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Lipid nanoparticles deliver mRNA to the blood-brain barrier

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Nano Research 2024年第10期17卷 9126-9134页

作者： Yanina Kuzminich Avraham Shakked Randi Calkins Sebastian Rudden Camille jones Jessie Doan bora Jang elisa Schrader echeverri Ryan Zenhausern Liming Lian David Loughrey Hannah e.Peck Rachelle Wiese Dorothy Koveal Philip J.Santangelo James e.Dahlman George C.Woodruff School of Mechanical engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA Parker H.Petit Institute for bioengineering and biosciences Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA Wallace H.Coulter Department of biomedical engineering Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA

Lipid nanoparticles(LNPs)have delivered RNA to hepatocytes in patients after intravenous *** clinical data support efforts to design LNPs that transfect cells in the central nervous system(CNS).However,delivery to the CNS has been difficult,in large part because quantifying on-target delivery alongside common off-target cell types in adult mice remains *** we report methods to isolate different cell types from the CNS,and subsequently present mRNA delivery readouts using a liver-detargeted *** data suggest that LNPs without targeting ligands can transfect cerebral endothelial cells in mice after intravenous *** the difficulty of crossing the blood-brain barrier,they also underscore the value of quantifying delivery in the CNS with cell-type resolution instead of whole-tissue resolution.

关键词： lipid nanoparticle mRNA nanomedicine central nervous system blood-brain barrier

There is more to the knee joint than just the quadriceps:A systematic review with meta-analysis and evidence gap map of hamstring strength,flexibility,and morphology in individuals with gradual-onset knee disorders

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第4期13卷 521-536页

作者： Helder S.Lopes Marina C.Waiteman Liliam b.Priore Neal R.Glaviano David M.bazett-jones Ronaldo V.briani Fabio M.Azevedo School of Science and Technology Physical Therapy DepartmentSao Paulo State University(UNESP)Presidente Prudente 19060-900Brazil Department of Kinesiology College of AgricultureHealth and Natural ResourcesUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCT 06269USA School of exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences College of Health and Human ServicesUniversity of ToledoToledoOH 43606USA

background:Impairments in hamstring strength,flexibility,and morphology have been associated with altered knee biomechanics,pain,and *** the presence of these impairments in individuals with gradual-onset knee disorders is important and may indicate targets for assessment and *** systematic review aimed to synthesize the literature to determine the presence of impairments in hamstring strength,flexibility,and morphology in individuals with gradual-onset knee ***:Five databases(MeDLINe,embase,CINAHL,SPORTDiscus,and Web of Science)were searched from inception to September *** studies comparing hamstring outcomes(e.g.,strength,flexibility,and/or morphology)between individuals with gradual-onset knee disorders and their unaffected limbs or pain-free controls were ***-analyses for each knee disorder were ***-level certainty was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and evaluation,and evidence gap maps were ***:Seventy-nine studies across 4 different gradual-onset knee disorders(i.e.,knee osteoarthritis(OA),patellofemoral pain(PFP),chondromalacia patellae,and patellar tendinopathy)were *** with knee OA presented with reduced hamstring strength compared to pain-free controls during isometric(standard mean difference(SMD)=-0.76,95%confidence interval(95%CI):-1.32 to-0.21)and concentric contractions(SMD=-0.97,95%CI:-1.49 to-0.45).Individuals with PFP presented with reduced hamstring strength compared to painfree controls during isometric(SMD=-0.48,95%CI:-0.82 to-0.14),concentric(SMD=-1.07,95%CI:-2.08 to-0.06),and eccentric contractions(SMD=-0.59,95%CI:-0.97 to-0.21).No differences were observed in individuals with patellar *** with PFP presented with reduced hamstring flexibility when compared to pain-free controls(SMD=-0.76,95%CI:-1.15 to-0.36).evidence gap maps identified insufficient evidence for chondromalacia patel

关键词： Chondromalacia patellae Knee flexors Knee osteoarthritis Patellar tendinopathy Patellofemoral pain

A systematic scoping review of study methodology for randomized controlled trials investigating probiotics in athletic and physically active populations

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 61-71页

作者： Alex e.Mohr David b.Pyne Geovana Silva Fogaça Leite Deborah Akins Jamie Pugh College of Health Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85004USA Research Institute for Sport and exercise University of CanberraCanberraACT 2617Australia Laboratory of Functional Fermented Food Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão Paulo 05508-030Brazil Research Institute for Sport and exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpool L33AFUK

background:The purported ergogenic and health effects of probiotics have been a topic of great intrigue among researchers,practitioners,and the lay public *** has also been an increased research focus within the realm of sports science and exercise medicine on the athletic gut ***,compared to other ergogenic aids and dietary supplements,probiotics present unique study *** objectives of this systematic scoping review were to identify and characterize study methodologies of randomized controlled trials investigating supplementation with probiotics in athletes and physically active ***:Four databases(MeDLINe,CINAHL,Cochrane CeNTRAL,and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews)were searched for randomized controlled studies involving healthy athletes or physically active *** intervention with probiotics and inclusion of a control and/or placebo group were *** peer-reviewed articles in english were considered,and there were no date *** were extracted and presented in tabular form to detail study protocols,characteristics,and *** in randomized controlled trials was determined with the Rob 2.0 ***:A total of 45 studies were included in the review,with 35 using a parallel group design and 10 using a cross-over *** half the studies used a single probiotic and the other half a multi-strain *** probiotic dose ranged from 2×10^(8)to 1×10^(11)colony forming units daily,and the length of intervention was between 7 and 150 *** than half the studies directly assessed gastrointestinal symptoms,gut permeability,or the gut *** sex ratio of participants was heavily weighted toward males,and only 3 studies exclusively investigated ***-level adverse events were reported in only 2 studies,although the methodology of reporting varied *** risk of bias was generally low,although details on randomization were lacking in some s

关键词： exercise experimental methodology Gastrointestinal symptoms Gut microbiota Probiotic supplementation

LKb1 depletion-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition induces fibroblast activation in lung fibrosis

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Genes & Diseases 2024年第3期11卷 417-426页

作者： Zijian Xu elizabeth R.Davies Liudi Yao Yilu Zhou Juanjuan Li Aiman Alzetani ben G.Marshall David Hancock Tim Wallis Julian Downward Rob M.ewing Donna e.Davies Mark G.jones Yihua Wang biological Sciences Faculty of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthampton SO171BJUK clinical and experimental Sciences Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthampton SO166YDUK Institute for Life Sciences University of SouthamptonSouthampton SO171BJUK NIHR Southampton biomedical Research Centre University Hospital SouthamptonSouthampton SO166YDUK University Hospital Southampton Southampton SO166YDUK Oncogene biology The Francis Crick InstituteLondon NW11ATUK

The factors that determine fibrosis progression or normal tissue repair are largely *** previously demonstrated that autophagy inhibition-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition(eMT)in human alveolar epithelial type Il(ATIl)cells augments local myofibroblast differentiation in pulmonary fibrosis by paracrine ***,we report that liver kinase b1(LKb1)inactivation in ATIl cells inhibits autophagy and induces eMT as a *** IPF lungs,this is caused by the down-regulation of CAb39L,a key subunit within the LKb1 complex.3D co-cultures of ATIl cells and MRC5 lung fibroblasts coupled with RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)confirmed that paracrine signaling between LKb1-depleted ATIl cells and fibroblasts augmented myofibroblast ***,these data suggest that reduced autophagy caused by LKb1 inhibition can induce eMT in ATIl cells and contribute to fibrosis via aberrant epithelial-fibroblast crosstalk.

关键词： CAb39L Crosstalk eMT LKb1 Pulmonary fibrosis

Cellulose synthesis in land plants

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Molecular Plant 2024年第2期17卷 359-361页

作者： Gustav b.Pedersen Leonard blaschek Kristian e.H.Frandsen Lise C.Noack Staffan Persson 不详

After the original publication of the above article,we and/or attentive readers identified several instances of unclear or erroneous writing that needed correcting,as *** are added for emphasis.

关键词： synthesis instance identif

Fungal diversity notes 1387-1511:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa

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Fungal Diversity 2021年第6期111卷 1-335页

作者： Saranyaphat boonmee Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Mark S.Calabon Naruemon Huanraluek Sajini K.U.Chandrasiri gareth e.b.jones Walter Rossi Marco Leonardi Sanjay K.Singh Shiwali Rana Paras N.Singh Deepak K.Maurya Ajay C.Lagashetti Deepika Choudhary Yu-Cheng Dai Chang-Lin Zhao Yan-Hong Mu Hai-Sheng Yuan Shuang-Hui He Rungtiwa Phookamsak Hong-bo Jiang María P.Martín Margarita Dueñas MTeresa Telleria Izabela L.Kałucka Andrzej M.Jagodziński Kare Liimatainen Diana S.Pereira Alan J.L.Phillips Nakarin Suwannarach Jaturong Kumla Surapong Khuna Saisamorn Lumyong Tarynn b.Potter Roger G.Shivas Adam H.Sparks Niloofar Vaghefi Mohamed A.Abdel-Wahab Faten A.Abdel-Aziz Guo-Jie Li Wen-Fei Lin Upendra Singh Rajendra P.bhatt Hyang burm Lee Thuong T.T.Nguyen Paul M.Kirk Arun Kumar Dutta Krishnendu Acharya VVenkateswara Sarma M.Niranjan Kunhiraman C.Rajeshkumar Nikhil Ashtekar Sneha Lad Nalin N.Wijayawardene Darbe J.bhat Rong-Ju Xu Subodini N.Wijesinghe Hong-Wei Shen Zong-Long Luo Jing-Yi Zhang Phongeun Sysouphanthong Naritsada Thongklang Dan-Feng bao Janith V.S.Aluthmuhandiram Jafar Abdollahzadeh Alireza Javadi Francesco Dovana Muhammad Usman Abdul Nasir Khalid Asha J.Dissanayake Anusha Telagathoti Maraike Probst Ursula Peintner Isaac Garrido-benavent Lilla bóna Zsolt Merényi Lajos boros bratek Zoltán Jbenjamin Stielow Ning Jiang Cheng-Ming Tian esmaeil Shams Farzaneh Dehghanizadeh Adel Pordel Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah Teodor T.Denchev Cvetomir M.Denchev Martin Kemler Dominik begerow Chun-Ying Deng emma Harrower Tohir bozorov Tutigul Kholmuradova Yusufjon Gafforov Aziz Abdurazakov Jian-Chu Xu Peter e.Mortimer Guang-Cong Ren Rajesh Jeewon Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura Chayanard Phukhamsakda Ausana Mapook Kevin D.Hyde Center of excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand CAS Key Laboratory for Plant biodiversity and biogeography of east Asia(KLPb) Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China CIFOR-ICRAF China Program World Agroforestry(ICRAF)Kunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Honghe Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyHonghe CountyKunming 654400YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Department of botany and Microbiology College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 2455Riyadh 11451Saudi Arabia Section environmental Sciences Department MeSVAUniversity of L’Aquila67100 CoppitoAQItaly National Fungal Culture Collection of India(NFCCI) Biodiversity and Palaeobiology GroupMACS Agharkar Research InstituteG.G.Agarkar RoadPune 411004India Institute of Microbiology School of Ecology and Nature ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijing 100083People’s Republic of China College of biodiversity Conservation Southwest Forestry UniversityKunming 650224People’s Republic of China CAS Key Laboratory of Forest ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110164People’s Republic of China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049People’s Republic of China Centre for Mountain Futures(CMF) Kunming Institute of BotanyKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Department of Mycology Real Jardín Botánico-CSICPlaza de Murillo 228014 MadridSpain Department of Algology and Mycology Faculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of LodzBanacha 12/1690-237ŁódźPoland Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of SciencesParkowa 562-035 KórnikPoland Jodrell Laboratory Royal Botanic GardensKewRichmond TW93DSSurreyUK Faculdade de Ciências Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute(BioISI)Universidade de LisboaCampo Grande1749-016 LisbonPortugal Dep

This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwide and geographic *** taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera,69 new species,one new com-bination,one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical *** new genera,Cylindrotorula(Torulaceae),Scolecoleotia(Leotiales genus incertae sedis)and Xenovaginatispora(Lindomycetaceae)are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique *** described species are Aspergillus lan-naensis,Cercophora dulciaquae,Cladophialophora aquatica,Coprinellus punjabensis,Cortinarius alutarius,***-latus,***,Coryneum fagi,Cruentomycena uttarakhandina,Cryptocoryneum rosae,Cyathus uniperidiolus,Cylindrotorula indica,Diaporthe chamaeropicola,Didymella azollae,Diplodia alanphillipsii,Dothiora coronicola,efibula rodriguezarmasiae,erysiphe salicicola,Fusarium queenslandicum,Geastrum gorgonicum,***,Helicosporium sexualis,Helminthosporium chiangraiensis,Hongkongmyces kokensis,Hydrophilomyces hydraenae,Hygrocybe boertmannii,Hyphoderma australosetigerum,Hyphodontia yunnanensis,Khaleijomyces umikazeana,Laboulbenia divisa,Laboulbenia triarthronis,Laccaria populina,Lactarius pallidozonarius,Lepidosphaeria strobelii,Longipedicellata megafusiformis,Lophiotrema lincangensis,Marasmius benghalensis,***,***,Mariannaea camelliae,Mel-anographium smilaxii,Microbotryum polycnemoides,Mimeomyces digitatus,Minutisphaera thailandensis,Mortierella solitaria,Mucor harpali,Nigrograna jinghongensis,Odontia huanrenensis,***,Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii,Par-afuscosporella niloticus,Phaeocytostroma yomensis,Phaeoisaria synnematicus,Phanerochaete hainanensis,Pleopunctum thailandicum,Pleurotheciella dimorphospora,Pseudochaetosphaeronema

关键词： 72 new taxa One new combination One reference specimen 51 new records Agaricomycetes Ascomycota bartheletiomycetes basidiomycota Dothideomycetes eurotiomycetes exobasidiomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes Leotiomycetes Mortierellomycetes Mortierellomycota Mucoromycetes Mucoromycota Phylogeny Sordariomycetes Taxonomy

Refined families of Dothideomycetes:orders and families incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes

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Fungal Diversity 2020年第6期105卷 17-318页

作者： Sinang Hongsanan Kevin D.Hyde Rungtiwa Phookamsak Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe eric H.C.McKenzie V.Venkateswara Sarma Robert Lücking Saranyaphat boonmee Jayarama D.bhat Ning-Guo Liu Danushka S.Tennakoon Dhandevi Pem Anuruddha Karunarathna Shu-Hua Jiang gareth e.b.jones Alan J.L.Phillips Ishara S.Manawasinghe Saowaluck Tibpromma Subashini C.Jayasiri Diana Sandamali Ruvishika S.Jayawardena Nalin N.Wijayawardene Anusha H.ekanayaka Rajesh Jeewon Yong-Zhong Lu Chayanard Phukhamsakda Asha J.Dissanayake Xiang-Yu Zeng Zong-Long Luo Qing Tian Kasun M.Thambugala Dongqin Dai Milan C.Samarakoon K.W.Thilini Chethana Damien ertz Mingkwan Doilom Jian-Kui(Jack)Liu Sergio Pérez-Ortega Ave Suija Chanokned Senwanna Subodini N.Wijesinghe Mekala Niranjan Sheng-Nan Zhang Hiran A.Ariyawansa Hong-bo Jiang Jin-Feng Zhang Chada Norphanphoun Nimali Ide Silva Vinodhini Thiyagaraja Huang Zhang Jadson D.P.bezerra Ricardo Miranda-González AndréAptroot Hiroyuki Kashiwadani Dulanjalee Harishchandra emmanuël Sérusiaux Pranami DAbeywickrama Dan-Feng bao bandarupalli Devadatha Hai-Xia Wu Kwang Hee Moon Cecile Gueidan Felix Schumm Digvijayini bundhun Ausana Mapook Jutamart Monkai Chitrabhanu S.bhunjun Putarak Chomnunti Satinee Suetrong Napalai Chaiwan Monika C.Dayarathne Jing Yang Achala R.Rathnayaka Jian-Chu Xu Jiesheng Zheng Gang Liu Yao Feng Ning Xie Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant epigenetics Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic EngineeringCollege of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060People’s Republic of China Center of excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and biogeography of east Asia(KLPb) Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China east and Central Asia Regional Office World Agroforestry Centre(ICRAF)Kunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Centre for Mountain Futures(CMF) Kunming Institute of BotanyKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Department of entomology and Plant Pathology Faculty of AgricultureChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50002Thailand Institute of Plant Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225People’s Republic of China World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia132 Lanhei RoadKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research Private Mail Bag 92170AucklandNew Zealand Fungal biotechnology Lab Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesPondicherry UniversityKalapetPondicherry 605014India School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand botanischer Garten und botanisches Museum Freie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Straße 6-814195 BerlinGermany 13128/1-J Azad Co-Op Housing SocietyCurcaP.O.Goa Velha 403108India Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and EnvironmentNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulok 65000Thailand Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural biotechnology Guizhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuiyang 550006People’s Republic of China School of Life Science and Technology University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731People’s Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101People’s Republic of C

Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013.A recent publication by Honsanan et *** 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideo-mycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern *** this paper,we provide a refined updated document on orders and families incertae sedis of *** family is provided with an updated description,notes,including figures to represent the morphology,a list of accepted genera,and economic and ecological *** also provide phylogenetic trees for each *** this study,31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes,and 41 families are treated as families incertae sedis due to lack of molecular or morphological *** new order,Catinellales,and four new families,Catinellaceae,Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae and Thyrinulaceae are *** genera(Neobuelliella,Pseudomicrothyrium,Flagellostrigula,Swinscowia,Macroconstrictolumina,Pseudobogoriella,and Schummia)are *** new species(Acrospermum urticae,bogoriella complexoluminata,Dothiorella ostryae,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis,Patellaria microspora,and Pseu-domicrothyrium thailandicum)are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny,together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different *** new combinations are also provided in this paper.

关键词： Abrothallales Ascrospermales Asterinales botryosphaeriales Catinellales Cladoriellales Collemopsidiales Dyfrolomycetales eremithallales eremomycetales Jahnulales Kirschsteiniotheliales Lembosinales Lichenotheliales Microthyriales Minutisphaerales Monoblastiales Murramarangomycetales new family new genera new order new species Parmulariales Patellariales Phaeotrichales Phylogeny Stigmatodiscales Strigulales Superstratomycetales Taxonomy Trypetheliales Tubeufiales Valsariales Venturiales Zeloasperisporiales

Tribute to Professor John Webster(1925–2014)

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Fungal Diversity 2015年第5期74卷 1-2页

作者： e.b.gareth jones Kevin D.Hyde Department of botany and Microbiology King Saudi UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia Center of excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand

This isssue of Fungal Diversity is dedicated to the memory of John Webster and his various contributions to mycology:an outstanding teacher and researcher,as the author of the acclaimed book Introduction to Fungi(now in its 3rd edition),the production of many films to illustrate the growth and reproduction of fungi,as President of the british Mycological Society(1969,1996 the centenary year of the bMS),for the *** in plant pathology and the garden of plant pathogens at exeter,as President of the International Mycological Association(IMA)1983–1990,for his many contributions on coprophilous and aquatic fungi and for his organising skills as the General Secretary of the 1st International Mycological Congress hosted in exeter in 1971.

关键词： claimed Webster illustrate

epidemiologic investigation of pediatric distal humerus fractures: An American insurance claims database study

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2024年第1期15卷 52-60页

作者： Kyle Jay Klahs Jake e Dertinger Grant T Mello Kevin Thapa Alexis b Sandler e'Stephan J Jesus Garcia Nata Parnes Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Texas Tech University Health Sciences-El PasoEl PasoTX 79905United States Medical School California Health Sciences University College of Osteopathic MedicineClovisCA 93611United States Undergraduate School Binghampton UniversityVestalNY 13902United States Department of Orthopaedic Surgery William Beaumont Army Medical CenterFort BlissTX 79918United States Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Carthage Area HospitalCarthageNY 13619United States

bACKGROUND Distal humerus elbow fractures are one of the most common traumatic fractures seen in pediatric patients and present as three main types:Supracondylar(SC),lateral condyle(LC),and medial epicondyle(Me)*** To evaluate the epidemiology of pediatric distal humerus fractures(SC,LC,and Me)from an American insurance claims *** A retrospective review was performed on patients 17 years and younger with the ICD 9 and 10 codes for SC,LC and Me fractures based on the IbM Truven MarketScan®Commercial and IbM Truven MarketScan Medicare Supplemental *** from 2015 to 2020 were queried for treatments,patient age,sex,length of hospitalization,and *** A total of 1133 SC,154 LC,and 124 Me fractures were *** fractures had the highest percentage of operation at 83%,followed by LC(78%)and Me fractures(41%).Male patients were,on average,older than female patients for both SC and Me *** In the insurance claims databases used,SC fractures were the most reported,followed by LC fractures,and finally Me *** was identified to be a factor for how a pediatric distal humerus fractures,with patients with SC and LC fractures being younger than those with Me *** peak age per injury per sex was similar to reported historic central tendencies,despite reported trends for younger physiologic development.

关键词： Supracondylar humerus fracture Lateral condyle fracture Medial epicondyle fracture Pediatric elbow Truven epidemiology