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Mathematical Modeling of the Co-Infection Dynamics of HIV and Tuberculosis Incorporating Inconsistency in HIV Treatment

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2024年第5期12卷 1744-1768页

作者： Sr Mary Nyambura mwangi Virginia M. Kitetu Isaac O. Okwany Department of Mathematics and Actuarial Science Catholic University of Eastern Africa Nairobi Kenya

A non-linear HIV-TB co-infection has been formulated and analyzed. The positivity and invariant region has been established. The disease free equilibrium and its stability has been determined. The local stability was determined and found to be stable under given conditions. The basic reproduction number was obtained and according to findings, co-infection diminishes when this number is less than unity, and persists when the number is greater than unity. The global stability of the endemic equilibrium was calculated. The impact of HIV on TB was established as well as the impact of TB on HIV. Numerical solution was also done and the findings indicate that when the rate of HIV treatment increases the latent TB increases while the co-infected population decreases. When the rate of HIV treatment decreases the latent TB population decreases and the co-infected population increases. Encouraging communities to prioritize the consistent treatment of HIV infected individuals must be emphasized in order to reduce the scourge of HIV-TB co-infection.

关键词： Co-Infection Modeling HIV-TB Co-Infection Mathematical Modeling Reproduction Number Inconsistent Treatment

Characterization and Modeling of Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Coconut Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

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Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry 2024年第6期14卷 95-112页

作者： George Mosi Bernard W. Ikua Samuel K. Kabini James W. mwangi Department of Mechatronic Engineering Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Juja Kenya

In the face of the increased global campaign to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases and the need for sustainability in manufacturing, there is a great deal of research focusing on environmentally benign and renewable materials as a substitute for synthetic and petroleum-based products. Natural fiber-reinforced polymeric composites have recently been proposed as a viable alternative to synthetic materials. The current work investigates the suitability of coconut fiber-reinforced polypropylene as a structural material. The coconut fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites were developed. Samples of coconut fiber/polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). Tests were then conducted on the mechanical properties of the composites for different proportions of coconut fibers. The results obtained indicate that the composites loaded with 2 wt% exhibited the highest tensile and flexural strength, while the ones loaded with 3 wt% had the highest compression strength. The ultimate tensile and flexural strength at 2 wt% were determined to be 34.13 MPa and 70.47 MPa respectively. The compression strength at 3 wt% was found to be 37.88 MPa. Compared to pure polypropylene, the addition of coconut fibers increased the tensile, flexural, and compression strength of the composite. In the study, an artificial neural network model was proposed to predict the mechanical properties of polymeric composites based on the proportion of fibers. The model was found to predict data with high accuracy.

关键词： Additive Manufacturing Artificial Neural Network Mechanical Properties Natural Fibers Polypropylene

Depression&Anxiety Among Women in Northern Kenya:Sociodemographic Predictors

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Psychology Research 2024年第2期14卷 57-63页

作者： Gladys Kabura mwangi Johnson County Community College.Kansas USA

This article documents socio-demographic predictors of anxiety and depression among Maasai women in resource poor settings in Northern *** findings emerged from the findings of a dissertation research that aimed to establish the treatment effectiveness of an eclectic model of psychoeducation(PE)in treating depressive and anxiety symptoms among the *** study adopted a quasi-experimental research design which had an experimental group(EG)and control group(CG).The population for the study was 686 female members of Conservation Enterprise Groups(CEG)in Laikipia County,from which a sample of 200 were recruited for the study(EG,n=100 and CG,n=100),at 80%power and 30%effective *** Beck’s Depression Inventory(BDI)and Beck’s Anxiety Inventory(BAI)tools were used to assess the symptoms of depression and anxiety,*** PE was provided as an intervention treatment to the EG at the middle and end of the study,after which the respondents were tested for symptoms of *** study established the prevalence of depression as 26.7%and 31.3%for anxiety and disorders,among women in the *** was analyzed using SPSS Version 21.0.

关键词： sociodemographic anxiety depression predictors Maasai women Northern Kenya

Isolation and Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in Kenya

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American Journal of Molecular Biology 2024年第2期14卷 66-83页

作者： Albina Makio Robinson Mugasiali Irekwa Matthew Mutinda Munyao Caroline Wangui Njoroge Peter Kipkemboi Rotich Tonny Teya Nyandwaro Joanne Jepkemei Yego Anne Wanjiru mwangi James Hungo Kimotho Ronald Tanui Vincent Rutto Samson Muuo Nzou Center for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya Center for Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya Production Department Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa Center for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya

The discovery of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019 raised global health warnings. Quickly, in 2020, the virus crossed borders and infected individuals across the world, evolving into the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, early signs of the virus’s existence were observed in various countries before the initial outbreak in Wuhan. As of 12th of April, the respiratory disease had infected over 762 million people worldwide, with over 6.8 million deaths recorded. This has led scientists to focus their efforts on understanding the virus to develop effective means to diagnose, treat, prevent, and control this pandemic. One of the areas of focus is the isolation of this virus, which plays a crucial role in understanding the viral dynamics in the laboratory. In this study, we report the isolation and detection of locally circulating SARS-CoV-2 in Kenya. The isolates were cultured on Vero Cercopithecus cell line (CCL-81) cells, RNA extraction was conducted from the supernatants, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Genome sequencing was done to profile the strains phylogenetically and identify novel and previously reported mutations. Vero CCL-81 cells were able to support the growth of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, and mutations were detected from the two isolates sequenced (001 and 002). Genome sequencing revealed the circulation of two isolates that share a close relationship with the Benin isolate with the D614G common mutation identified along the S protein. These virus isolates will be expanded and made available to the Kenya Ministry of Health and other research institutions to advance SARS-CoV-2 research in Kenya and the region.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Whole Genome Sequencing Phylogenetic Analysis Nucleotide Substitutions Amino Acid Changes

Antimicrobial peptides: new hope in the war against multidrug resistance

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Zoological Research 2019年第6期40卷 488-505页

作者： James mwangi Xue Hao Ren Lai Zhi-Ye Zhang Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming Yunnan 650223China Kunming College of Life Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming Yunnan 650204China Sino-African Joint Research Center Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming Yunnan 650223China Institutes for Drug Discovery and Development Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201203China KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming Yunnan 650223China Center for Biosafety Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan Hubei 430071China

The discovery of antibiotics marked a golden age in the revolution of human medicine. However,decades later, bacterial infections remain a global healthcare threat, and a return to the pre-antibiotic era seems inevitable if stringent measures are not adopted to curb the rapid emergence and spread of multidrug resistance and the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. In hospital settings, multidrug resistant(MDR) pathogens, including carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, vancomycin-resistant enterococci(VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA), and extendedspectrum β-lactamases(ESBL) bearing Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are amongst the most problematic due to the paucity of treatment options,increased hospital stay, and exorbitant medical costs. Antimicrobial peptides(AMPs) provide an excellent potential strategy for combating these threats. Compared to empirical antibiotics, they show low tendency to select for resistance, rapid killing action, broad-spectrum activity, and extraordinary clinical efficacy against several MDR strains. Therefore, this review highlights multidrug resistance among nosocomial bacterial pathogens and its implications and reiterates the importance of AMPs as next-generation antibiotics for combating MDR superbugs.

关键词： Multidrug resistance Nosocomial infections Antimicrobial peptide Antibiotic alternatives

Design methods for antimicrobial peptides with improved performance

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Zoological Research 2023年第6期44卷 1095-1114页

作者： James mwangi Peter Muiruri Kamau Rebecca Caroline Thuku Ren Lai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of SciencesKIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common DiseasesNational Resource Centre for Non-Human PrimatesKunming Primate Research CentreNational Research Facility for Phenotypic&Genetic Analysis of Model Animals(Primate Facility)Sino-African Joint Research CentreNew Cornerstone Science InstituteKunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan 650107China Centre for Evolution and Conservation Biology Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong LaboratoryGuangzhouGuangdong 511458China Kunming College of Life Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan 650204China

The recalcitrance of pathogens to traditional antibiotics has made treating and eradicating bacterial infections more *** this regard,developing new antimicrobial agents to combat antibiotic-resistant strains has become a top *** peptides(AMPs),a ubiquitous class of naturally occurring compounds with broadspectrum antipathogenic activity,hold significant promise as an effective solution to the current antimicrobial resistance(AMR)*** AMPs have been identified and evaluated for their therapeutic application,with many already in the drug development *** distinct properties,such as high target specificity,potency,and ability to bypass microbial resistance mechanisms,make AMPs a promising alternative to traditional ***,several challenges,such as high toxicity,lability to proteolytic degradation,low stability,poor pharmacokinetics,and high production costs,continue to hamper their clinical ***,recent research has focused on optimizing the properties of AMPs to improve their *** understanding the physicochemical properties of AMPs that correspond to their activity,such as amphipathicity,hydrophobicity,structural conformation,amino acid distribution,and composition,researchers can design AMPs with desired and improved *** this review,we highlight some of the key strategies used to optimize the performance of AMPs,including rational design and de novo *** also discuss the growing role of predictive computational tools,utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning,in the design and synthesis of highly efficacious lead drug candidates.

关键词： Antimicrobial resistance Antimicrobial peptides Design methods Peptidomimetics Artificial intelligence

Bacterial Sample Concentration and Culture Monitoring Using a PEG-Based Osmotic System with Inline Impedance and Voltammetry Measurements

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Journal of Analysis and Testing 2019年第2期3卷 166-174页

作者： Martin K.Kimani John mwangi Edgar D.Goluch Department of Chemical Engineering Northeastern UniversityBostonMA 02115USA Department of Bioengineering Northeastern UniversityBostonMA 02115USA

Impedance measurements using graphite electrodes were used to detect the increase in culture medium conductivity due to bacteria growth in real time along with simultaneous voltammetric monitoring of pyocyanin *** methods were compared to conventional continuous monitoring of bacterial cultures using turbidity measurement at an optical density of 600 nm(OD600).A practical osmotic system was further designed for concentrating bacterial cultures during growth to enable earlier detection using the electrochemical *** cultures,starting from an initial culture density of 1×10^(8) cells/mL,were grown inside a sealed cellulose ester dialysis membrane,while polyethylene glycol in LB medium was used as the draw solution outside the membrane to gradually concentrate the growing cultures.0.7-mm-diameter graphite for mechanical pencils was utilized as working and counter electrodes with a platinum wire reference electrode for electrochemical measurements with and without the osmotic *** the absence of forward osmosis,impedance meas-urements detected culture growth~1 h faster than conventional *** osmosis showed a twofold decrease in the time to detect pyocyanin production as an indicator for bacterial *** impedance monitoring,removal of water by osmosis was conflated with the impedance decrease due to cell growth;however,the results show a promising ability to detect bacteria growth via an observed shift in osmotic impedance profile when bacteria are present in a *** monitoring the deviation in the impedance profile,a threefold improvement in detection time was achieved when compared to conventional OD600 measurements.

关键词： Osmotic concentration Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacterial growth detection Impedance electrochemical monitoring Forward osmosis

Structure of the 40S ribosomal subunit of Plasmodium falciparum by homology and de novo modeling

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2017年第1期7卷 97-105页

作者： Harrison Ndung'u mwangi Peter Wagacha Peterson Mathenge Fredrick Sijenyi Francis Mulaa Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Chiromo CampusUniversity of Nairobi.HEP Bioinformatics Consultants Ltd. Department of Computing Informatics University of Nairobi DNA Software Inc. Department of Biochemistry Riverside DriveChiromo CampusUniversity of Nairobi

Generation of three dimensional structures of macromolecules using in silico structural modeling technologies such as homology and de novo modeling has improved dramatically and increased the speed by which tertiary structures of organisms can be generated. This is especially the case if a homologous crystal structure is already available. High-resolution structures can be rapidly created using only their sequence information as input, a process that has the potential to increase the speed of scientific discovery. In this study, homology modeling and structure prediction tools such as RNA123 and SWISS–MODEL were used to generate the 40 S ribosomal subunit from Plasmodium falciparum. This structure was modeled using the published crystal structure from Tetrahymena thermophila, a homologous eukaryote. In the absence of the Plasmodium falciparum 40 S ribosomal crystal structure, the model accurately depicts a global topology, secondary and tertiary connections, and gives an overall root mean square deviation(RMSD) value of 3.9 ? relative to the template's crystal structure. Deviations are somewhat larger in areas with no homology between the templates. These results demonstrate that this approach has the power to identify motifs of interest in RNA and identify potential drug targets for macromolecules whose crystal structures are unknown. The results also show the utility of RNA homology modeling software for structure determination and lay the groundwork for applying thisapproach to larger and more complex eukaryotic ribosomes and other RNA-protein complexes. Structures generated from this study can be used in in silico screening experiments and lead to the determination of structures for targets/hit complexes.

关键词： Ribosome 40S subunit RNA structure Plasmodium falciparum 3D modeling De novo Homology

Effect of Head Position Angles on the Blood Flow in the Jugular Vein of Giraffes

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World Journal of Mechanics 2021年第8期11卷 165-175页

作者： Rogers Omboga Amenya Johanna Kibet Sigey geoffrey Moriaso Ole Maloiy David mwangi Theuri Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Dedan Kimathi University of Technology Nyeri Kenya Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Juja Kenya Department of Animal Physiology and Biotechnology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

The study investigated the effect of the angular position of the head on the blood flow in the jugular vein of giraffes. The vein considered is elastic and collapsible such that its cross-sectional area is not uniform. Transmural pressure causes the blood to move along the vein. Mathematical equations describing the flow were developed, and the vein was considered to be inclined at an angle φ to the horizontal. A finite-difference scheme was used to solve the equations of motion for the flow. The results are presented via relevant tables and plots. Our findings show that a change in the position of the head causes variation in the external pressure, which in turn causes variation in the cross-sectional area of the vein. Moreover, a drop (or increase) in the inertial pressure of the blood may cause the vein to collapse (or distend), which again triggers a change in the pressure.

关键词： Venous Flow Hemodynamics Collapsible Vein Blood Pressure Jugular Vein