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The 3rd Korea-China-Japan Joint Symposium on Grassland Agriculture and Livestock Production

作者： Tsuyoshi Akiyama Kensuke Kawamura Ayumi Fukuo genya saito River Basin Research Center Gifu University Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation Hiroshima University Japan International Research Center of Agricultural Science Ibaraki 305-8686 Japan Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tohoku University

＜正＞Spectral measurement was applied to monitor degradation of steppe grassland in Inner Mongolia,China. Supply of drinking water for domestic animal is an important for nomadic peoples in Xilingol *** is only one main drinking place（site-00） for animals at the center of Branch No.4 of Baiyinkulun Livestock *** the distance from the village（site-00） can be used as an effective indicator for grazing intensity since the water tank in the village is the main drinking place for *** addition to the measurement of surface reflectance,vegetation surveys were carried out as a function of the distance from site-00 at every 1-km interval to each four directions until the 5-km point. It has cleared that the effects of grazing on vegetation mitigated according to the distance from *** plant indicators of grazing intensity such as Stipa grandis increased in dominance with distance from site-00,whereas positive indicators of grazing intensity,such as Cleistogenens squarrosa *** in growth parameters along the environmental gradients were reflected on NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）,in which NDVI was positively correlated with the aboveground biomass（r = 0.77）,plant height（r = 0.69） and coverage（r = 0.89）, *** results suggested that a spectral vegetation index is effective for the detection of the degradation in free grazing grassland.

关键词： Degradation Distance from water tank Floristic composition NDVI Steppe vegetation

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Influence of Epidural Needle Treatment at the Heel of the Bevel on Catheter Breakage

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Open Journal of Anesthesiology 2019年第1期9卷 1-7页

作者： genya Urimoto Kenji Ito Keiichiro saito Suhei Tetsu Kai Yamazaki Toshiyasu Suzuki Department of Anesthesiology Tokai University School of Medicine Isehara City Japan

Background: Epidural anesthesia continues to play a central role in postoperative analgesia. Epidural catheter breakage and fragment retention in the body is a complication related to epidural anesthesia. To reduce the risk of epidural catheter damage by epidural needles, needles with special changes to the heel of the bevel are commercially available. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of blasting and drilling treatments at the heel of the epidural needle bevel to determine which treatment is more appropriate. Methods: The epidural needles with blasting, drilling, or no treatment to the heel of the bevel were prepared. The catheter was pulled out from the tip of the epidural needle, folded back 180?, and then pulled up at a speed of 400 mm/min until it was fractured. The force needed to break the catheter (FB) was measured. Subsequently, low-density polyethylene (0.05 mm) was vertically penetrated with the needles at a speed of 200 mm/min, and the maximum force at penetration (FP) was measured. Results: The FB values for the blasted, drilled, and control needles were 21.3, 12.23, and 6.27 N, respectively (p Conclusion: Blasting treatment is the most effective approach for the prevention of catheter rupture;however, it can increase the puncture force.

关键词： Catheter Rupture Epidural Needle Blasting Drilling

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