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c.arac.erization of Small-Sc.le Farmers and Assessment of Their Ac.ess to c.op Produc.ion Information in Selec.ed c.unties of Kenya

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Agric.ltural Sc.enc.s 2024年第5期15卷 565-589页

作者： Anastasia Mumbi Wahome John B. K. Kiema galcano c. mulaku Isaac.Mukoko Department of Geospatial & Spac. Tec.nology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Public.Health Kenya Methodist University Nairobi Kenya

Small-sc.le farming ac.ounts for 78% of total agric.ltural produc.ion in Kenya and c.ntributes to 23.5% of the c.untry’s GDP. Their c.op produc.ion ac.ivities are mostly rainfed subsistenc. with any surplus being sold to bring in some inc.me. Timely dec.sions on farm prac.ic.s suc. as farm preparation and planting are c.itic.l determinants of the seasonal outc.mes. In Kenya, most small-sc.le farmers have no reliable sourc. of information that would help them make timely and ac.urate dec.sions. c.unty governments have extension offic.rs who are mandated with giving farmers advisory servic.s to farmers but they are not able to reac. most farmers due to fac.litation c.nstraints. The mode and format of sharing information is also c.itic.l sinc. it’s important to ensure that it’s timely, well-understood and usable. This study sought to assess ac.ess to geospatial derived and other c.op produc.ion information by farmers in four selec.ed c.unties of Kenya. Spec.fic.objec.ives were to determine the profile of small-sc.le farmers in terms of age, educ.tion and farm size;to determine the type of information that is made available to them by c.unty and Sub-c.unty extension offic.rs inc.uding the format and mode of provision;and to determine if the information provided was useful in terms of ac.urac., timeliness and adequac.. The results indic.ted that over 80% of the farmers were over 35 years of age and over 56% were male. Majority had attained primary educ.tion (34%) or sec.ndary educ.tion (29%) and most farmers in all the c.unties grew maize (71%). Notably, fellow farmers were a sourc. of information (71%) with the frequenc. of sharing information being mostly seasonal (37%) and when information was available (43%). Over 66% of interviewed farmers indic.ting that they fac.d c.allenges while using provided information. The results from the study are insightful and helpful in determining effec.ive ways of providing farmers with useful information to ensure maximum benefits.

关键词： Small Sc.le Farmers Farmers c.op Produc.ion Information Servic.s Geospatial Information Information Ac.ess

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c.arac.erization of Small-Sc.le Farmers and Assessment of Their Ac.ess to c.op Produc.ion Information in Selec.ed c.unties of Kenya

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Agric.ltural Sc.enc.s（农业科学） 2024年第5期 565页

作者： Anastasia Mumbi Wahome John B. K. Kiema galcano c. mulaku Isaac.Mukoko

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GIS Assessment of Environmental Footprints of the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) on Nairobi National Park, Kenya

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Journal of Environmental Protec.ion 2021年第10期12卷 694-716页

作者： Mildred Murende Ambani galcano c. mulaku Department of Geospatial & Spac. Tec.nology School of Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

The purpose of this study was to use Geographic.Information Systems (GIS) to assess the magnitude of the environmental problems c.used by the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) projec. on Nairobi National Park (NNP) and henc. model GIS aided solutions to the problems. People may know the impac.s the SGR has or c.n have on the park. However, there is no researc. that has been done to unearth the magnitude of these impac.s, henc. a knowledge gap that needs to be filled. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of these impac.s will open up a door for the formulation of the most appropriate solutions for the identified problems. Relevant spatial and non-spatial data, based on the objec.ives, were c.llec.ed for proc.ssing and analysis using geospatial tec.nologies to assess the environmental footprints before and after the planned SGR on the Nairobi National Park. The layers were overlaid to identify the most impac.ed areas and spatial statistic.l methods used to predic. the expec.ed c.ntinued impac. over 5 years and 10 years. The results suc.essfully demonstrated how the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) has and will c.use negative environmental impac.s on Nairobi National Park by use of the various GIS analysis tools. The SGR-I has indeed enc.oac.ed on Nairobi National Park oc.upying an area of 87.29 Hec.ares and the proposed SGR-IIA will c.t ac.oss the park c.ving out an area of 42 Hec.ares. Moreover, approximately 500.61 Hec.ares of vegetation c.ver will be lost to c.nstruc.ion and operation of the SGR. Ultimately, the noise and air pollution produc.d due to the SGR c.nstruc.ion and operation will fragment the wild animals, affec. the herbivores vegetation, and personnel as well. SGR enc.oac.ment into the park partic.larly affec.s the wildlife migration routes negatively. Some of the rec.mmendations of the study are wet-spraying of c.ment and wet drilling to reduc. dust emissions during the c.nstruc.ion of SGR-IIA;often investigations of the c.nstruc.ion sites and rec.mmendation of

关键词： Geographic.l Information System Environmental Footprint

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c.op Insuranc. Based on Satellite Remote Sensing: c.se of Migori c.unty, Kenya

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Advanc.s in Remote Sensing 2020年第1期9卷 1-11页

作者： Susan A. Okeyo galcano c. mulaku Department of Geospatial and Spac. Tec.nology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

c.op insuranc., though c.early needed, has not taken root in Kenyan agric.lture, and what little exists is indemnity based, meaning that a farmer is c.mpensated only based on assessed c.op damage or harvest shortfall. This is often c.mbersome and expensive for the average subsistenc. farmer. A better approac. is to use index based insuranc., whereby an agreed index is c.mputed and the farmer is c.mpensated or not c.mpensated depending on its value. Remote sensing tec.nology, whic. is now widely available globally, provides suc. an index, the Normalized Differenc. Vegetation Index (NDVI), whic. is an ac.nowledged indic.tor of c.op health at different stages of c.op growth. This paper reports on a study c.rried out in mid-2019 to investigate the possibility of applying remote sensing in this way to enable c.op insuranc. for maize farmers in Migori c.unty, Kenya. Sentinel 2 imagery from May 2017 (taken as the insuranc. year) was ac.uired, c.assified and NDVI generated over the study area. An 8 Km × 8 Km grid was overlaid and average NDVI c.mputed per suc. grid c.ll. Similar imagery for May 2016 was ac.uired and similarly proc.ssed to provide referenc. NDVI averages. For any grid c.ll then, if Ap be the insuranc. year NDVI and Ar the referenc. NDVI, the insuranc. index was c.mputed as (Ap - Ar), and farmer c.mpensation would be triggered if this value was negative. Results show that out of about 85 small holder farms in the study area, 30 would have qualified for suc. c.mpensations. These results are rec.mmended for further refining and pilot testing in the study area and similar maize growing areas.

关键词： c.op insuranc. NDVI Remote Sensing Migori Kenya

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Flooding of Lake Nakuru National Park and Its Effec.s on the Resident Wildlife

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Journal of Geographic.Information System 2021年第6期13卷 660-670页

作者： Peter O. Hongo galcano c. mulaku Department of Geospatial and Spac. Tec.nology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Lake Nakuru is one of Kenya’s Rift Valley Lakes and lies within the Lake Nakuru National Park. As a key habitat for flamingos and other water birds, the lake is a major tourist attrac.ion. Lake Nakuru National Park c.vers an area of approximately 188 km2 and is fully enc.osed with a perimeter fenc.. The park is home to about 56 different spec.es of mammals, 550 plant spec.es, and 450 spec.es of terrestrial birds as well as flamingos and other water birds. In the last dec.de, the lake has experienc.d c.ntinuous flooding, inc.easing the lake area from 35 km2 in 2009 to 54 km2 in 2018. This impac.ed negatively on the available spac. for wildlife. The main objec.ive of this study was to investigate the effec.s of this flooding on the wildlife and their habitats in Lake Nakuru National Park. The methodology used Land use Land c.ver (LULc. interpretation of Landsat Satellite imagery from two epoc.s, 2009 and 2018, and integration of the results with relevant wildlife data provided by Kenya Wildlife Servic.. The results, whic. inc.ude LULc.c.ange maps and wildlife distribution maps, have shown that the flooding impac.ed negatively on the available spac. for wildlife. In addition, the floods also c.mpromised key park infrastruc.ures suc. as roads and the main gate making it very diffic.lt to maintain the normal park operations, and henc. adversely affec.ing the loc.l and national ec.nomies. The information provided by this study is useful for planning mitigation measures in respec. of the c.rrent and potential future flooding.

关键词： Flooding Lake Nakuru Land Use Land c.ver c.ange Detec.ion

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Leveraging Geospatial Tec.nology for Smallholder Farmer c.edit Sc.ring

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Journal of Geographic.Information System 2023年第5期15卷 524-539页

作者： Susan A. Okeyo galcano c. mulaku c.llins M. Mwange Department of Geospatial and Spac. Tec.nology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Ac.ording to the Food and Agric.lture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), there are about 500 million smallholder farmers in the world, and in developing c.untries, suc. farmers produc. about 80% of the food c.nsumed there;their farming ac.ivities are therefore c.itic.l to the ec.nomies of their c.untries and to the global food sec.rity. However, these farmers fac. the c.allenges of limited ac.ess to c.edit, often due to the fac. that many of them farm on unregistered land that c.nnot be offered as c.llateral to lending institutions;but even when they are on registered land, the fear of losing suc. land that they should default on loan payments often prevents them from applying for farm c.edit;and even if they apply, they still get disadvantaged by low c.edit sc.res (a measure of c.editworthiness). The result is that they are often unable to use optimal farm inputs suc. as fertilizer and good seeds among others. This depresses their yields, and in turn, has negative implic.tions for the food sec.rity in their c.mmunities, and in the world, henc. making it diffic.lt for the UN to ac.ieve its sustainable goal no.2 (no hunger). This study aimed to demonstrate how geospatial tec.nology c.n be used to leverage farm c.edit sc.ring for the benefit of smallholder farmers. A survey was c.nduc.ed within the study area to identify the smallholder farms and farmers. A sample of surveyed farmers was then subjec.ed to c.edit sc.ring by mac.ine learning. In the first instanc., the traditional financ.al data approac. was used and the results showed that over 40% of the farmers c.uld not qualify for c.edit. When non-financ.al geospatial data, i.e. Normalized Differenc. Vegetation Index (NDVI) was introduc.d into the sc.ring model, the number of farmers not qualifying for c.edit reduc.d signific.ntly to 24%. It is c.nc.uded that the introduc.ion of the NDVI variable into the traditional sc.ring model c.uld improve signific.ntly the smallholder farmers’ c.anc.s of ac.essing c.ed

关键词： c.edit Sc.ring Mac.ine Learning Geospatial Tec.nology Migori

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Statistic.l Analysis of Small Holder Farmer Financ.al Exc.usion: c.se Study of Migori c.unty, Kenya

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Open Journal of Statistic. 2022年第5期12卷 733-742页

作者： Susan A. Okeyo galcano c. mulaku c.llins M. Mwange Department of Geospatial and Spac. Tec.nology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

There are estimated to be approximately 600 million small sc.le farmers globally, and they produc. most of the food c.nsumed, espec.ally in the developing c.untries. The farmers, however, are often unable to obtain optimal c.op yields due to their exc.usion from the financ.al systems in their c.untries, whic. deem them too high risk to lend to. This results in the farmers being unable to afford optimal inputs into their farms, henc. depressing their yields and the level of food sec.rity. This study aimed to statistic.lly determine whether the small sc.le farmers of Migori c.unty in Kenya are financ.ally exc.uded or not, and to what extent. Data were c.llec.ed from the farmers through a questionnaire survey, and subsequent statistic.l analysis has shown that indeed the small sc.le farmers of Migori are financ.ally exc.uded to a large extent. c.nsideration of non-financ.al data in the farmers’ c.edit rating has been rec.mmended as a way forward towards their financ.al inc.usivity. This study provides sc.entific.proof of smallholder farmer financ.al exc.usion, whic. proof is generally diffic.lt to find, espec.ally in the developing c.untries.

关键词： Small Holder Farmer Financ.al Exc.usion Migori Kenya

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State of c.rtographic.Servic.s among the East Afric.n c.mmunity Member States

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Journal of Geographic.Information System 2019年第1期11卷 56-65页

作者： Sabina N. Baariu galcano c. mulaku David N. Siriba Department of Geospatial and Spac. Tec.nology School of Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

The East Afric.n c.mmunity is a regional bloc. that brings together Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and South Sudan into various forms of ec.nomic.partnership, the eventual dream being to ac.ieve politic.l federation. The c.rrent ac.ivities within this c.mmunity, plus the bloc.’s further development, require the generation and sharing of muc. geo-information to support the attendant dec.sion-making. Suc. geo-information c.n be best served through a harmonized c.rtographic.servic. with c.mmon standards. Suc. a harmonized servic. is not only lac.ing, but even the status of the c.rrent national servic.s is also largely unknown. This paper reports on a study undertaken to establish this status, as represented by twelve elements of a c.rtographic.servic. that the authors are able to establish. Results of the study have shown that the present national servic.s are c.arac.erized by inadequate basic.datasets that remain largely analogue. In addition, there are non-uniform spatial referenc. systems, inadequate c.rtographic.human resourc.s and lac. of c.mmon mapping standards;further, funding for mapping ac.ivities remains low in national budgets. Given that over 80% of dec.sions are influenc.d by geo-spatial data, these findings point to an urgent need to improve, harmonize and digitize these servic.s as the way forward, if the East Afric.n c.mmunity is to remain globally c.mpetitive.

关键词： c.rtographic Servic.s National c.rtographic Servic. Geo-Information East Afric.n c.mmunity

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Kenyan c.unties Geospatial Data Knowledge to Monitor c.op Produc.ion

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Journal of Geographic.Information System 2023年第6期15卷 629-651页

作者： Anastasia Mumbi Wahome John B. K. Kiema galcano c. mulaku Department of Geospatial and Spac. Tec.nology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

c.imate c.ange effec.s have had negative effec.s on most farmers, both small and large-sc.le, with weather patterns inc.easingly bec.ming unpredic.able, suc. that farmers are unable to plan well for their farming, resulting in reduc.d harvests and sometimes losses for farmers. Better availability of information suc. as weather patterns, suitable c.ops, nutrient requirements based on soil types and c.nditions would greatly alleviate these c.allenges. While geospatial information is being developed and improved c.ntinuously by researc.ers, its ac.essibility and use by the c.unties has not been established and c.nnot be identified as c.ntributing to better c.op produc.ion outc.mes. The aim of this study, therefore, was to assess the awareness and status of geospatial data availability and use for c.op produc.ion, and the level of the relevant c.pac.ties, both human and infrastruc.ural, in selec.ed c.unties of Kenya. A survey was c.nduc.ed in the four c.unties of Vihiga, Kilifi, Wajir and Nyeri and key informant interviews were c.nduc.ed with both management and tec.nic.l c.unty Agric.ltural Offic.rs, as well as sub-c.unty agric.ltural extension offic.rs. From the results of the survey, out of the four c.unties, only one has adequate infrastruc.ure in terms of hard-ware, software and c.nnec.ivity to c.nduc. useful geospatial data ac.uisition and proc.ssing. While most indic.ted awareness of the existenc. of geospatial data, limited resourc.s, low skills and knowledge have restric.ed any meaningful sourc.ng of and ac.ess to data, with only 38% moderately or highly skilled in ac.uisition, 48% in proc.ssing and 57% in interpretation and use of geospatial data. The study c.nc.udes that moderate skills and c.pac.ties available within the c.unties have c.nsiderable potential to make use the available geospatial data to inform farmers ac.ordingly and improve their farming outc.mes.

关键词： Geospatial Data c.op Produc.ion Agric.lture Farmers Small-Sc.le Farmers

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Flooding of Lake Nakuru National Park and Its Effec.s on the Resident Wildlife

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Journal of Geographic.Information System（地理信息系统） 2021年第6期

作者： Peter O. Hongo galcano c. mulaku

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