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Mitigating climate change through diet choice:Costs and CO_(2) emissions of different cookery book-based dietary options in Germany

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2020年第4期11卷 392-400页

作者： karin KOLBE Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences University of Koblenz-LandauKoblenz56068Germany

The human-food sector is one of the most challenging areas when it comes to greenhouse gas(GHG)*** this study,recipes from similar cookery books were analysed to identify the extent to which CO_(2) reduction can be achieved cost-effectively by cooking vegan,ovo-lactovegetarian or meat-containing recipes.A total of 311 recipes from six different German omnivorous,vegetarian and vegan cookery books were analysed in terms of GHG emissions and *** results illustrate that,based on calories,the vegan recipes on average lead to a 10% reduction in GHGs compared to vegetarian recipes and a 65% reduction compared to recipes high in *** costs for vegan recipes are 45% higher than those for vegetarian *** relatively high prices for vegan dishes result from the cost of meat and dairy replacement ***,GHG emissions from vegan recipes are only slightly lower than those from vegetarian recipes.

关键词： Climate change Nutrition Greenhouse gas emissions Meat Vegetarian Vegan Costs

Inflammation and liver tumorigenesis

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Frontiers of Medicine 2013年第2期7卷 242-254页

作者： Beicheng Sun Michael karin Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Cancer Center Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029China Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction Department of Pharmacology and PathologyCancer CenterUCSD School of MedicineLa JollaCA 92093-0723USA

Inflammation has been considered as one of the hallmarks of cancer,and chronic hepatitis is a major cause of liver *** review will focus on the pathogenic role of inflammation in hepatocarcinogenesis and will discuss recent advances in understanding the chronic hepatitis-liver cancer link based on hot spots in liver cancer research,including cellular interaction,cytokines,microRNA and stem *** of these mechanisms should be taken into consideration because they are crucial for the development of more efficacious therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating human chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

关键词： hepatocellular carcinoma hepatitis cytokine stem cell miRNA

Regulation of antitumor immunity by inflammation-induced epigenetic alterations

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2022年第1期19卷 59-66页

作者： Michael karin Shabnam Shalapour Department of Pharmacology School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction Department of PharmacologySchool of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA Department of Cancer Biology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA

Chronic inflammation promotes tumor development,progression,and metastatic dissemination and causes treatment *** accumulation of genetic alterations and loss of normal cellular regulatory processes are not only associated with cancer growth and progression but also result in the expression of tumor-specific and tumor-associated antigens that may activate antitumor *** antagonism between inflammation and immunity and the ability of cancer cells to avoid immune detection affect the course of cancer development and treatment *** inflammation,particularly acute inflammation,supports T-cell priming,activation,and infiltration into infected tissues,chronic inflammation is mostly ***,the main mechanisms that dictate the outcome of the inflammation-immunity interplay are not well *** data suggest that inflammation triggers epigenetic alterations in cancer cells and components of the tumor *** alterations can affect and modulate numerous aspects of cancer development,including tumor growth,the metabolic state,metastatic spread,immune escape,and immunosuppressive or immunosupportive leukocyte *** this review,we discuss the role of inflammation in initiating epigenetic alterations in immune cells,cancer-associated fibroblasts,and cancer cells and suggest how and when epigenetic interventions can be combined with immunotherapies to improve therapeutic outcomes.

关键词： Inflammation Epigenetics Antitumor immunity Immunotherapy

A qualitative approach to aberrations of optical elements

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Chinese Optics Letters 2010年第11期8卷 1022-1023页

作者： Jerry Barretto Clark Kendrick go Department of Physics School of Science and EngineeringAteneo de Manila University Department of Mathematics School of Science and EngineeringAteneo de Manila University

A qualitative method to analyze wavefront aberrations is *** of the primary type,expressed in their matrix forms,are used to write the generalized ray transfer matrix of an optical *** aberrations were treated collectively by examining the pseudospectra of an augmented matrix constructed from the aberration *** show that aberrations can be distinguished and relative strengths pronounced using this qualitative method.

关键词： A qualitative approach to aberrations of optical elements

Key changes across valley floors in mountain areas affected by different levels of human impact: a case study of the Ochotnica river catchment in the Polish Carpathians

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第11期21卷 3567-3583页

作者： Agata goŁĄB Anna MICHNO Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences Jagiellonian UniversityProf.St.Łojasiewicza St 11Cracow 30348Poland Faculty of Geography and Geology Jagiellonian UniveristyGronostajowa St 3Cracow 30387Poland

The goal of this paper was to present knowledge on changes in the morphodynamic structure of the Ochotnica River(Polish Carpathians)and transformations within its active river zone since the end of the 19th *** study used a set of archival and contemporary cartographic materials and the results of three-fold field mapping of the morphodynamic structure of the *** and indirect human interference with the natural environment of the catchment and the fluvial system was taken into account in the *** of changes in the morphodynamic structure of the Ochotnica and its active river zone since the end of the 19th century indicated significant changes in the development trend of the *** contemporary structure of the Ochotnica is more complex than in the *** has been a fragmentation of the riverbed into sections with different morphodynamic *** proportion of erosive sections has increased,which explains the reduced in the width of the active river zone of the *** average width of the active river zone of the river between 1861 and 2022 has changed from 80 m to 18 *** impact has been identified as the main reason for the changes in the morphodynamic structure of the riverbed and its active river ***,only the unregulated sect ion is characterised by free lateral migration of the riverbed and the widest active river zone(~28 m).

关键词： Active river zone Channel changes Mountain river Human impact

Reinforcement as an initiator of population Jivergence and speciation

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Current Zoology 2016年第2期62卷 145-154页

作者： karin S. PFENNIG Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599-3280 USA

When hybridization results in reduced fitness, natural selection is expected to favor the evolution of traits that minimize the likelihood of hybridizing in the first place. This process, termed reinforcement （or, more generally, reproductive character displacement）, thereby contributes to the evolution of enhanced reproductive isolation between hybridizing groups. By enhancing reproductive isolation in this way, reinforcement plays an important role in the final stages of speciation. However, reinforcement can also contribute to the early stages of speciation. Specifically, because selection to avoid hybridization occurs only in sympatric populations, the unfolding of reinforcement can lead to the evolution of traits in sympatric populations that reduce reproduction between conspecifics in sympatry versus those in allopatry. Thus, reinforcement between species can lead to reproductive isolation--and possibly speciation-between populations in sympatry versus those in allopatry or among different sympatric populations. Here, I describe how this process can occur, the conditions under which it is most likely to occur, and the empirical data needed to evaluate the hypothesis that reinforcement can initiate speciation.

关键词： character displacement ecological speciation gene flow hybridization population divergence reinforcement cascades reproductive isolation sexual selection speciation cascades.

Metal chalcogenide-based photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2022年第10期31卷 189-213,I0005页

作者： Marwa Mohamed Abouelela go Kawamura Atsunori Matsuda Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering Toyohashi University of TechnologyToyohashi 441-8580AichiJapan Petrochemical Department Egyptian Petroleum Research InstituteCairo 11727Egypt

Photoelectrochemical water splitting(PEC-WS)is a promising technique for transforming solar energy into storable and environmentally friendly chemical *** semiconductor photoelectrodes with high light absorption capability,rapid e-/h+separation and transfer,and sufficient chemical stability is vital for developing an efficient PEC-WS *** chalcogenides(MCs)have emerged as promising candidates for light absorbers because of their unique electrical and optical *** this review,we present recent developments in hydrogen generation via PEC-WS using MC-based ***,we present a simple illustration of PEC-WS ***,the current performance of various metal(mono-,di-,and tri-)chalcogenide/semiconductor photoelectrodes in PEC-WS is ***,the charge transfer mechanism at the MC/semiconductor interface and the PEC-WS mechanism is thoroughly ***,we discuss future research perspectives toward developing efficient and stable MC/semiconductor photoelectrodes.

关键词： Photoelectrochemical water splitting Metal chalcogenides Photoelectrode Energy conversion

"Cap and glycosylate"strategy for direct radical functionalization of native sugars

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Science Bulletin 2024年第20期69卷 3163-3165页

作者： Hiroaki Matoba go Hirai Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyushu UniversityFukuoka 812-8582Japan

Glycoconjugates are biologically significant molecules,but their precise role in many biological phenomena remains unclear,largely due to their heterogeneity and complexity,as well as the dynamic enzymatic remodeling/hydrolysis of glycan ***,for mechanistic studies,it is desirable to use metabolically stable mimics of *** this context,S-,Se-,and notably C-linked glycoconjugates have emerged as attractive targets,leading to the development of numerous synthetic methods[1–3].

关键词： sugar hydrolysis attractive

Characteristics of Nb/Al superconducting tunnel junctions fabricated using ozone gas

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Chinese Physics B 2015年第9期24卷 182-186页

作者： Masahiro Ukibe go Fujii Masataka Ohkubo Nanoelectronics Research Institute (nano) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

To improve the energy resolution（？E） of Nb/Al superconducting tunnel junctions（STJs）, an ozone（O3） oxidation process has been developed to fabricate a thin defect-free tunnel barrier that simultaneously shows high critical current JC〉 1000 A/cm^2 and high normalized dynamic resistance RDA 〉 100 MΩ·μm^2, where A is the size of the STJ. The 50-μm^2 STJs produced by O3 exposure of 0.26 Pa·min with an indirect spray of O3 gas, which is a much lower level of exposure than the O2 exposure used in a conventional O2 oxidation process, exhibit a maximum JC= 800 A/cm^2 and a high RDA = 372 MΩ ·μm^2. The 100-pixel array of the 100-μm^2STJs produced using the same O3 oxidation conditions exhibits a constant leak current I leak= 14.9 ± 3.2 n A at a bias point around △ /e（where e is half the energy gap of an STJ）,and a high fabrication yield of 87%. Although the I leak values are slightly larger than those of STJs produced using the conventional O2 oxidation process, the STJ produced using O3 oxidation shows a ？E = 10 eV for the C-Kα line, which is the best value of our Nb/Al STJ x-ray detectors.

关键词： Nb/Al superconducting tunnel junctions high critical current density high energy resolution ozone