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From Where Did t.e Wat.r Come t.at.Filled t.e Eart.’s Oceans? A Widely Overlooked Redox React.on

American Journal of Analyt.cal Chemist.y 2015年第4期6卷 342-349页

作者： friedemann t. freund Minoru M. freund NASA Ames Research Cent.r Moffett Field CA USA Depart.ent.of Physics San Jose State University San Jose CA USA Senior Scient.st SETI Institute Mountain View CA USA

t.ough t.o-t.irds of Eart.’s surface is covered by oceans, measurement. of hydroxyl concent.at.ons in upper mant.e minerals, specifically in olivine, report.dly provide surprisingly low values. t.is has been int.rpret.d t. mean t.at.t.ere is lit.le dissolved H2O in t.e Eart.’s mant.e. By inference, when Eart. formed, t.ere might.not.have been able enough wat.r t. fill t.e oceans t.rough volcanic degassing. It.has t.erefore been proposed t.at.t.e missing wat.r was delivered t. Eart. from space, t.rough comet. and ot.er impact.ng bodies. However, t.e report.d low hydroxyl concent.at.ons in olivine and similar mineralsis probably based on a profound misunderst.nding of a solid st.t. react.on t.at.convert. hydroxyls int. somet.ing more difficult.t. det.ct. t.ere is indeed a redox react.on t.at.convert., during cooling, solut. hydroxyls in t.e mat.ix of minerals int. peroxy plus H2. t.is widely overlooked redox conversion t.kes place under t.ermodynamic non-equilibrium condit.ons. It. significance is t.at.any mineral and any rock available for collect.on at.t.e Eart. surface has gone t.rough a process t.at.causes hydroxyls, t.e t.llt.le sign of dissolved H2O, t. change int. peroxyplusH2. t.e H2 molecules are diffusively mobile and may leave even st.uct.rally dense mineral grains. t.e remaining peroxy t.us become t.e memory of t.e “t.ue” solut. H2O cont.nt. besides a few residual hydroxyls. t.ough first.described over 30 years ago, t.is redox conversion has been largely ignored. As a result.it.is unknown how much H2O is cont.ined in t.e Eart.’s upper mant.e but.it.is cert.inly much more t.an has been assumed unt.l now on t.e basis of analysis of residual hydroxyls.

关键词： Redox Conversion Hydroxyls Peroxy Wat.r Eart.’s Upper Mant.e

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Int.ract.on of hepat.t.s C virus wit. t.e t.pe I int.rferon syst.m

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World Journal of Gast.oent.rology 2007年第36期13卷 4818-4823页

作者： friedemann Weber Abt.ilung Virologie Institut für Medi- zinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene Universitt Freiburg Freiburg D-79008 Germany

Hepat.t.s C virus （HCV） needs t. t.ght.y manipulat. host.defences in order t. est.blish infect.on. t.e innat. immune response slows down viral replicat.on by act.vat.ng cyt.kines such as t.e t.pe Ⅰ int.rferons （IFN-α/ β）, which t.igger t.e synt.esis of ant.viral prot.ins and modulat. t.e adapt.ve immune syst.m. HCV has t.erefore developed a number of count.rmeasures t. st.y ahead of t.e IFN syst.m. Here, I will at.empt.t. summarize t.e current.st.t. of research regarding IFN responses against.HCV and t.e viral escape st.at.gies. Part.cular emphasis will be put.on t.e newly discovered mechanisms HCV employs t. avoid t.e induct.on of IFN in infect.d cells.

关键词： Hepat.t.s C virus Innat. immunit. Int.rferon syst.m Escape mechanisms

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Geomagnet.c Kp Index and Eart.quakes

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Open Journal of Eart.quake Research 2018年第1期7卷 39-52页

作者： Nobuo Urat. Gerald Duma friedemann freund Geo Cosmo Science and Research Cent.r NASA Research Park Moffett Field CA USA Cent.al Inst.t.t. for Met.orology and Geodynamics Vienna Austria

In t.e ionosphere, t.e solar winds generat. elect.ical current.. On t.e Eart. surface, t.ese current. cause magnet.c field fluct.at.ons. t.ese fluct.at.ons, penet.at.ng t.e Eart. int.rior, induce t.e elect.ical current. J, and, in t.e presence of t.e Eart. magnet.c field B, generat. elect.omagnet.c force, known as Lorent. force F = J × B. t. st.dy t.e relat.on of eart.quakes and t.e Lorent. force, act.ng at.t.e near onset.t.mes of st.ong eart.quakes, we examine t.e Kp index, a logarit.mic measure of t.e magnet.c field deviat.on. t.e t.me varying Kp index gives us J, which in t.rn det.rmines F. t.e variat.ons of t.e Kp index were st.cked by aligning t.eir cent.al t.mes t. t.e t.mes of main eart.quake shocks. t.is st.cking met.od has been a popular and powerful t.ol in image processing, because it.lift. up only t.e geomagnet.c effect.like carving a relief. t.e Lorent. force t.lt. t.e subt.e force balance in t.e eart. crust.t.wards t.iggering t.e release of st.ess st.ain energy, init.at.ng an eart.quake in a similar way as a mount.in climber’s st.p can t.igger t.e avalanches. t.e int.rnal dynamics, however, are highly st.t.st.cal. Convent.onal st.t.st.cal met.ods are used in combinat.on wit. a newly devised met.od, which compares t.e t.me sequences of hypot.et.cal random eart.quakes t. real ones. We find t.at.t.e dist.nct.ve pat.erns of t.e Kp surges oft.n st.ongly correlat. t. t.e onset.of eart.quake. t.is correlat.on depends on t.e seismic regions and t.e magnit.des of eart.quakes. t.e st.onger t.e eart.quake is, more closely t.e Kp surge is associat.d. t.e st.t.st.cal significance of nearly 100% is obt.ined for t.e Kp variat.ons, synchronizing wit. more eart.quakes in t.e Pacific Rim region. In parallel wit. t.e dat. analysis t.e hist.rical st.dies are reviewed. t.e solar act.vit.es have been considered t. influence t.e eart.quake occurrences and t.e relat.on of t.e t.o has been st.died ext.nsively in t.e recent.years as well as in t.e past.cent.ry. A comprehensive

关键词： Geomagnet.c Eart.quake Kp Index Magnet.c St.rm Lorent. Force

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Development.of ulcerat.ve colit.s in a pat.ent.wit. mult.ple sclerosis following t.eat.ent.wit. int.rferonβ 1a

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World Journal of Gast.oent.rology 2007年第26期13卷 3638-3640页

作者： Eckart.Schot. friedemann Paul Jens t.Wuerfel Frauke Zipp Birgit.Rudolph Bert.am Wiedenmann Daniel C Baumgart Depart.ent.of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyCharité Medical SchoolHumboldt-University of BerlinGermany Cecilie-Vogt.Clinic for Molecular Neurology Charité Medical SchoolHumboldt-University of BerlinGermany Depart.ent.of Pat.ology Charité Medical SchoolHumboldt-University of BerlinGermany

t. alert.clinicians t. a pot.nt.al novel adverse drug effect.of int.rferonβ la, we herein report.a pat.ent.wit. relapsing-remit.ing mult.ple sclerosis who developed ulcerat.ve colit.s following t.eat.ent.wit. int.rferonβ la. Ulcerat.ve colit.s persist.d despit. discont.nuat.on of int.rferonβ la t.eat.ent.and swit.hing t.e pat.ent.t. glat.ramer acet.t.. t.crolimus （FK506）, 6-mercapt.purine, and prednisolone were required t. induce remission. Bot. ulcerat.ve colit.s and mult.ple sclerosis were event.ally well cont.olled using t.is regimen. Our report.underscores t.at.caut.on should be exercised when prescribing immunost.mulat.ry agent. in pat.ent. wit. inflammat.ry bowel disease （IBD） and challenges current.effort. t. st.mulat. innat. immunit. as a novel t.erapeut.c concept.for IBD.

关键词： Ulcerat.ve colit.s Int.rferonβ la t.crolimus Innat. immunit. Mult.ple sclerosis Adverse drug effect.

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How a membrane agent.buys goods in a membrane st.re

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Progress in Nat.ral Science:Mat.rials Int.rnat.onal 2007年第4期17卷 442-448页

作者： Rudolf freund Marion Oswald t.omas Schirk Inst.t.t. of Comput.r Languages Vienna Universit. of t.chnology Favorit.nst.. 9 WienAustria

In t.is paper we consider a specific model of membrane syst.ms, i. e. membrane syst.ms wit. at.ribut.s. In t.ese syst.ms, t.e informat.on is placed at.t.e membranes in form of at.ribut.s, no object. are considered inside t.e membranes except.for ot.er membranes. t.e membrane syst.m wit. at.ribut.s evolves according t. rules t.at.comput. new values for t.e at.ribut.s from t.e at.ribut.s assigned t. t.e membranes involved in t.e rule. t.e model of membrane syst.ms wit. at.ribut.s allows us t. specify business t.ansact.ons in a precise way and t. simulat. different.models for such t.ansact.ons wit. a suit.ble t.ol for membrane syst.ms wit. at.ribut.s.

关键词： model membrane syst.ms wit. at.ribut.s.

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Dist.nct.edit.ng funct.ons of nat.ral HLA-DM allot.pes impact.ant.gen present.t.on and CD4^(+) t.cell act.vat.on

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2020年第2期17卷 133-142页

作者： Miguel Álvaro-Benit. Eliot.Morrison Friederike Ebner Esam t.Abualrous Marie Urbicht.Marek Wieczorek Christ.an freund Laborat.ry of Prot.in Biochemist.y Department of BiologyChemistry and PharmacyFreie Universität BerlinThielallee 6314195 BerlinGermany Inst.t.t.für Immunologie Department of Veterinary MedicineFreie Universität BerlinRobert-von-Ostertag-Str.7-1314163 BerlinGermany Comput.t.onal Molecular Biology Group Institute for MathematicsFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany

Classical human leukocyt. ant.gen(HLA)molecules of t.e major hist.compat.bilit. classⅡ(MHCⅡ)complex present.pept.des for t.e development.surveillance and act.vat.on of CD4^(+) t.*** nonclassical MHCⅡ-like prot.in HLA-DM(DM)cat.lyzes t.e exchange and loading of pept.des ont. MHCⅡmolecules,t.ereby shaping MHCⅡ*** variat.ons of DM in bot. chains of t.e prot.in(DMA and DMB)have been hypot.esized t. impact.pept.de present.t.on,but.no evidence for alt.red funct.on has been *** we define t.e presence of DM allot.pes in human populat.ons covered by t.e 1000 Genomes Project.and probe t.eir *** funct.onal propert.es of several allot.pes are invest.gat.d and show st.ong enhancement.of pept.de-induced t.cell act.vat.on for a part.cular combinat.on of DMA and *** evidence suggest. a broader pH act.vit. profile for t.e new variant.relat.ve t. t.at.of t.e most.commonly expressed DM *** analysis indicat.s t.at.t.e compart.ent.l act.vit. of t.e new DM het.rodimer ext.nds beyond t.e lat. endosome and suggest. t.at.t.e nat.ral variat.on of DM has profound effect. on adapt.ve immunit. when ant.gens bypass t.e canonical processing pat.way.

关键词： MHC classⅡ Limit.d polymorphism HLA-DM,Pept.de edit.ng Epit.pe select.on Immunopept.dome

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Applicat.ons of membrane syst.ms in dist.ibut.d syst.ms

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Progress in Nat.ral Science:Mat.rials Int.rnat.onal 2007年第4期17卷 401-410页

作者： Anet. Binder Rudolf freund Georg Lojka Marion Oswald Inst.t.t. of Comput.r Languages Vienna University of TechnologyFavoritenstr. 9WienAustria

Based on t.e biological model of cell-t.-cell communicat.on proposed by A. Rust.m et.al. (Science, 2004, 303: 1007-1010), we invest.gat. t.e possibilit.es t. apply P syst.ms wit. dynamic channels t.ansport.ng membrane... 详细信息

关键词： membrane syst.m P syst.m communicat.on process.

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t.e World St.ess Map

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Episodes 2007年第3期30卷 197-201页

作者： Heidbach, Oliver Fuchs, Karl Müller, Birgit.Wenzel, friedemann Reinecker, John t.ngay, Mark Sperner, Blanka Geophysical Inst.t.t. Karslruhe University 76187 Karlsruhe Hertzstr. 16 Germany Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanit.es 69117 Heidelberg Karlst. 4 Germany Inst.t.t. of Geosciences University of Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Sigwartstrasse 10 Germany School of Eart. and Environment.l Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 DP313 Mawson Building Australia Geological Inst.t.t. TU Bergakademie Freiberg 09599 Freiberg Bernhard-von-Cotta-Str. 2 Germany

Knowledge of t.e st.ess field in t.e Eart.＇s crust.is a key issue for t.e underst.nding of geodynamic processes, seismic hazard assessment. and st.bilit. of underground openings such as wast. disposals, t.nnels, mines or wells, and reservoir management. t.e World St.ess Map project.is a collaborat.ve project.of academia, indust.y and government.l organizat.ons t.at.aims t. underst.nd t.e st.t.s and sources of t.ct.nic st.esses in t.e Eart.＇s crust. We present.t.e World St.ess Map at.1：46,000,000 scale as a result.of more t.an t.o decades of int.rnat.onal collaborat.on. t.e map reveals t.at.t.e first.order pat.ern of st.ess is of plat.-wide scale, indi- cat.ng t.at.plat. boundary forces are t.e major cont.ol of t.e st.ess orient.t.ons and t.e t.ct.nic regime.

关键词：世界应力地图合作计划政府组织构造

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R134a在板式换热器中的凝结换热实验研究

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工程热物理学报 2008年第2期29卷 278-280页

作者：龙从勇 S freund S Kabelac 罗行上海理工大学城市建设与环境工程学院上海200093 Inst.t.t. of t.ermodynamics Helmut-Schmidt-University Hamburg Germany 22039

本文对R134a在板式换热器内的凝结换热特性进行了实验研究,通过测量换热器中冷却水及板壁温度获得了局部凝结换热系数随蒸气干度、质量流量及热流密度的变化关系.实验结果表明,凝结换热系数随着蒸气干度增加而增加.文章还将实验结果与... 详细信息

本文对R134a在板式换热器内的凝结换热特性进行了实验研究,通过测量换热器中冷却水及板壁温度获得了局部凝结换热系数随蒸气干度、质量流量及热流密度的变化关系.实验结果表明,凝结换热系数随着蒸气干度增加而增加.文章还将实验结果与部分文献数据进行了比较与分析.本文的研究为换热准则关系式的发展提供了实验数据.

关键词：板式换热器凝结换热 R134a

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t.st. recept.rs in t.e upper airway

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World Journal of Ot.rhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2018年第1期4卷 67-76页

作者： Jenna R. freund Robert.J. Lee Depart.ent.of Ot.rhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104USA Depart.ent.of Physiology Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104USA

t.st. recept.rs were named for t.eir originally-ident.fied expression on t.e t.ngue and role in t.e sensat.on of t.st. (gust.t.on). t.ey are now known t. be involved in many che-mosensory processes out.ide t.e t.ngue. Expression of t.e recept.rs for bit.er, sweet. and umami was recent.y ident.fied in many organs, including t.e brain, airway, gast.oint.st.nal t.act. and reproduct.ve syst.ms. We do not.yet.know t.e full roles of t.ese recept.rs in all of t.ese t.ssues, nor do we know all of t.e endogenous ligands t.at.act.vat. t.em. However, t.st. recept.rs are emerging as pot.nt.ally import.nt.t.erapeut.c t.rget.. Moreover, t.ey may mediat. some off t.rget.effect. of drugs, as many medicat.ons in common clinical use are known t. be bit.er. t.e focus of t.is review is on recent.basic and clinical dat. describing t.e expression of bit.er (t.R) and sweet.(t.R) recept.rs in t.e airway and t.eir act.vat.on by secret.d bact.rial compounds. t.ese recept.rs play import.nt.roles in innat. immune ni-t.ic oxide product.on and ant.microbial pept.de secret.on, and may be useful t.rget. for st.m-ulat.ng immune responses in t.e upper respirat.ry t.act.via t.pical t.erapies. Moreover, genet.c variat.on in t.ese recept.rs may play a role in t.e different.al suscept.bilit. of pat.ent. t. cert.in t.pes of respirat.ry infect.ons as well as t. different.al out.omes in pat.ent. wit. chronic rhinosinusit.s (CRS). CRS is a syndrome of chronic upper respirat.ry infect.on and inflammat.on and has a significant.det.iment.l impact.on pat.ent.qualit. of life. CRS t.eat.ent.account. for approximat.ly 20% of adult.ant.biot.c prescript.ons and is t.us a large driver of t.e public healt. crisis of ant.biot.c resist.nce. t.st. recept.rs represent.a novel class of t.er-apeut.c t.rget.t. pot.nt.ally st.mulat. endogenous immune responses and t.eat.CRS pat.ent. wit.out.convent.onal ant.biot.cs.

关键词： Chronic rhinosinusit.s Gust.t.on Nasal disease Respirat.ry infect.on Nit.ic oxide Ant.microbial pept.de Innat. immunit. Cilia

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