a prelude to entering the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. Unfortunately, these cells have very little capacity to respond to such an attack because they only possess the first enzyme in the base excision repair （BER） pathway, 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 （OGG1）. The latter successfully creates an abasic site, but the spermatozoa cannot process the oxidative lesion further because they lack the downstream proteins （APE1, XRCC1） needed to complete the repair process. It is the responsibility of the oocyte to continue the BER pathway prior to initiation of S-phase of the first mitotic division. If a mistake is made by the oocyte at this stage of development, a mutation will be created that will be represented in every cell in the body. Such mechanisms may explain the increase in childhood cancers and other diseases observed in the offspring of males who have suffered oxidative stress in their germ line as a consequence of age, environmental or lifestyle factors. The high prevalence of oxidative DNA damage in the spermatozoa of male infertility patients may have implications for the health of children conceived in vitro and serves as a driver for current research into the origins of free radical generation in the germ line.

关键词： DNA damage oxidative stress oxoguanine glycosylase 1 oocyte spermatozoa

Current-induced degradation and lifetime prediction of 310 nm ultraviolet light-emitting diodes

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Photonics Research 2019年第7期7卷 14-18页

作者： Jan Ruschel Johannes Glaab Batoul Beidoun Neysha Lobo Ploch Jens Rass Tim kolbe Arne Knauer Markus Weyers Sven Einfeldt Michael Kneissl Ferdinand-Braun-Institut Leibniz-Institut fur HochstfrequenztechnikGustav-Kirchhoff-Str.412489 BerlinGermany Technische Universitat Berlin Institut fur FestkorperphysikHardenbergstr.36EW6-710623 BerlinGermany

The impact of operation current on the degradation behavior of 310 nm UV LEDs is investigated over 1000 h of stress. It ranges from 50 to 300 mA and corresponds to current densities from 34 to 201 A/cm^*** separate the impact of current from that of temperature, the junction temperature is kept constant by adjusting the heat sink temperature. Higher current was found to strongly accelerate the optical power reduction during operation. A mathematical model for lifetime prediction is *** indicates that lifetime is inversely proportional to the cube of the current density, suggesting the involvement of Auger recombinati on.

关键词： degradation light-emitting diodes lifetime

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土壤有机碳作用及转化机制研究进展

中国农业科学 2020年第2期53卷 317-331页

作者：张维理 kolbe H 张认连中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所德国撒克森州立农业科学院

对土壤有机碳作用的综述研究显示:直至20世纪末,对于土壤有机碳的研究主要集中于阐明具不同化学结构有机物质在土壤中的功能,如胡敏酸、富里酸、黄腐酸的化学结构特征及在土壤肥力中的作用。中欧近年的研究则更关注按照有机碳在土壤中... 详细信息

对土壤有机碳作用的综述研究显示:直至20世纪末,对于土壤有机碳的研究主要集中于阐明具不同化学结构有机物质在土壤中的功能,如胡敏酸、富里酸、黄腐酸的化学结构特征及在土壤肥力中的作用。中欧近年的研究则更关注按照有机碳在土壤中的转化特征进行分组,尝试建立这一分组与土壤有机碳功能的关联。按照转化特征,土壤有机碳可分为稳定性有机碳和营养性有机碳两大类型。前者主要指封存于土壤黏粒中的有机碳,很难被土壤微生物分解和矿化。后者主要指通过作物收获后地表及根系残留物、还田秸秆、有机肥施肥进入土壤的有机碳,是土壤有机碳中易于转化的、活跃的组分,也是形成土壤腐殖质和团聚体的主要前体物质。对土壤肥力具有重要意义。多点长期定位试验研究结果显示:土壤有机碳含量实际上表达了土壤中有机碳输入与分解两个过程的动态平衡。当输入量小于矿化量,将导致土壤有机碳含量和土壤肥力下降。当每年输入的有机碳量大于矿化量,土壤有机碳含量会持续上升;直至每年输入量与矿化量相等,土壤有机碳含量不再增加,此时,土壤有机碳含量达到平衡点。在一般农业生产条件下,达到平衡点的时间周期为20—30年。在营养性有机碳投入量过高情况下,这一动态平衡系统也会导致入多出多,达到新的平衡点后,每年会有高量土壤有机物质的矿化,从而引起农田土壤中矿质养分,特别是矿质氮的流失,进入水体及大气环境中。为实现土壤培肥和环境保护双重目标,农田土壤营养性有机碳的投入量应以有机碳的矿化流失不致产生环境风险为宜。新的研究还证实:营养性有机碳进入农田后,在土壤生物作用下分解为一系列短链化合物,再通过生物构建作用与土壤矿物颗粒形成土壤团聚体,并以此对多项土壤肥力性状发挥积极作用。受土壤中腐殖化、有机碳分解等不同过程影响,土壤团聚体持续发生着聚合和崩解,只有持续而丰富的营养性有机碳输入,才能维持土壤中总有机-无机团聚体的稳定度。多点长期定位试验结果揭示:土壤有机碳含量主要取决于气候条件、土壤质地与土地利用类型。在人为因素中,土地利用方式的变化对土壤有机碳含量的影响最大,而施肥、秸秆还田、耕作等农作措施对土壤有机碳含量的影响比较小。耕地土壤上,作物类型不同,其典型的耕作和收获方式不同,收获后存留地表和土壤中的根系残留物数量和质量不同,有机质生成能力不同。在种植有机质消耗性作物时,需要注意在轮作制度中引入有机质增加型作物或施用有机肥料,以保持土壤肥力。

关键词：土壤有机碳营养性有机碳土壤肥力土壤有机碳转化机制轮作

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农田土壤有机碳管理与有机质平衡算法

中国农业科学 2020年第2期53卷 332-345页

作者：张维理 kolbe H 张认连冀宏杰中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所德国撒克森州立农业科学院

现代土壤肥料研究推动全球不同国家和地区建立了主要作物对氮、磷、钾等矿质养分需求量的推荐指标,这些量化指标成为科学施肥的基础,促进了农业实现增产、增收、增效和环境安全。土壤培肥是发展农业的基础。有机肥、绿肥、秸秆还田是培... 详细信息

现代土壤肥料研究推动全球不同国家和地区建立了主要作物对氮、磷、钾等矿质养分需求量的推荐指标,这些量化指标成为科学施肥的基础,促进了农业实现增产、增收、增效和环境安全。土壤培肥是发展农业的基础。有机肥、绿肥、秸秆还田是培肥土壤的主要措施,尽管已有研究证实,过量施用有机肥料不仅造成人力、物力浪费,还会产生农田养分流失和环境污染。迄今为止,在国际范围,对农田培肥尚无量化推荐指标。近年由德国科学家建立并尝试采用的农田有机质平衡算法及推荐指标将可能打破这一僵局。本文择要介绍这一方法原理、应用范围和示例,以期为我国提供可资借鉴的经验。有机质平衡算法的科学基础是通过多点长期定位试验,获得作物和有机肥料的土壤有机质碳当量值,前者用以度量不同作物在其典型种植方式下,引起土壤有机质碳量变化的趋势,后者用于表征不同有机肥料施入土壤后产生的有机质量。通过有机质碳当量值,可以对作物在典型种植方式下引起土壤有机质的亏缺量或盈余量、秸秆还田或施用有机肥引起土壤有机质的增加量统一在一个量纲基准上进行分析和计算。该方法作为官方推荐方法,自2004年始在德国多个州和奥地利推广采用,既适用于综合农业,也适用于有机农业。在不允许使用矿质氮肥的有机农业上,该法兼作农田氮素养分管理方法。多点大田校验试验显示,采用此方法,农田土壤有机质供应水平从"低"提高至"平衡"等级时,产量增加幅度可达到50%—150%。有机质平衡算法作为专为农民研制的分区、分类、量化技术指标,延续德国为农民定制的其他技术指标风格,采用了五等级评价指标体系架构。五等级的各分级名、分级释义充分汇总各地长期试验和大量农户调查与验证结果,形成了全国统一的等级释义,保证了指标体系架构的稳定性,既便于各地农民记忆和长期推广,也便于与国家绿色农业补贴政策关联,是有机质平衡算法的前台指标。而与5个分级对应的农田有机质碳当量值范围、作物与肥料有机质碳当量作为支持前台指标的专业指标,允许各地农业科研机构根据本地条件,在保证前台指标释义不变前提下进行相应调整,从而保证了整个指标体系的可扩展性、科学性和实用性,促进了其在各地的广泛推广,切实提高了农民科学施肥与耕地保育技术水平,推动了农田精准化、标准化管理和农业面源污染管控效率,这一做法也值得我国借鉴。在中国应用这一方法的关键是研制适合各主要农区作物和有机肥料的有机质碳当量值。鉴于目前我国长期定位试验数量有限,可借鉴德国相关研究基础,采用长期与中、短期定位试验结合,大田定位试验与模拟试验、校验试验及农田定位调查相结合方式,边试验、边研制、边校验改进、边推广,逐步完善。

关键词：土壤有机碳管理有机质平衡算法面源污染防治有机农业农民用技术指标

Gender inequalities in physical activity among adolescents from 64 Global South countries

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2022年第4期11卷 509-520页

作者： Luiza Isnardi Cardoso Ricardo Andrea Wendt Caroline dos Santos Costa Gregore Iven Mielke Javier Brazo-Sayavera Asaduzzaman Khan Tracy L kolbe-Alexander Inacio Crochemore-Silva Federal University of Pelotas PelotasRS 96010-040Brazil University of Sao Paulo Sao PauloSP 01153-000Brazil School of Public Health The University of QueenslandHerstonQLD 4006Australia University of the Republic MontevideoMontevideo 11200Uruguay

Purpose:The aims of this study were to(a)describe gender inequalities in physical activity(PA)among adolescents from Global South countries,and(b)investigate the relationship between gender inequalities in PA and contextual factors,such as geographic region,human development index,gender inequality index,and unemployment ***:We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Global School-Based Student Health Survey conducted in Global South countries between 2010 and 2020 among 13-to 17-year-old ***-context variables were retrieved from secondary data sources(World Health Organization,World Bank,and Human Development Reports).PA was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire querying the number of days in the past week in which participants were physically active for a total of at least 60 *** absolute gender inequalities were evaluated by the differences in the prevalence between boys and girls,95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)were estimated using the bootstrap *** inequalities were obtained through Poisson ***-analyses with random effects were used to calculate pooled estimates of absolute and relative ***:Based on 64 Global South countries/surveys,the prevalence of PA was 6.7 percentage points(p.p.)higher in boys than in girls,ranging from 0.5 *** Afghanistan to 15.6 *** Laos(I^(2)=85.1%).The pooled ratio for all countries showed that boys presented a PA prevalence 1.58 times higher than girls(95%CI:1.47-1.70)on *** highest absolute and relative inequalities were observed in high income *** with higher Human Development Index rankings and lower Gender Inequality Index rankings also presented greater gender ***:Given that girls are overall less active than boys across the globe,the findings of this study reinforce that macro-and micro-level changes should be actively sought if we aim to increase population levels of PA in adolescents and promote equity i

关键词： Adolescents Gender differences Physical activity Social inequalities Students

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Building the Capacity of Schools to Improve the Health of Nations

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Building the Capacity of Schools to Improve the Health of Na...

文明的和谐与共同繁荣：全球化视野中亚洲的机遇与发展——北京论坛（2005）

作者： Lloyd J.kolbe Indiana University

Introduction Humankind has entered a new *** November,2005,the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention counted 50 emerging and reemerging communicable diseases,as listed in Table *** these,and other equally fo...

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中德农业源污染管控制度比较研究

中国农业科学 2020年第5期53卷 965-976页

作者：张维理张认连冀宏杰 kolbe H 陈印军中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所德国撒克森州立农业科学院

已有许多研究证实防治农业生产过程中氮磷进入水域以及氮素进入大气环境已成为现代农业面临的最大挑战之一。为分析中国在农业源污染防控中存在问题,本文对中国和德国近年来颁布的相关法律、法规、技术标准和实施效果进行了综述和比较... 详细信息

已有许多研究证实防治农业生产过程中氮磷进入水域以及氮素进入大气环境已成为现代农业面临的最大挑战之一。为分析中国在农业源污染防控中存在问题,本文对中国和德国近年来颁布的相关法律、法规、技术标准和实施效果进行了综述和比较分析。研究显示,与中国相似,德国人均耕地资源比较少,以家庭农场为单元的经营方式是德国农业的主要生产方式。农业存在经营规模相对小而分散,受气象条件和市场影响风险大、利润薄、需要财政补贴才能生存等问题。对于农业源污染治理,既要实现环境目标,也要顾及农民利益、农业发展和粮食安全,难以简单采用关、停、并、转等行政指令和惩罚性措施,主要是建立和实施农业源污染管控制度。为提高农民施肥技术水平,减少农田化肥养分投入量,德国最有效的做法是在长期试验研究基础上,为农民专门设计和制作了一套比较完整的分区、分类、量化施肥技术指标和规程,这些指标简单、易记、易懂,对不同地区土壤和气候条件有良好适用性,易于推广和普及,对于提高农民施肥技术水平,实现减肥增产、减肥高产发挥了重要作用。在防治农业源氮磷进入水环境,化合态氮进入大气环境方面,德国主要做法是研究、建立和实施一系列与经济奖惩措施关联的限定性技术标准,对农田氮素养分投入量、农田氮磷盈余量、施肥期、施肥方法、种植作物类型等给出了明确的规定和技术指标。同时不断探索新的、更有效的监管和监测方法,充分发挥经济杠杆作用,鼓励、帮助和疏导农民广泛采用更先进、更精准和环境友好的替代技术。农业源污染管控制度的实施使得自20世纪80年代以来,德国农田化肥养分投入量减少了一半,以农田面积（耕地面积与长期作物面积之和）计化肥养分量从404 kg·hm;减少到目前的192 kg·hm;,仅为目前中国的53%,同期粮食单产仍提高了56%,从4 779 kg·hm;增加到目前的7 464 kg·hm;,比中国目前粮食单产仍然高37%。中国至今缺少为农民专门设计、适合农民认知和直接采用的量化施肥技术指标。目前也无与国家及地方政府奖惩政策关联的限定性技术标准出台,无论在全国范围,还是在重点流域,至今难以形成有制度性保障的农业源污染管控体系。在占作物总播面23.6%的蔬菜、水果、花卉等高收益作物农田上,农民盲目施肥、过量施肥情形普遍,在这类农田上,氮磷养分盈余量远超过德国肥料法规所规定的环境安全限量(50 kg N·hm;、10 kg P;O;·hm;)。比较研究还显示,实施农业源污染管控制度的核心是以创新研究带动法律、法规、相关技术标准和监管方法的出台和广泛实施。而中国近年来公益性土壤肥料专业科研机构的均质化、碎片化,以及科研机构在绩效考核中对SCI论文点数、发文量等量化指标的过分倚重,使得相关研究薄弱,亟需加以改进。

关键词：农业源污染施肥技术农业环境标准农民用技术指标污染管控制度中国德国

Solidification and substructures of Co-rich droplets in phase-separated Cu-Co alloys

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Solidification and substructures of Co-rich droplets in phas...