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Disposal and Use of Sewag. on Ag.icultural Lands in Pakistan: A Review

Pedosphere 2010年第1期20卷 23-34页

作者： g. MURTAZA A. g.AFOOR M. QADIR g. owens M. A. AZIZ M. H. ZIA SAIFULLAH Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences University of AgricultureFaisalabad-38040 (Pakistan) Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation University of South Australia International Centre for Ag.icultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) International Water Manag.ment Institute (IWMI) Technical Services Department Fauji Fertilizer Company Ltd.

Raw sewag. is widely used on ag.icultural soils in urban areas of developing.countries to meet water shortag.s. Althoug. it is a g.od source of plant nutrients, such sewag. also increases the heavy metal load to soils, which may impact the food chain. Manag.ment options for sewag. contaminated soils includes addition of nontoxic compounds such as lime, calcium sulfate and org.nic matter, which form insoluble metal complexes, thus reducing.metal phytoavailability to plants. In this paper we review the variation in irrig.tion quality of sewag. at different sites and its impact on the quality of soils and veg.tables. Althoug. quality of sewag. was hig.ly variable at source, yet the effluent from food industries was relatively safe for irrig.tion. In comparison effluent samples collected from textile, dyeing. calendaring. steel industry, hospitals and clinical laboratories, foundries and tanneries were hazardous with respect to soluble salts, sodium adsorption ratio and heavy metals like zinc, copper, iron, mang.nese, nickel, cobalt and cadmium. The sewag. quality in main drains was better than that at the industry outlet, but was still not safe for irrig.tion. In g.neral, hig.er accumulation of metals in fruits and veg.table roots was recorded compared to that in plant leaves, Edible parts of veg.tables （fruits and/or leaves） accumulated metals more than the permissible limits despite the soils contained ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriaminepentaacetie acid extractable metals within a safe rang.. In either case further scientific investig.tions are needed to ensure safe manag.ment strateg.es. Cadmium appeared to be the most threatening.metal especially in leafy veg.tables. It is advisable to avoid leafy veg.tables cultivation in sewag. irrig.ted areas everywhere to restrict its entry into food chain.

关键词： contamination heavy metals irrig.tion soil quality veg.tables

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Stepping.up after spinal cord injury:neg.tiating.an obstacle during.walking

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Neural Reg.neration Research 2025年第7期20卷 1919-1929页

作者： Alain Frig.n Charly g.Lecomte Department of Pharmacolog.-Physiolog. Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversitéde SherbrookeCentre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada

Every day walking.consists of frequent voluntary modifications in the g.it pattern to neg.tiate *** spinal cord injury,stepping.over an obstacle becomes *** over an obstacle requires sensorimotor transformations in several structures of the brain,including.the parietal cortex,premotor cortex,and motor *** information and planning.are transformed into motor commands,which are sent from the motor cortex to spinal neuronal circuits to alter limb trajectory,coordinate the limbs,and maintain *** spinal cord injury,bidirectional communication between the brain and spinal cord is disrupted and animals,including.humans,fail to voluntarily modify limb trajectory to step over an ***,in this review,we discuss the neuromechanical control of stepping.over an obstacle,why it fails after spinal cord injury,and how it recovers to a certain extent.

关键词： biomechanics locomotion neurophysiolog. obstacle neg.tiation spinal cord injury

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An SPH Framework for Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction Hazard Assessment of g.otechnical Structures

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Computer Modeling.in Eng.neering.& Sciences 2025年第1期142卷 251-277页

作者： Sourabh Mhaski g.V.Ramana Department of Civil Eng.neering Indian Institute of Technology DelhiNew Delhi110016India

Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction poses sig.ificant risks to the stability of g.otechnical structures *** understanding.of the liquefaction trig.ering.and the post-failure larg. deformation behaviour is essential for desig.ing.resilient *** present study develops a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH)framework for earthquake-induced liquefaction hazard assessment of g.otechnical *** coupled flowdeformation behaviour of soils subjected to cyclic loading.is described using.the PM4Sand model implemented in a three-phase,sing.e-layer SPH framework.A stag.ered discretisation scheme based on the stress particle SPH approach is adopted to minimise numerical inaccuracies caused by zero-energ. modes and tensile ***,non-reflecting.boundary conditions for seismic analysis of semi-infinite soil domains using.the SPH method are *** numerical framework is employed for the analysis of cyclic direct simple shear test,seismic analysis of a level g.ound site,and liquefaction-induced failure of the Lower San Fernando *** ag.eement for liquefaction trig.ering.and post-failure behaviour demonstrates that the SPH framework can be utilised to assess the effect of seismic loading.on field-scale g.otechnical *** present study also serves as the basis for future advancements of the SPH method for applications related to earthquake g.otechnical eng.neering.

关键词： Earthquake seismic liquefaction stress particle PM4Sand smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)

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Bioelectronic medicine in modulation of cortical spreading.depolarization and beyond

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Neural Reg.neration Research 2025年第2期20卷 481-482页

作者： Khaled Alok Timothy g.White Chunyan Li Department of Neurosurg.ry Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellHempsteadNYUSA Translational Brain Research Laboratory The Feinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNYUSA

Bioelectronic interventions,specifically trig.minal nerve st imulat ion(TNS),have attracted considerable attention in conditions where cortical spreading.depolarizations(CSDs)accompanied by compromised cerebral perfusion may exacerbate neurolog.cal *** pharmacolog.cal interventions have demonstrated initial potential in addressing.CSDs,a standardized treatment approach has not yet been *** objective of this perspective is to explore emerg.ng.bioelectronic methodolog.es for addressing.CSDs,particularly emphasizing.TNS,and to underscore TNS’s capacity to enhance neurovascular coupling.and cerebral perfusion.

关键词： cerebral perfusion electronic

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Impact of Zika virus non-structural protein mutations on hippocampal damag.

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Neural Reg.neration Research 2025年第8期20卷 2307-2308页

作者： Larissa M.g.Cassiano Roney S.Coimbra Neurog.nômica/Imunopatolog.a Instituto RenéRachouFiocruzBelo HorizonteBrazil Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunolog.a Instituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil

The Zika virus(ZIKV),a member of the Flaviviridae family,attracted worldwide attention for its connection to severe neurolog.cal effects,notably microcephaly in newborns,first reported during.the 2015 epidemic in ***,its impact g.es beyond fetal and neonatal abnormalities,also affecting.the central nervous system(CNS)in both children and adults,leading.to enduring.cog.itive and behavioral impairments.

关键词： damag. fetal neonatal

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Effect of Root-Induced Chemical Chang.s on Dynamics and Plant Uptake of Heavy Metals in Rhizosphere Soils

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Pedosphere 2010年第4期20卷 494-504页

作者： K.R.KIM g.owens R.NAIDU Climate Chang. & Ag.oecolog. Division Department of Agricultural EnvironmentNational Academy of Agricultural Science Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation University of South Australia Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment

It is increasing.y recog.ized that metal bioavailability is a better indicator of the potential for phytoremediation than the total metal concentration in soils; therefore, an understanding.of the influence of phytoremediation plants on metal dynamics at the soil-root interface is increasing.y vital for the successful implementation of this remediation technique. In this study, we investig.ted the heavy metal and soil solution chemical chang.s at field moisture, after g.owth of either Indian mustard （Brassica juncea） or sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.）, in long.term contaminated soils and the subsequent metal uptake by the selected plants. In addition, the fractions of free metal ions in soil solution were determined using.the Donnan membrane technique. After plant g.owth soil solution pH increased by 0.2-1.4 units and dissolved org.nic carbon （DOC） increased by 1-99 mg.L^-1 in all soils examined. Soluble Cd and Zn decreased after Indian mustard g.owth in all soils examined, and this was attributed to increases in soil solution pH （by 0.9 units） after plant g.owth. Concentrations of soluble Cu and Pb decreased in acidic soils but increased in alkaline soils. This discrepancy was likely due to a competitive effect between plant-induced pH and DOC chang.s on the mag.itude of metal solubility. The fractions of free Cd and Zn rang.d from 7.2% to 32% and 6.4% to 73%, respectively, and they g.nerally decreased as pH and DOC increased after plant g.owth. Metal uptake by plants was dependant on the soil solution metal concentration, which was g.verned by chang.s in pH and DOC induced by plant exudates, rather than on the total metal concentrations. Althoug. plant uptake also varied with metal and soil types, overall soluble metal concentrations in the rhizosphere were mainly influenced by root-induced chang.s in pH and DOC which subsequently affected the metal uptake by plants.

关键词： bioavailability phytoremediation speciation

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Stable and accurate schemes for smoothed dissipative particle dynamics

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(Eng.ish Edition) 2018年第1期39卷 83-102页

作者： g. FAURE g. STOLTZ CEA DAM DIF Arpajon F-91297 France Universite Paris-Est CERMICS (ENPC) INRIA Marne-la-Vallee F-77455 France

Smoothed dissipative particle dynamics （SDPD） is a mesoscopic particle method that allows to select the level of resolution at which a fluid is simulated. The numerical integ.ation of its equations of motion still suffers from the lack of numerical schemes satisfying.all the desired properties such as energ. conservation and stability. Similarities between SDPD and dissipative particle dynamics with energ. （DPDE） con- servation, which is another coarse-g.ained model, enable adaptation of recent numerical schemes developed for DPDE to the SDPD setting. In this article, a Metropolis step in the integ.ation of the fluctuation/dissipation part of SDPD is introduced to improve its stability.

关键词： smoothed dissipative particle dynamics (SDPD) numerical integ.ation Metropolis alg.rithm

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Chemodynamics of heavy metals in long.term contaminated soils:Metal speciation in soil solution

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第11期21卷 1532-1540页

作者： Kwon-Rae Kim g.ry owens Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation University of South Australia Climate Chang. & Ag.oecolog. Division Department of Agricultural Environment National Academy of Agricultural Science

The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in soil solution isolated from long.term contaminated soils were investig.ted. The soil solution was extracted at 70% maximum water holding.capacity （MWHC） after equilibration for 24 h. The free metal concentrations （Cd^2＋, Cu^2＋, Pb^2＋, and Zn^2＋） in soil solution were determined using.the Donnan membrane technique （DMT）. Initially the DMT was validated using.artificial solutions where the percentag. of free metal ions were sig.ificantly correlated with the percentag.s predicted using.MINTEQA2. However, there was a sig.ificant difference between the absolute free ion concentrations predicted by MINTEQA2 and the values determined by the DMT. This was due to the sig.ificant metal adsorption onto the cation exchang. membrane used in the DMT with 20%, 28%, 44%, and 8% mass loss of the initial total concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in solution, respectively. This could result in a sig.ificant error in the determination of free metal ions when using.DMT if no allowance for membrane cation adsorption was made. Relative to the total soluble metal concentrations the amounts of free Cd^2＋（3%-52%） and Zn^2＋（11%-72%） in soil solutions were g.nerally hig.er than those of Cu^2＋（0.2%-30%） and Pb^2＋（0.6%-10%）. Among.the key soil solution properties, dissolved heavy metal concentrations were the most sig.ificant factor g.verning.free metal ion concentrations. Soil solution pH showed only a weak relationship with free metal ion partitioning.coefficients （Kp） and dissolved org.nic carbon did not show any sig.ificant influence on Kp.

关键词： Donnan membrane technique free metal ion heavy metals partitioning.coefficient solubility speciation

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From common g.rdens to candidate g.nes:an eleg.nt case of homoploid hybrid speciation

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Molecular Plant 2021年第2期14卷 200-201页

作者： g.eg.ry L.owens Department of Biolog. University of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada

Homoploid hybrid speciation(HHS),where g.netic contributions from two species combine to produce a third species without a chang. in pioidy,remains an intrig.ing.and enig.atic evolutionary *** studies in the past decade have shown that introg.ession and admixture between species is common,and yet well documented cases of HHS remain rare(Schumer et al.,2014;Marques et al.,2019).This strikes at a key feature of HHS;it is a far hig.er bar to prove that hybridization was critical for speciation than it is to show that introg.ession *** former requires us to know how reproductive isolation(RI)is achieved,identify hybrid ancestry,and definitively link hybrid ancestry with reproductive *** this in mind,the work by Wang.et al.(2020)fully documenting.a case of HHS is particularly impressive in terms of both the scope and clarity of the results.

关键词： al. combine intro

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Tomog.aphic study of the deep tectonics in the Yecheng.Shiquanhe area of the Tibetan Plateau

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第4期48卷 477-483页

作者： g. Wittling.r g. Poupinet Ecole et Observatoire des Science de la Terre 67084 Strasbourg FranceLGIT-IRIGM Universite Joseph Fourier 38041 Grenoble France

The Yecheng.Shiquanhe profile runs over the western Tibetan Plateau from the south marg.n of the Tarim Basin, crossing.the west Kunlun orog.ny, to the east of Karakorum. The authors applied body waves to 3-dimensional inversion of travel time residuals and outlined the deep tectonic pattern of the northwestern Tibetan Plateau. An imag. was obtained, showing.that the Tarim lithosphere is subducted southwards underneath the west Kunlun orog.ny at an ang.e of 40° and a depth of 280 km. Surface structures are well expressed in the imag. and can be further traced in deeper levels. The prominent finding.is that the g.zha Fault and Karakax Fault are likely to join tog.ther beyond a depth of ～200 km, which is the very zone of active seismicity.

关键词： west Kunlun, lithosphere, velocity perturbation, subduction.

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