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Crohn’s disease in low and lower-middle income countries: A scoping review

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第43期26卷 6891-6908页

作者： Ruma Rajbhandari Samantha Blakemore Neil Gupta Alma J Adler Christopher Allen Noble Sara Mannan Klejda Nikolli Alison Yih Sameer Joshi gene bukhman Division of Global Health Equity Department of MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA 02115United States Department of Global Health and Social Medicine Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02199United States Partners in Health NCD SynergiesBostonMA 02199United States Western Reserve Health Education Trumbull Regional Medical CenterWarrenOH 44483United States

BACKGROUND While Crohn’s disease has been studied extensively in high-income countries,its epidemiology and care in low and lower-middle income countries(LLMICs)is not well established due to a lack of disease registries and diagnostic *** To describe the published burden,diagnostic/treatment capacity,service utilization,challenges/barriers to individuals with Crohn’s in LLMICs and their *** We conducted a scoping review utilizing a full search strategy was developed and conducted in PubMed,Embase and World Health Organization Global Index *** independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts of all of the publications found in this search,reviewed selected publications,and extracted relevant data,which underwent descriptive review and was analyzed in *** The database search yielded 4486 publications,216 of which were determined to be relevant to the research *** all 79 LLMICs,only 21(26.6%)have publications describing individuals with Crohn’***,the highest number of studies came from India,followed by Tunisia,and *** mean number of Crohn’s patients reported per study is 57.84 and the median is 22,with a wide range from one to *** This scoping review has shown that,although there is a severe lack of populationbased data about Crohn’s in LLMICs,there is a signal of Crohn’s in these settings around the world.

关键词： Crohn’s disease Low and lower-middle income countries Scoping review Service utilization Diagnostic/Treatment capacity

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Non-communicable disease burden among inpatients at a rural district hospital in Malawi

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Global Health Research and Policy 2023年第1期8卷 522-531页

作者： Peter Olds Chiyembekezo Kachimanga George Talama Bright Mailosi Enoch Ndarama Jodie Totten Nicholas Musinguzi Dickson Hangiwa gene bukhman Emily B.Wroe Massachusetts general Hospital BostonMAUSA Harvard Medical School BostonMAUSA Partners in Health NenoMalawi Ministry of Health and Population LilongweMalawi Department of Emergency Medicine University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Global Health Collaborative Mbarara University of Science and TechnologyMbararaUganda Center for Integration Science Division of Global Health EquityBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMAUSA Program in Global NCDs and Social Change Deparment of Global Health and Social MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA

Background The burden of non-communicable diseases(NCDs)is high in ***,resources and training for NCD care remain scarce,especially in rural *** care for NCDs in the developing world focuses on the WHO’s traditional 4×4 ***,we do not know the full burden of NCDs outside of that scope,like neurological disease,psychiatric illness,sickle cell disease,and *** goal of this study was to understand the burden of NCDs among inpatients in a rural district hospital in *** broadened our definition of NCDs beyond the traditional 4×4 set of NCDs,and included neurological disease,psychiatric illness,sickle cell disease,and *** We conducted a retrospective chart review of all inpatients who were admitted to the Neno District Hospital between January 2017 and October *** broke patients down by age,date of admission,type,and number of NCD diagnoses,and HIV status,and constructed multivariate regression models for length of stay and in-hospital *** Of 2239 total visits,27.5%were patients with *** with NCDs were older(37.6 vs 19.7 years,p<0.001)and made up 40.2%of total hospital *** also found two distinct populations of NCD *** first were patients 40 years and older with primary diagnoses of hypertension,heart failure,cancer,and *** second were patients under 40 years old with primary diagnoses of mental health conditions,burns,epilepsy,and *** also found significant trauma burden,accounting for 40%of all NCD *** multivariate analysis,carrying a medical NCD diagnosis was associated with longer length of stay(coefficient 5.2,p<0.001)and a higher risk of in-hospital mortality(OR 1.9,p=0.03).Burn patients also had significantly longer length of stay(coefficient 11.6,p<0.001).Conclusions There is a significant burden of NCDs in a rural hospital in Malawi,including those outside of the traditional 4×4 *** also found high rates of NCDs in the younger population(under 40

关键词： Malawi Non-communicable disease Burden of disease Inpatient Rural Hospital

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Mining Frequent generalized Itemsets and generalized Association Rules Without Redundancy

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2008年第1期23卷 77-102页

作者： Daniel Kunkle 张冬晖 gene Cooperman College of Computer and Information Science Northeastern UniversityBoston

This paper presents some new algorithms to efficiently mine max frequent generalized itemsets （g-itemsets） and essential generalized association rules （g-rules）. These are compact and general representations for all frequent patterns and all strong association rules in the generalized environment. Our results fill an important gap among algorithms for frequent patterns and association rules by combining two concepts. First, generalized itemsets employ a taxonomy of items, rather than a flat list of items. This produces more natural frequent itemsets and associations such as （meat, milk） instead of （beef, milk）, （chicken, milk）, etc. Second, compact representations of frequent itemsets and strong rules, whose result size is exponentially smaller, can solve a standard dilemma in mining patterns： with small threshold values for support and confidence, the user is overwhelmed by the extraordinary number of identified patterns and associations; but with large threshold values, some interesting patterns and associations fail to be identified. Our algorithms can also expand those max frequent g-itemsets and essential g-rules into the much larger set of ordinary frequent g-itemsets and strong g-rules. While that expansion is not recommended in most practical cases, we do so in order to present a comparison with existing algorithms that only handle ordinary frequent g-itemsets. In this case, the new algorithm is shown to be thousands, and in some cases millions, of the time faster than previous algorithms. Further, the new algorithm succeeds in analyzing deeper taxonomies, with the depths of seven or more. Experimental results for previous algorithms limited themselves to taxonomies with depth at most three or four. In each of the two problems, a straightforward lattice-based approach is briefly discussed and then a classificationbased algorithm is developed. In particular, the two classification-based algorithms are MFGI_class for mining max frequent g-itemsets and EGR_cl

关键词： generalized association rules frequent generalized itemsets redundancy avoidance

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The future of feed formulation for poultry:Toward more sustainable production of meat and eggs

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Animal Nutrition 2023年第4期15卷 71-87页

作者： gene M.Pesti Mingan Choct Poultry Hub Australia ArmidaleNSW 2351Australia The University of Georgia AthensGA 30602USA The University of New England ArmidaleNSW 2351Australia

Current methods for feed formulation are based on minimizing costs,not maximizing *** models of bird growth and reproduction as functions of genetic,feed and other environmental variables are being developed,but their adaptation has been *** development of profit maximizing models will evolve to center on the production functions of broilers and *** production functions are the relationship between the value of products(mainly meat and eggs)and the cost of *** production function is the tool used to maximize profits subject to all the various inputs,not just feed or *** production function is subject to the law of diminishing *** most profitable output levels are those where the marginal value(price)of the meat or eggs is just equal to the marginal cost of the inputs including feed,housing,processing and all other *** that affects the production function,bird genetics,feed quality,housing and environment,will be considered to maximize profits for the poultry *** profit maximizing models of poultry firms will improve as various technical improvements are made:metabolizable energy to describe ingredients will evolve to net energy systems that consider that the heat production(and therefore energetic efficiency)of broilers is different depending on the ingredients used to formulate the feed and the environmental temperatures under which they are *** acid needs will include a method to find the birds’needs for the nonessential amino acids.“Digestible”amino acid assays will differentiate between digestion and absorption to best balance various *** carbohydrate fractions of feed ingredients will be determined to optimize the use of exogenous *** value of meat and egg co-products will reduce overall costs(e.g.,organic fertilizer for crop enhancement).Future profit maximizing production models will be ever evolving processes where field conditions and results are continually being utiliz

关键词： Feed formulation Linear programming Non-linear Programming Econometrics

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Computing Fluid-Structure Interaction by the Partitioned Approach with Direct Forcing

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Communications in Computational Physics 2017年第1期21卷 182-210页

作者： Asim Timalsina gene Hou Jin Wang Department of Mathematics and Statistics Old Dominion UniversityNorfolkVA 23529USA Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Old Dominion UniversityNorfolkVA 23529USA Department ofMathematics University of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTN 37403USA

In this paper,we propose a new partitioned approach to compute fluidstructure interaction(FSI)by extending the original direct-forcing technique and integrating it with the immersed *** fluid and structural equations are calculated separately via their respective disciplinary algorithms,with the fluid motion solved by the immersed boundary method on a uniform Cartesian mesh and the structural motion solved by a finite element method,and their solution data only communicate at the fluid-structure *** computational framework is capable of handling FSI problemswith sophisticated structures described by detailed constitutive *** proposed methods are thoroughly tested through numerical simulations involving viscous fluid flow interacting with rigid,elastic solid,and elastic thin-walled structures.

关键词： Fluid-structure interaction immersed boundary method partitioned approach

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Numerical Methods for Fluid-Structure Interaction—A Review

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Communications in Computational Physics 2012年第7期12卷 337-377页

作者： gene Hou Jin Wang Anita Layton Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Old Dominion UniversityNorfolkVA 23529USA Department of Mathematics and Statistics Old Dominion UniversityNorfolkVA 23529USA Department of Mathematics Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA

The interactions between incompressible fluid flows and immersed structures are nonlinearmulti-physics phenomena that have applications to a wide range of scientific and engineering *** this article,we review representative numericalmethods based on conforming and non-conformingmeshes that are currently available for computing fluid-structure interaction problems,with an emphasis on some of the recent developments in the field.A goal is to categorize the selected methods and assess their accuracy and *** discuss challenges faced by researchers in this field,and we emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary effort for advancing the study in fluid-structure interactions.

关键词： Fluid-structure interaction conforming and non-conforming meshes immersed methods

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A High Performance Silicon-on-Insulator LDMOSTT Using Linearly Increasing Thickness Techniques

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Chinese Physics Letters 2010年第6期27卷 179-182页

作者： GUO Yu-Feng WANG Zhi-Gong SHEU gene CHENG Jian-Bing Institute of RF- & OE-ICs Southeast University Nanjing 210096 School of Electronics Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing 210003 Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering Asia University Taichung 41354

We present a new technique to achieve uniform lateral electric field and maximum breakdown voltage in lateral double-diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrates. A linearly increasing drift-region thickness from the source to the drain is employed to improve the electric field distribution in the devices. Compared to the lateral linear doping technique and the reduced surface field technique, twodimensional numerical simulations show that the new device exhibits reduced specific on-resistance, maximum off- and on-state breakdown voltages, superior quasi-saturation characteristics and improved safe operating area.

关键词： PERFORMANCE evaluation SILICON-on-insulator technology THICKNESS measurement ELECTRIC fields BREAKDOWN (Electricity) METAL oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors SEMICONDUCTOR doping SURFACES (Technology) NUMERICAL analysis

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tRNAs as regulators in gene expression

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2009年第3期52卷 245-252页

作者： LI Yan & ZHOU Hui Key Laboratory of gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education,State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol,Sun Yan-Sen University Guangzhou 510275,China 1. Key Laboratory of gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol Sun Yan-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China

Transfer RNAs(tRNAs) hold a central place in protein synthesis by interpreting the genetic information stored in DNA into the amino acid sequence of protein,thus functioning as "adaptor" *** recent years,however,various studies have shown that tRNAs have additional functions beyond participating in protein *** suffering from certain nutritional stresses,tRNAs change the level of aminoacylation to became uncharged,and these uncharged tRNAs act as effector molecules to regulate global gene expression,so that the stressed organism copes with the adverse environmental *** budding yeast and certain mammalian cells,the retrograde movement of mature tRNAs from cytoplasm to nucleus serves as a mechanism for the surveillance system within the nucleus to continue monitoring the integrity of *** the other hand,this retrograde action effectively reduces the global protein synthesis level under conditions of nutritional *** recently,various publications have shown that tRNAs are not stable molecules in an absolute *** certain physiological or environmental stresses,they are specifically cleaved into fragments of different lengths in the anticodon loop or anticodon left *** cleavages are not a meaningless random degradation ***,a novel class of signal molecules such as tRNA halves or sitRNAs may be produced,which are closely correlated with the modulation of global gene *** of the regulatory functions of tRNAs is a frontier,which seeks to reveal the structural and functional diversity of tRNAs as well as their vital functions during the expression of genetic information.

关键词： tRNA sitRNA gene expression regulation stress response

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Analytical models of lateral power devices with arbitrary vertical doping profiles in the drift region

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Chinese Physics B 2013年第5期22卷 595-603页

作者：花婷婷郭宇锋于映 gene Sheu 蹇彤姚佳飞 College of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering Asia University

By solving the 2D Poisson＇s equation, analytical models are proposed to calculate the surface potential and electric field distributions of lateral power devices with arbitrary vertical doping profiles. The vertical and the lateral breakdown voltages are formulized to quantify the breakdown characteristic in completely-depleted and partially-depleted cases. A new reduced surface field （RESURF） criterion which can be used in various drift doping profiles is further derived for obtaining the optimal trade-off between the breakdown voltage and the on-resistance. Based on these models and the numerical simulation, the electric field modulation mechanism and the breakdown characteristics of lateral power devices are investigated in detail for the uniform, linear, Gaussian, and some discrete doping profiles along the vertical direction in the drift region. Then, the mentioned vertical doping profiles of these devices with the same geometric parameters are optimized, and the results show that the optimal breakdown voltages and the effective drift doping concentrations of these devices are identical, which are equal to those of the uniform-doped device, respectively. The analytical results of these proposed models are in good agreement with the numerical results and the previous experimental results, confirming the validity of the models presented here.

关键词： surface electric field breakdown voltage optimization

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Total amino acid level affects the results of standardized ileal digestibility assays for feed ingredients for swine

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Animal Nutrition 2023年第2期13卷 19-30页

作者： Darlene J.Bloxham Michael Azain gene M.Pesti Shu-Biao Wu Department of Poultry Science The University of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences The University of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA The University of New England ArmidaleNSW 2350Australia

It has been demonstrated that the fiber content of oilseed meals and total amino acids(AA)in distillers'grains products affects standardized ileal digestibility(SID)values from swine assays and that total protein concentration affects the AA digestibility in assays using *** analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis that the total AA content of test samples affects the SID assay *** containing total AA profiles and SID values of 20 feedstuffs commonly fed to pigs from 2 sources,AMINODat 5.0(Evonik Industries,2015)and the Nutrient Requirements of Swine,12th edition(NRC,2012)were used to compare AA concentration effects on standardized ileal digestibility *** were compared with AA and SID available in both data *** total AA values were similar for the 2 databases with an R2 of 0.979(P<0.001).The linear relationship between digestibility co-efficients from the 2 databases was highly significant,an R2 of 0.810(P<0.001).Both databases had increased SID values with increasing AA contents within and across feed *** SID=f(AA concentration)relationship was confirmed with an individual *** SID,as typically measured,is a function of both digestion and absorption,both processes following MichaeliseMenten kinetics,SID=f(AA concentration)may simply be a natural *** reasons for the relationship were *** of estimating endogenous AA losses and misapplication statistical procedures may contribute to variation in results and at least partially explain why SID=f(AA concentration).

关键词： Apparent ileal digestibility Standardized ileal digestibility Swine Least squares means

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