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环球科学 2020年第13期 66-73页

作者：吉尔伯特·E·梅特卡夫高天羽(翻译) 美国塔夫茨大学美国经济研究局不详

如果问经济学家应该如何应付气候变化,他们的回答一般是这样的:最有效的对策是给温室气体幺口排放标价,最好是以碳排放税的形式执行。这体现了经济学中的一条基本原理:一项活动中产生的废弃物,是这项活动必须承担的成本。我们平时丢弃... 详细信息

如果问经济学家应该如何应付气候变化,他们的回答一般是这样的:最有效的对策是给温室气体幺口排放标价,最好是以碳排放税的形式执行。这体现了经济学中的一条基本原理:一项活动中产生的废弃物,是这项活动必须承担的成本。我们平时丢弃垃圾、净化废水都要付钱,因此,燃烧化石燃料之类的活动排放了二氧化碳,也应该为处理相应的废弃物付钱。

关键词：化石燃料有效的对策气候变化二氧化碳温室气体经济学废弃物碳排放税

儿童阑尾穿孔以及阴性阑尾切除术的危险与医院、患者特征

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美国医学会杂志（中文版） 2006年第1期25卷 11-16页

作者： Todd A. Ponsky Zhihuan J. Huang Kory Kittle Martin R. Eichelberger James C. gilbert Fredrick Brody Kurt D, Newman 周静（译）祝学光（校） Departments of Surgery Departments of Surgery and Biostatistics Children＇s National Medical Center and George Washington University Medical Center Washington DC and Child Health Corporation of America Overland Park Kan 不详

背景：即使作了努力，儿童阑尾穿孔和阴性阑尾切除术的发生率依然居高不下。这两种结局均被用作衡量医院质量的指标。对影响其发生率的因素还知之甚少。目的：研究儿童阑尾穿孔和阴性阑尾切除术的发生率与医院、患者特征的相关性。设计... 详细信息

背景：即使作了努力，儿童阑尾穿孔和阴性阑尾切除术的发生率依然居高不下。这两种结局均被用作衡量医院质量的指标。对影响其发生率的因素还知之甚少。目的：研究儿童阑尾穿孔和阴性阑尾切除术的发生率与医院、患者特征的相关性。设计、地点和患者：利用儿童健康信息系统数据库，对1997～2002年美幽36家儿童医院24411例5—17岁行阑尾切除术患者的资料进行同顾性分析。主要结局指标：阴性阑尾切除术和阑尾穿孔的发生率；不同医院、年龄、种族、健康保险状况以及医院财政年度和阑尾切除术数量下，阴性阑尾切除术、阑尾穿孔的优势比（odds ratio，OR）。阴性阑尾切除率的定义为行阑尾切除术但无阑尾炎的例数除以阑尾切除的总例数。结果：中位阴性阑尾切除率为3．06％（范围1％-12％），中位阑尾穿孔的发生率为35．08％（范围22％-62％）。与白种患儿比较，亚洲裔患儿（OR，1．66；95％可信区间[CI]，1．24—2．23）和黑种患儿（OR，1．13；95％CI，1.01—1.30）发生阑尾穿孔的校正后优势比均较高。与拥有个人健康保险的儿童相比较，没有健康保险的患儿以及只有公共保险儿童的阑尾穿孔比例增高（自我保险者：校正后OR，1．36；95％CI，1．22—1．53；公共保险者：校正后OR，1．48；95％CI，1．34—1．64）。阴性阑尾切除率与种族、健康保险状况或医院阑尾穿孔发生率没有相关性。阴性阑尾切除率随着医院阑尾切除数量的增多而有所改善。结论：学龄儿童的阑尾穿孔发生率与种族和健康保险状况相关，而与阴性阑尾切除率无关，因此更可能与某些入院前因素，如是否能得到治疗、治疗的质量以及患者或医生受教育的情况等相关。

关键词：阑尾切除术阑尾穿孔医院质量儿童健康患者特征阴性阑尾切除率健康保险信息系统数据库发生率

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因子Ⅷ抑制物——临床观察

西安交通大学学报(医学版) 1985年第2期 86-86页

作者： gilbert C et all

许多研究证实,在典型的血友病体内因子Ⅶ抑制物的产生是由于机体对因子Ⅷ:C或ⅧCAg所致的免疫反应的结果。该类患者体内或缺乏或仅有少量的Ⅷ:C及ⅧCAg。抑制物是一种抗体,从免疫学的结构上看来,它含有多量的,特殊的rG3或rG4重链。在许... 详细信息

许多研究证实,在典型的血友病体内因子Ⅶ抑制物的产生是由于机体对因子Ⅷ:C或ⅧCAg所致的免疫反应的结果。该类患者体内或缺乏或仅有少量的Ⅷ:C及ⅧCAg。抑制物是一种抗体,从免疫学的结构上看来,它含有多量的,特殊的rG3或rG4重链。在许多产生抑制物的病人中。接触因子Ⅷ可导致典型的被标记抑制因子的水平增加的回忆反应。抑制因子产生的因素和其临床特征受遗传因素、FⅧ:C和/或FⅧ:CAg的基本水平以及免疫产物质和量的影响。目前的治疗方法主要是处理急性出血发作。

关键词：抑制物临床观察回忆反应免疫反应急性出血免疫学慢性感染性疾病重链固醇类药物遗传因素

Outcome Evaluation of Early Implementation of Option B+ in Cameroon: A Prospective Cohort Observational Survey in the Northwest and Southwest Regions

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World Journal of AIDS 2018年第3期8卷 90-104页

作者： Pius Tih Muffih Edouard Katayi Tshimwanga Andrew Abutu Lem Edith Abongwa Jacques Chirac Awa Pascal Nji Atanga Felix Desembuin Eveline Mboh Khan Kuni Esther Bonje Nshom Emmanuel Ebeny Francois Temgbait Chimoun Thomas Welty Gladys Tayong Fosah Jennifer Lim Dana Duncan Leah Petit gilbert Tene Jembia Mosoko Omotayo Bolu AIDS Care and Prevention Program Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services Bamenda Cameroon United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta USA Ministry of Public Health National AIDs Control Committee Northwest Region Technical Group Bamenda Cameroon Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health/Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Washington DC USA United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Yaoundé Cameroon Elizabeth Glazer Pediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF) Washington DC USA QED Group LLC Washington DC USA

Background: Mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV constitutes a major source of new pediatric infections in Cameroon. Objective: The aim of this implementation research was to assess outcomes and effectiveness of providing life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women (Option B+). Methods: From October 2013 to July 2014, HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women, not on antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis and ART, were recruited from 22 purposefully selected health facilities in the Northwest and Southwest regions for a prospective, observational cohort evaluation. Option B+ was offered to participants and outcome indicators were measured. Results: Out of 680 women eligible for this assessment, 669 (98%) were initiated on Option B+. Retention-in-care was 90% (95% CI, 87.85 - 92.61) and 79% (95% CI, 75.20 - 81.88), and loss to follow up (LTFU) was 7% (95% CI: 4.95 - 8.90) and 15% (95% CI: 12.06 - 17.56) at 6 and 12 months respectively. Maternal mortality at 12 months after ART initiation was 2% (13). As of March 2015, 538 HIV exposed infants (HEIs) were enrolled and received postpartum nevirapine prophylaxis within 72 hours of birth and 84% (454) were on cotrimoxazole at 6 to 8 weeks. By 8 weeks of age, 498 (93%) infants had HIV DNA PCR test with 486 (97.6%) negative and 12 (2.4%) positive. Conclusion: In Cameroon, successful implementation of Option B+ increased retention-in-care to 79% at one year for pregnant and breastfeeding women and reduced MTCT rate below 5% for HEIs at 8 weeks of age. Long term retention, maternal and infant mortality and final MTCT rate after cessation of breastfeeding require further evaluation.

关键词： Option B+ Implementation Research Prevention of Mother to Child HIV Transmission HIV Exposed Infants

Mapping tree species distribution in support of China's integrated tree-livestock-crop system

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Circular Agricultural Systems 2021年第1期1卷 9-19页

作者： Sailesh Ranjitkar Dengpan Bu Nani Maiya Sujakhu Marius gilbert Timothy PRobinson Roeland Kindt Jianchu Xu Honghe Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyHonghe County 654400YunnanChina N.Gene Solution of Natural Innovation Pvt.Ltd. Kathmandu 44614Nepal Mid-Western University Faculty of Humanities and Social ScienceNaya BatoLalitpur 44600Nepal State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Institute of Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety ChangshaHunanChina National Centre for Borderland Ethnic Studies in Southwest China Yunnan UniversityKunming 650091China UniversitéLibre de Bruxelles(ULB) Brussels 1050Belgium Animal Production and Health Division(AGA) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRome 00153Italy World Agroforestry(ICRAF) United Nations AvenueGigiriNairobi 00100Kenya Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China East and Central Asia Regional World Agroforestry Centre(ICRAF)Kunming 650201China

The primary challenge of the contemporary world is to meet accelerating requirements for *** land,competition between crop and livestock farming and climate change are major *** offer a form of sustainable agriculture through the direct provision of food by raising farmers’incomes and through various ecosystem *** first essential step in adopting agroforestry is the selection of appropriate tree species that fit local *** this paper,we mapped 20 fodder trees and important crops in China using the multi-model ensemble and Ecocrop modelling *** on the intersectional concept of set theory,the fuzzy logic technique was applied to identify regions where candidate trees could be grown with appropriate crops and *** resulting models provide important insights into the climatic suitability of trees and crops and offer knowledge critical to the proper integration of trees with crops and livestock at specific *** results offer support for developing appropriate strategies regarding potential land-use within agroforestry systems in order to maximize ecosystem services and the benefits of sustainable *** outputs could easily convert into conventional maps with clearly defined boundaries for site-specific planning for tree-crop-livestock *** next step for actualizing an integrated system is to investigate specifically what these different species may contribute to the existing farming systems,quantify the benefits and estimate any possible tradeoffs.

关键词： system intersection crops

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HUMPHREY AUTOMATED PERIMETRY STRATEGIES CENTRAL 30-2 THRESHOLD TEST VERSUS CENTRAL 30-2 SITA STANDARD TEST

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国际眼科杂志 2003年第1期3卷 54-54页

作者： M.E.gilbert-Lucido G.Berumen-Alatorre N.C.Ruiz-Quin-tero Sanatorio Oftalmologico Merida Clinica BerumenAsociacion para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico Mexico

Objective: To compare the glaucoma hemifield test (ght) results of the central 30-2 threshold test vs. central 30-2 sita standard test in glaucoma suspect patients without expierence in automated perimetry. Methods: Using the humphrey visual field analyzer model 745, 100 subjects were tested with central 30-2 threshold test (group a) and 100 subjects were tested with cen-

关键词：青光眼中央30-2阈试验中央30-2SITA标准试验比较研究胡飞氏视野检查法

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BRCA1和BRCA2携带者以及乳腺癌高危女性的MRI和乳腺X线摄影的特征

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国际医学放射学杂志 2009年第5期32卷 493-494页

作者： F.J.gilbert R.M.L.Warren G.Kwan-Lim D.J.Thompson R.A.Eeles D.Gareth Evans 秦乃姗 Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre University of Aberdeen

目的复习经筛查检出的乳腺癌诊断时及诊断前影像学检查的特点，识别特征性的异常表现，以帮助BRCA1和BRCA2携带者以及乳腺癌高危女性的早期诊断或鉴别。材料与方法本研究经多中心及本地伦理委员会通过并获得知情同意书。自1997年8月一2... 详细信息

目的复习经筛查检出的乳腺癌诊断时及诊断前影像学检查的特点，识别特征性的异常表现，以帮助BRCA1和BRCA2携带者以及乳腺癌高危女性的早期诊断或鉴别。材料与方法本研究经多中心及本地伦理委员会通过并获得知情同意书。自1997年8月一2003年3月，有50％以上BRCA1、BRCA2和TP53基因变异携带危险的女性（27～55岁，平均40．1岁）人组英国MRI乳腺筛查研究组试验，

关键词：乳腺X线摄影 BRCA2 高危女性乳腺癌 MRI 携带者 P53基因变异 BRCA1

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