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Evaluation of Codebook Design Using SCMA Scheme Based on A_(n) and D_(n) Lattices

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Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023年第3期35卷 3037-3048页

作者： g.Rajamanickam g.ravi Department of ECE Knowledge Institute of TechnologySalem637504India Department of ECE Sona College of TechnologySalem636001India

The sparse code multiple access(SCMA)scheme is a Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access(NOMA)type of scheme that is used to handle the uplink com-ponent of mobile communication in the current generation.A need of the 5g mobile network is the ability to handle more *** accommodate this,the SCMA allows each user to deploy a variety of sub-carrier broadcasts,and several consumers may contribute to the same frequency using superposition *** SCMA approach,together with codebook design for each user,is used to improve channel efﬁciency through better management of the available ***-ever,developing a codebook with a greater number of value sets is still another *** enhanced techniques of encoding and decoding for 5g networks,mapping the multidimensional constellations in the SCMA system plays a signif-icant role in improving the system performance and enhancing the overall system *** creation of a codebook utilizing the SCMA approach in con-junction with the lattice theory is suggested in this *** prototype is shaped using a popular lattice,such as A n and D n,as the ***,from the primary lattice constellation,the multidimensional complex mother constellation with the most noticeable variance in power is *** lattice-based cod-ing is generated by combining the codebooks with the mother constellation,and the codes in the matrices are mapped by rotating the constellations in this *** suggested technique,in conjunction with the investigation of novel SCMA codebook sets,provides improved performance in terms of Bit Error Rate(BER)and complexity with regard to Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR).Finally,the bit error rate is reduced for various SNRs during transmission in the channel.

关键词： 5g NOMA SCMA lattice coding codebook design bit error rate

Opportunistic Routing with Multi-Channel Cooperative Neighbour Discovery

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Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023年第2期35卷 2367-2382页

作者： S.Sathish Kumar g.ravi AVS College of Technology Salem636106India Sona College of Technology Salem636005India

Due to the scattered nature of the network,data transmission in a dis-tributed Mobile Ad-hoc Network(MANET)consumes more energy resources(ER)than in a centralized network,resulting in a shorter network lifespan(NL).As a result,we build an Enhanced Opportunistic Routing(EORP)protocol architecture in order to address the issues raised *** proposed routing protocol goal is to manage the routing cost by employing power,load,and delay to manage the routing energy consumption based on theﬂooding of control pack-ets from the target *** to the goal of the proposed protocol techni-que,it is possible to manage the routing cost by applying power,load,and *** proposed technique also manage the routing energy consumption based on theﬂooding of control packets from the destination node in order to reduce the routing *** packet exchange between the target and all the nodes,on the other hand,is capable of having an inﬂuence on the overall efﬁciency of the *** EORP protocol and the Multi-channel Cooperative Neighbour Discovery(MCCND)protocol have been designed to detect the cooperative adja-cent nodes for each node in the routing route as part of the routing path discovery process,which occurs during control packet *** control packet transmission is taking place during the routing path discovery process,the EORP protocol and the Multi-channel Cooperative Neighbour Discovery(MCCND)protocol have been designed to detect the cooperative adjacent nodes for each node in the *** included is a simulation of these protocols in order to evaluate their performance across a wide range of packet speeds using Constant Bit Rate(CBR).When the packet rate of the CBR is 20 packets per second,the results reveal that the EORP-MCCND is 0.6 s quicker than the state-of-the-art protocols,according to theﬁ*** that the CBR packet rate is 20 packets per second,the EORP-MCCND achieves 0.6 s of End 2 End Delay,0.05 s of Routing Overhea

关键词： Macro-addressable network power-and load-aware routing deterministic and opportunistic routing gradient routing multi-channel cooperative neighbor discovery

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of N-doped Li_2VPO_6 Under Visible Light Irradiation

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2015年第2期28卷 216-222页

作者： Suresh Palla ravinder guje g.ravi Radha Velchuri M.Vithal Department of Chemistry Osmania University

Substitutional doping of framework heteroatoms in photocatalysts is one ot the approaches tor harvesting visible light. The present work aims to utilize the visible light for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutant by tailoring the bandgap energy of Li2VPO6 through nitrogen doping. Li2VPO6 and N-doped Li2VPO6 are prepared by solid- state method. These materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive spectra, Raman spectra, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra （UV-Vis DRS）, and 31p MAS NMR. The absorption edge of N-doped Li2VPO6 iS shifted to longer wavelength region considerably. The photocatalytic activity was tested against the degradation of methylene blue. The higher visible light photocatalytic activity of N-doped Li2VPO6 compared to pristine Li2VPO6 was discussed. The catalysts are stable even after fourth cycle of photodegradation.

关键词： Photocatalysis Characterization Degradation

Improved QoS-Secure Routing in MANET Using Real-Time Regional ME Feature Approximation

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第9期46卷 3653-3666页

作者： Y.M.Mahaboob John g.ravi Mahendra College of Engineering SalemTamilnaduIndia Sona College of Technology SalemTamilnaduIndia

Mobile Ad-hoc Network(MANET)routing problems are thoroughly studied several approaches are identified in support of *** the Quality of Service(QoS)performance of MANET is achieving higher *** reduce this drawback,this paper proposes a new secure routing algorithm based on real-time partial ME(Mobility,energy)*** routing method RRME(Real-time Regional Mobility Energy)divides the whole network into several parts,and each node’s various characteristics like mobility and energy are randomly selected neighbors *** is done in the path discovery phase,estimated to identify and remove malicious *** addition,Trusted Forwarding Factor(TFF)calculates the various nodes based on historical records and other characteristics of multiple ***,the calculated QoS Support Factor(QoSSF)calculating by the Data Forwarding Support(DFS),Throughput Support(TS),and Lifetime Maximization Support(LMS)to any given *** route was found to implement the path of maximizing MANET QoS based on QoSSF *** the proposed technique produces the QoS based on real-time regional ME feature *** proposed simulation implementation is done by the Network Simulator version 2(NS2)tool to produce better performance than other *** achieved a throughput performance had 98.5%and a routing performance had 98.2%.

关键词： Mobile ad-hoc network(MANET) routing problem regional approximation secure routing QoS support factor trusted forwarding factor data forwarding support(DFS) mobility energy

Metathesis synthesis, characterization, spectral and photoactivity studies of Ln_(2/3)MoO_4(Ln=La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, gd, Tb, Dy, Er and Y)

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Journal of Rare Earths 2015年第8期33卷 837-845页

作者： Radha Velchuri Suresh Palla g.ravi Naveen Kumar Veldurthi J.R.Reddy M.Vithal Department of Chemistry Osmania University

Rare earth ortho-oxomolybdates of composition Ln2/aMoO4 （Ln=La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, gd, Tb, Dy, Er and Y） were prepared by metathesis reaction. All these materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra. The Rietveld analysis of all the samples was carried out to obtain the unit cell parameters and reliability factors. All the materials were crystallized in tetragonal lattice with I41/a space group. The infrared spectra of all the samples were characterized by bands due to MoO42 units. The bandgap energies of all the samples were obtained from UV-Vis DRS spectra. The luminescence spectra of Ln2/3MoO4 （Ln=Pr, Eu and Dy） showed characteristic transitions of the rare earth ions. The visible light photocatalytic activity of all the samples was studied against degradation of methylene blue.

关键词： metathesis X-ray diffxaction IR spectroscopy UV-Vis spectroscopy photodegradation rare earths

Degradation of Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B Using a New Visible Light-Responsive Photocatalyst, KSb_2PO_(8-x)N_y

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2016年第4期29卷 335-343页

作者： g.ravi CH.Sudhakar Reddy K.Sreenu ravinder guje Radha Velchuri M.Vithal Department of Chemistry University College of ScienceOsmania University

Potassium phosphatoantimonates, KSb2PO8 （KSbPO） and KSb2PO8-xNy （KSbPON）, are prepared by solidstate method. Urea is employed as a source of nitrogen for N-doping. Structural, morphological and optical properties of both KSbPO and KSbPON are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction （PXRD）, scanning electron microscopy, energydispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Both samples are found to crystallize in a monoclinic lattice with Cc space group. The d-lines of KSbPO and KSbPON are refined by least square fitting the PXRD data, using POWD software to obtain their unit cell parameters. The bandgap energy （Eg） of both pristine and N-doped KSbPO is found from their Kubelka-Munk plot. The KSbPON/visible photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine B has been investigated in aqueous heterogeneous suspension. The generation of .OH in the presence of KSbPON during the photoreaction is verified by a fluorescence technique using terephthalic acid （TA） as a probe.

关键词： Potassium phosphatoantimonates Characterization Organic dyes Photodegradation

Photoelectrochemical study of MoO_3 assorted morphology films formed by thermal evaporation

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2016年第5期25卷 798-804页

作者： R.Senthilkumar g.Anandhababu T.Mahalingam g.ravi Department of Physics Alagappa University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ajou University

Molybdenum oxide nanostructured thin films were grown on fluorine doped tin oxide（FTO）, indium doped tin oxide（ITO） and ordinary glass substrates by thermal evaporation process without vacuum and catalysts using molybdenum trioxide（MoO） powder as a source material and oxygen as a carrier *** morphologies including nanobelts, disks and hexagonal rod-like nanostructures were obtained by changing the source and substrate temperatures during the growth of MoOthin films. Structural parameters, morphology, composition and surface features of the films were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDAX,XPS, AFM and Raman spectroscopy. The films were orthorhombic in structure with preferred orientation along（0 1 0） plane. Morphology analysis reveals randomly aligned nanobelts with 40 nm in thickness and a width of 800 nm and 3–12 mm in length. The disks have 1.5 μm diameters, 1 μm thickness and hexagonal rod-like nanostructures with a length, breath and width of 2 μm, 1 μm and 100 nm are formed. The samples were investigated under dark and photocurrent conditions in HSOaqueous solution as a function of applied potential. The photocurrent density of samples prepared on ITO and FTO substrate samples were compared and the results are discussed.

关键词： Molybdenum oxide Thermal evaporation Nanostructure Photoelectrochemical cell

Infection of Early and Young Callus Tissues of Indica Rice BPT5204 Enhances Regeneration and Transformation Efficiency

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Rice science 2013年第6期20卷 415-426页

作者： P.MANIMARAN g.ravi KUMAR M.RAgHURAMI REDDY S.JAIN T.BHASKAR RAO S.K.MANgRAUTHIA R.M.SUNDARAM S.raviCHANDRAN S.M.BALACHANDRAN Biotechnology Laboratory Crop Improvement SectionDirectorate of Rice ResearchRajendranagarHyderabad 500030India

A rapid and reproducible method to develop transgenic plants with enhanced transformation efficiency using Agrobacterium has been developed for the elite indica rice variety BPT 5204. Different rice calli aged from 3 to 30 d were co-cultivated with pre-incubated Agrobacterium suspension culture （LBA4404： pSB1, pCAMBIA1301） and incubated in dark for 3 d. Based on the transient gUS gene expression analysis, 6-day-old young calli showed high transformation frequency followed by 21-day-old ones. Thus, both 6-and 21-day-old calli were used for assessing the stable transformation efficiency. It was observed that the 6-day-old young transformed calli showed about 2-fold higher regeneration frequency when compared with 21-day-old calli. The transformation efficiency was enhanced for young calli to 5.9% compared with 0.8% of the 21-day-old calli. Molecular and genetic analysis of transgenic plants （To） revealed the presence of 1-2 copies of T-DNA integration in transformants and it follows Mendalian ratio in T1 transgenic plants. From the present study, it was concluded that the development of transgenic rice plants in less duration with high regeneration and transformation efficiency was achieved in BPT 5204 by using 6-day-old young calli as explants.

关键词： Agrobacterium-mediated transformation meihod rice callus transformation transgenicplant indica rice

global Piecewise Analysis of HIV Model with Bi-Infectious Categories under Ordinary Derivative and Non-Singular Operator with Neural Network Approach

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025年第1期142卷 609-633页

作者： ghaliah Alhamzi Badr Saad TAlkahtani ravi Shanker Dubey Mati ur Rahman Department of Mathematics and Statistics College of ScienceImam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)Riyadh13318Saudi Arabia Department of Mathematics College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11989Saudi Arabia Department of Mathematics Amity School of Applied SciencesAmity University RajasthanJaipur302002India School of Mathematical Sciences Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang212013China Department of Computer Science and Mathematics Lebanese American UniversityBeirut13-5053Lebanon

This study directs the discussion of HIV disease with a novel kind of complex dynamical generalized and piecewise operator in the sense of classical and Atangana Baleanu(AB)derivatives having arbitrary *** HIV infection model has a susceptible class,a recovered class,along with a case of infection divided into three sub-different levels or categories and the recovered *** total time interval is converted into two,which are further investigated for ordinary and fractional order operators of the AB derivative,*** proposed model is tested separately for unique solutions and existence on bi *** numerical solution of the proposed model is treated by the piece-wise numerical iterative scheme of Newtons *** proposed method is established for piece-wise derivatives under natural order and non-singular Mittag-Leffler *** cross-over or bending characteristics in the dynamical system of HIV are easily examined by the aspect of this research having a memory effect for controlling the said *** study uses the neural network(NN)technique to obtain a better set of weights with low residual errors,and the epochs number is considered *** obtained figures represent the approximate solution and absolute error which are tested with NN to train the data accurately.

关键词： HIV infection model qualitative scheme approximate solution piecewise global operator neural network