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Adoption and Scaling-Up of Conservation Agriculture in Tanzania: Case of Arusha and Dodoma Regions

Natural Resources 2014年第4期5卷 161-176页

作者： frederick cassian kahimba Khamaldin Daud Mutabazi Siza Donald Tumbo Kenneth Francis Masuki Winfred Baptist Mbungu Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central Africa (ASARECA) Entebbe Uganda Soil-Water Management Research Group Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania

A study was conducted to assess the adoption and scaling-up of Conservation Agriculture in Arumeru district, Arusha region, northern Tanzania and Chamwino and Dodoma Urban districts in Dodoma region, Central Tanzania. The study employed structured questionnaire survey and key informant interviews as the main data collection methods. Data analysis was done descriptively to determine factors that influence the adoption. Results showed that farmers in Arusha have highly adopted terraces, minimum tillage and cover cropping whereas their counterparts in Dodoma have highly adopted large planting pits, minimum tillage, and rippers. The intensity of adoption in Arusha is higher for the wealthy compared to the poor while in Dodoma the wealth status was not a factor that influenced adoption of the Conservation Agriculture (CA) technologies. The process of technology adoption should include the use of various participatory methods including farmer field schools, experimental plots, farmer exchange visits, and training of trainers among others. Use of farmer groups, incentives, and support instruments such as Savings and Credit Co-operative Society (SACCOS) or warehouse receipts systems are also important to ensure that farmers realize some acceptable profits from their efforts. Involvement of various stakeholders is also very important including local governments and agricultural change agents at national, regional, district, ward and village levels. Hence, the intention to promote CA technologies should not only look at the economic importance, but also its socio-economic importance to the local people in the area. Their desire to adopt and out-scale a technology should be among the most important investment factors that the government and development partners should consider.

关键词： Social Capital Diffusion Water System Innovation Conservation Agriculture

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Estimating Evapotranspiration of Maize under Different Management Practices in a Semiarid Tropical Area Using the Soil Water Balance Method

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第8期10卷 170-198页

作者： Kobusinge Aloys Nyabwisho Fredrick cassian kahimba Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) Tanga Tanzania Soil and Water Division Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences KU Leuven Belgium Department of Engineering Sciences and Technology Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania

Smallholder farmers in semiarid areas face low and erratic rainfall and need field management practices that conserve water in the root zone. This work evaluated the effect of mulching and DD (deep tillage) practices as a way to conserve soil moisture and thus improve water availability and maize crop yield in this water-scarce environment. The field experiment was carried out in which the soil moisture content (SMC) was monitored and the other water balance components were measured to quantify the crop ET with the soil water balance (SWB) method. The components of the SWB (rainfall, supplemental irrigation, runoff, deep percolation and change of soil moisture content) were measured for three consecutive seasons of 2018-2019, i.e. two long rain seasons (Masika 2018 and 2019) and one short-rains season (Vuli 2018). The estimation of the deep percolation (DP) involved calculating water fluxes from hydraulic properties measured in the laboratory and from hydraulic gradients measured with tensiometers in the field plots. Treatments significantly affected ET (p < 0.05) during the Vuli 2018 season. The estimated ET was highest in FC plots, medium in DD, and FCM recorded the lowest ET value. The significant difference in ET was between FCM and other treatments. Relative to a control treatment (farmers’ cultivation, FC), mulching (FCM) reduced evapotranspiration by 14% and 18% during more water-stressed seasons of Vuli 2018 and Masika 2019. The ET reduction among the treatments was in line with the reduction in soil evaporation, as reflected in the results (of the other article of the same work). The crop transpiration was observed higher, which was consistent with the higher canopy cover observations for the two treatments relative to the FC treatment. Also, while the mulch practice did not affect ET during the first and less water-stressed season of Masika 2018, DD reduced it by 9% and showed no effect during other seasons.

关键词： Evapotranspiration Deep Percolation Soil Hydraulic Properties Makanya Catchment Semi-Arid

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Assessing the Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Hydrology of the Mbarali River Sub-Catchment. The Case of Upper Great Ruaha Sub-Basin, Tanzania

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Engineering（科研） 2018年第9期10卷 616-635页

作者： Edmund Mutayoba Japhet J. Kashaigili frederick C. kahimba Winfred Mbungu Nyemo A. Chilagane Department of Built Environmental Engineering Mbeya University of Science and Technology Mbeya Tanzania Department of Engineering Science and Technology Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Department of Forest Resource Assessment and Management Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania

Intensification of agricultural land use and population growth from 1990-2017 has caused changes in land cover and land use of the Mbarali River sub-catchment which is located in the Upper Great Ruaha Sub basin, Tanzania. This has affected the magnitude of the surface runoff, total water yield and the groundwater flow. This study assesses the impacts of the land cover and land use changes on the stream flows and hydrological water balance components (surface runoff, water yield, percolation and actual evapotranspiration). The land use and land cover (LULC) maps for three window period snapshots, 1990, 2006 and 2017 were created from Landsat TM and OLI_TIRS with the help of QGIS version 2.6. Supervised classification was used to generate LULC maps using the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm and Kappa statistics for assessment of accuracy. SWAT was set up and run to simulate stream flows and hydrological water balance components. The assessment of the impacts of land use and land cover changes on stream flows and hydrological water balance component was performed by comparing hydrological parameters simulated by SWAT using land use scenarios of 2006 and 2017 against the baseline land use scenario of 1990. Accuracy of LULC classification was good with Kappa statistics ranging between 0.9 and 0.99. There was a drastic increase in areal coverage of cultivated land, for periods 1990-2006 (5.84%) and 2006-2017 (12.05%) compared to other LULC. During 2006 and 2017 surface runoff increased by 4% and 9% respectively;however, water yield increased by only 0.5% compared to 1990 baseline period. This was attributed to increased proportion of cultivated land in the sub-catchment which has a high curve number (59.60) that indicates a higher runoff response and low infiltration rate.

关键词： Geographic Information System (GIS) Mbarali River Sub-Catchment Land Use and Cover Change Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Water Balance Stream Flow

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Testing of Decision Making Tools for Village Land Use Planning and Natural Resources Management in Kilimanjaro Region

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2014年第13期4卷 446-458页

作者： Anthony Z. Sangeda frederick C. kahimba Reuben A. L. Kashaga Ernest Semu Christopher P. Mahonge Francis X. Mkanda Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Sustainable Land Management Project Regional Commissioner’s Office Moshi Tanzania

This paper focuses on participatory testing of decision making tools (DMTs) at village level to assist in development of land use plans (LUPs) for sustainable land management (SLM) in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Data were collected using conditional surveys through key informant interviews with the project’s district stakeholders in each district, focused group discussions with selected villagers and participatory mapping of natural resources. Soil health, land degradation, carbon stock, and hydrological conditions were assessed in the seven pilot villages in all seven districts using DMTs as part of testing and validation. Results indicated soils of poor to medium health, and land degradation as portrayed by gullies and wind erosion in lowlands and better in uplands. Carbon and forest disturbance status could not be assessed using one-year data but hydrological analysis revealed that water resources were relatively good in uplands and poor in the lowlands. Challenges with regard to land use include increased gully erosion, decreased stream flow, reduced vegetation cover due to shifting from coffee with tree sheds to annual crops farming, cultivation near water sources, and overgrazing. Empowering the community with decision making tools at village level is essential to ensure that village land uses are planned in a participatory manner for sustainable land and natural resources management in Kilimanjaro and other regions in Tanzania.

关键词： Decision Making Tool Land Use Planning Sustainable Land Management Natural Resources Management Kilimanjaro

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Adopting the system of rice intensification (SRI) in Tanzania: A review

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Agricultural Sciences 2013年第8期4卷 369-375页

作者： Zacharia Katambara frederick C. kahimba Henry F. Mahoo Winfred B. Mbungu Fikiri Mhenga Paul Reuben Muyenjwa Maugo Anthony Nyarubamba Department of Agricultural Engineering and Land Planning Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Department of Civil Engineering Mbeya University of Science and Technology Mbeya Tanzania Directorate of Irrigation Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives Morogoro Tanzania

The demand of water for irrigation purposes in Tanzania outstrips the amount of water available for irrigation and other demands. On the other hand, the demand for more food to feed the growing population is increasing, calling for the need to have technologies and farming practices that ensure more food production while minimizing water uses. Rice is among cereal crops grown in Tanzania, and it can assist in meeting the food demand for the nation. Majority of rice producers in Tanzania and Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA) are subsistence farmers and they practice continuous flooding, a technique that requires much water. In addition to using large amounts of water, the conventional practices of growing paddy using local varieties transplanting process are implemented when seedlings are more than 21 days old, and 3-4 seedlings are transplanted in one hole. This practice results in low yields, and low water productivity and water use efficiency. The system of rice intensification (SRI) on the other hand, is a promising new practice of growing paddy rice that has proven to be very effective in saving water and increasing rice yields in many parts of the world. SRI practice is spreading fast and it has been adopted in many countries. The SRI practice has been introduced in Tanzania during the last 3 years as such it is not widely practiced. This paper reviews SRI practice at global, regional and country (Tanzania) level, and evaluates the challenges, opportunities and implications for its adoption in Tanzania. Knowledge gaps at each level have been identified and discussed as well as suggestions for researchable areas.

关键词： System of Rice Intensification Rice Production Paddy Alternate Wetting and Drying

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