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Jour.al of Moder. Physics 2022年第5期13卷 682-699页

作者： frank r. tangherlini San Diego CA USA

Highly accur.te algebr.ic r.lations between the fine str.ctur. constant a and a wide r.nge of par.icle masses ar. given, r.nging fr.m Δa/a = (2.1 ±0.1)×10-7 to Δa/a = (-2.7 ±0.3 ±0.6)×10-8, and with a ver. lar.e standar. deviation, r.nging to Δa/a = -5.5×10-9. The analysis is based on empir.cal r.lations that exist among some par.icle masses, and also on sever.l theor.tical assumptions, of which the most significant is that the electr.magnetic contr.bution to the electr.n’s mass is finite, and given by f ameb, wher. f is a dimensionless par.meter.that is shown to be equal to 1.032409810 (63), and wher. meb is the electr.n’s “bar. mass.” The r.lations for.a and f ar. homogeneous degr.e zer. in the par.icle masses. The r.lations for.f in ter.s of par.icle masses ar. found by tr.al and er.or. A quadr.tic equation is given r.lating a to f and me/mp. This equation is used in the application to cosmological measur.ments of a, and , wher. it is shown that, to a few per.ent accur.cy, δa/a ≈ -δμ/μ. This r.lation can ser.e to test the validity of measur.ments of a and μ.

关键词： Fine Str.ctur. Constant Par.icle Masses Pr.ton-Electr.n Mass r.tio Cosmological Measur.ment

A Possible Solution to the Disagr.ement about the Hubble Constant II

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Jour.al of Moder. Physics 2020年第8期11卷 1215-1235页

作者： frank r. tangherlini San Diego CA USA

This wor. continues the pr.vious study (2018) Jour.al of Moder. Physics. 9, 1827-1837, that pr.poses that the disagr.ement ar.ses because the cosmic micr.wave backgr.und (CMB) value for.the Hubble constant H0 is actually for.a univer.e which is deceler.ting r.ther.than acceler.ting. It is shown that when H0 of Fr.edman et al. (2019) Astr.physical Jour.al, 882: 34 (24 pp.) is r.-deter.ined for.r.dshift z = 0.07, by r.placing q0 = −0.53 with r.al;">qr.al;">0 r.al;">= −0.5, the new lower.value is in excellent agr.ement (0.1%) with the CMB H0. The model is modified to include the cluster.ng of galaxies, and the r.cognition that ther. ar. cluster. that do not exper.ence the Hubble expansion, such as the Local Gr.up, and hence, in accor.ance with the model, within the Local Gr.up the speed of light is c. The bear.ng of this r.sult on the neutr.no and light time delay fr.m SN1987a is discussed. It is suggested that the possible emission of a neutr.no fr.m the blazar.TXS-0506+56, that was flar.ng at the time, as well as possible neutr.no emission ear.ier. may ar.se instead fr.m a mor. distant sour.e that happens to be, angle-wise, near.the blazar. and hence the cor.elation is accidental. The model is fur.her.modified to allow for.a var.able index of r.fr.ction, and a compar.son with the ΛCDM model is given. The age of the univer.e for.differ.nt values of H0 is studied, and compar.son with the ages of the oldest star. in the Milky Way is discussed. Also, gr.vitational wave deter.ination of H0 is br.efly discussed.

关键词： Hubble Constant Disagr.ement Deceler.ting Univer.e Galactic Cluster. Age of Univer.e

A Possible Alter.ative to the Acceler.ting Univer.e III

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Jour.al of Moder. Physics 2016年第13期7卷 1829-1844页

作者： frank r. tangherlini San Diego CA USA

This wor. extends the author.s two pr.vious wor.s (2015), Jour.al of Moder. Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370, by obtaining the index of r.fr.ction n of the dar. ener.y for.additional values of the cosmological density par.meter., and for.the two methods of obtaining n: least squar.s fit, and electr.magnetic theor.. Compar.son of the alter.ative model with the acceler.ting univer.e for.the new values of the density par.meter. and n is given in two tables. The new values for.n ar. used to obtain a r.nge of ages for.the Einstein de Sitter.(EdS) univer.e. It is shown that the EdS univer.e must be older.than the compar.son acceler.ting univer.e. This r.quir.ment is met for.the Planck 2015 value of the Hubble constant, cor.ected for.the speed of light r.duction by n. A suppor.ing measur.ment as well as a disagr.eing measur.ment is also discussed. Possible suppor. fr.m a stellar.age deter.ination is also discussed. It is shown that the expr.ssion obtained ear.ier.for.the incr.ased appar.nt magnitude of the SNe Ia pr.vides as good a fit for.a closed univer.e with Ω(tot = 1.005) , as it does for.the flat EdS univer.e. Compar.son is pr.sented in a thir. table. An upper.bound on ΩΛ is given for.a closed univer.e that eventually collapses back on itself that is too small for.the value needed for.the acceler.ting univer.e.

关键词： Dar. Ener.y Speed of Light Age of Univer.e Closed Univer.e

A Possible Alter.ative to the Acceler.ting Univer.e IV

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Jour.al of Moder. Physics 2017年第4期8卷 622-635页

作者： frank r. tangherlini P.O. Box 928211 San Diego CA 92192 USA

This wor. br.efly r.views and extends the author.s thr.e pr.vious wor.s (2015), Jour.al of Moder. Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370;(2016), 7, 1829-1844 that pr.pose as an alter.ative to the acceler.ting ΛCDM univer.e, the deceler.ting Einstein de Sitter.(EdS) univer.e, in which dar. ener.y is a differ.nt phase of dar. matter.located only in inter.alactic space (IGS), and that instead of a negative pr.ssur., it has an index of r.fr.ction n≈1.50, and hence a r.duced speed of light c / n thr.ugh it. This allows the EdS univer.e to expand the extr. distance necessar. to obtain the diminished br.ghtness of the Type Ia super.ovae. In view of the r.cent suggestion that the univer.e is not acceler.ting, but possibly expanding unifor.ly, a table is given compar.ng both the acceler.ting and unifor.ly expanding univer.es with the EdS univer.e supplemented by the r.duced speed of light. It is shown that fitting the unifor.ly expanding univer.e leads to a smaller.value of n, and hence too shor. an age for.the EdS univer.e, unlike the case with fitting the acceler.ting univer.e. The main r.sult is that the pr.posed r.duced speed of light in the IGS pr.dicts discor.ant r.dshifts. It is shown that the cur.ent explanation of “accidental super.osition,” is most likely insufficient to explain the number.of obser.ations, and that the pr.sent pr.posal could make up the differ.nce. It can be tested astr.nomically, as illustr.ted in a figur..

关键词： Dar. Ener.y Speed of Light Expansion Compar.sons Discor.ant r.dshifts

A Possible Solution to the Disagr.ement about the Hubble Constant

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Jour.al of Moder. Physics 2018年第9期9卷 1827-1837页

作者： frank r. tangherlini San Diego CA USA

The cur.ent disagr.ement about the Hubble constant H0 was descr.bed as a “Cr.sis in Cosmology”, at the Apr.l (2018) Meeting of the Amer.can Physical Society, and hence its r.solution is of utmost impor.ance. This wor. pr.poses that the solution to the disagr.ement between the Planck Collabor.tion cosmic micr.wave backgr.und (CMB) value of H0, together.with the ver. close BOSS Collabor.tion bar.on acoustic oscillation (BAO) value, and the significantly higher.value of H0 found by the SHOES Collabor.tion cosmic distance ladder.(CDL) wor., is due to the fact that the CMB and BAO values of H0 ar. not for.an acceler.ting univer.e, as gener.lly believed, but ar. actually the values for.a deceler.ting univer.e. In contr.st, the CDL value of H0 is indeed that for.an acceler.ting univer.e. It is shown that by r.placing the negative deceler.tion par.meter.in the expr.ssion for.logH0 in the CDL wor. by a positive deceler.tion par.meter. the value of H0 can be br.ught down to agr.e with the CMB and BAO lower.values. Ther. is a br.ef r.view of the author.s deceler.ting model based on the Einstein de Sitter.univer.e, augmented by a model of dar. ener.y that does not have a negative pr.ssur., but instead has a non-disper.ive index of r.fr.ction n, causing the speed of light thr.ugh the dar. ener.y of inter.alactic space to be r.duced to c/n. As r.por.ed ear.ier. this assumption is sufficient to accommodate the incr.ase in appar.nt magnitude of the Type Ia super.ovae (SNe Ia). Additional suppor. for.the model is pr.sented, together.with a pr.posal for.astr.nomical falsification.

关键词： Hubble Constant Disagr.ement CMB & BAO Deter.inations Deceler.ting Inter.r.tation CDL Deter.ination & Modification

Galilean-Like Tr.nsfor.ation Allowed by Gener.l Covar.ance and Consistent with Special r.lativity

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Jour.al of Moder. Physics 2014年第5期5卷 230-243页

作者： frank r. tangherlini P.O. Box 928211 San Diego CA 92192 USA

As shown ear.ier. a linear.tr.nsfor.ation with the same for. for.the spatial coor.inates as the Lor.ntz tr.nsfor.ation (LT), and that allows for.time dilation, but leaves simultaneity invar.ant instead of the one-way speed of light, pr.dicts the same r.sults as the LT for.the usual tests of special r.lativity. Such a tr.nsfor.ation is allowed by gener.l covar.ance. A complementar.ty between the invar.ance of the one-way speed of light and the invar.ance of simultaneity is discussed. Using this tr.nsfor.ation, inter.r.ted as involving exter.al synchr.nization, it is shown that two fr.mes moving unifor.ly with equal and opposite velocities, v and –v r.lative to a thir. iner.ial fr.me, in which clocks ar. synchr.nized so that the one-way speed of light is c, can be r.lated by a Galilean-like tr.nsfor.ation with a r.lative velocity 2v/(1-(v/c)2).These tr.nsfor.ations do not for. a gr.up, hence the ter. “pseudo-Galilean” is used to distinguish them fr.m the Galilean tr.nsfor.ations. An analogy with the Sagnac effect is discussed, and consistency with the LT for.stellar.aber.ation, and the Doppler.effect is shown. Implication of the above complementar.ty for.the possible unification of quantum theor. and gr.vitation is br.efly discussed, as well as the infer.ed physical significance of gener.l covar.ance.

关键词： Gener.l Covar.ance Tr.nsfor.ations Synchr.nization Complementar.ty

A Possible Alter.ative to the Acceler.ting Univer.e

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Jour.al of Moder. Physics 2015年第1期6卷 78-87页

作者： frank r. tangherlini P.O. Box 928211 San Diego CA 92192 USA

A possible alter.ative to the acceler.ting univer.e is pr.posed, which shows that the diminished br.ghtness of the high r.d shift Type Ia super.ovae can be explained by assuming light tr.vels with r.duced speed thr.ugh the dar. ener.y of inter.alactic space. It is also shown that suppor. for.the?model fr.m bar.on acoustic oscillations (BAO) studies can also be accommodated by the model. Two tables ar. given that compar. the model with appar.nt magnitude differ.nces and length differ.nces between the?univer.e and the Einstein-de Sitter.univer.e, and they show that the model yields these differ.nces quite accur.tely. A thir. table compar.ng the appar.nt magnitude differ.nce between?and a univer.e with is also given. It exhibits poor.agr.ement with the model, and hence the model favor. the need for.dar. ener.y, albeit without negative pr.ssur.. As a new appr.ach to the “why now?” pr.blem, and its appar.nt challenge to the Coper.ican pr.nciple, it is pr.posed that dar. ener.y is a condensed for. of dar. matter.caused by expansion cooling, r.ther.than a differ.nt substance. A motivation for.an alter.ative to?is pr.sented based on a pr.nciple that r.les out the cosmological ter..

关键词： Acceler.ting Univer.e Alter.ative Model Speed of Light Dar. Ener.y

Speed of Gr.vitation and Electr.magnetic Waves thr.ugh the Dar. Ener.y of Inter.alactic Space and Its Implications of a Unified Theor.

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Jour.al of Moder. Physics 2018年第4期9卷 573-583页

作者： frank r. tangherlini San Diego CA USA

The r.cent finding that gr.vitational waves (GW170817) tr.veled at the same speed as electr.magnetic (EM) waves (Gr. 170817A) fr.m a binar. neutr.n star.mer.er.does not necessar.ly mean that they tr.veled thr.ughout their.jour.ey at speed c. Some r.cent wor.s by the author.(2015) Jour.al of Moder. Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370;(2016), 7, 1829-1844;(2017), 8, 622-635 show that the diminished br.ghtness of Type Ia super.ovae (SNe Ia) can be explained by assuming that dar. ener.y, instead of having a negative pr.ssur., has an index of r.fr.ction n, causing the speed of light thr.ugh inter.alactic space (IGS) to be r.duced to c/n, with? n≈1.5. It follows that GWs (not consider.d in the pr.vious wor.s) would also tr.vel with speed c/n thr.ugh IGS. However. speed of GWs and EMWs within galaxies themselves is c. A br.ef r.view of the model is given, together.with other.pr.dictions, e.g., new values for.the Hubble constant and age of the univer.e, and necessar. absence of cor.elation of neutr.nos with gamma r.y bur.ts (Gr.s), in agr.ement with numer.us sear.hes. In the pr.vious wor.s, ther. wer. implications of a unified theor.. If the model holds, since GWs would exper.ence the same speed r.duction as EMWs, this would fur.her.suppor. unification. An impr.ved falsification methodology for.a pr.viously pr.posed astr.nomical test based on discor.ant r.dshifts is given.

关键词： Speed of Gr.vitational Waves Dar. Ener.y Hubble Constant Absence of Neutr.no Cor.elation with Gr.s

A Possible Alter.ative to the Acceler.ting Univer.e II

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Jour.al of Moder. Physics 2015年第9期6卷 1360-1370页

作者： frank r. tangherlini P.O. Box 928211 San Diego CA 92192 USA

This wor. r.vises and extends the author.s pr.vious wor. (2015), Jour.al of Moder. Physics, 6, 78- 87, by pr.posing that the index of r.fr.ction n of inter.alactic space (IGS) is of electr.magnetic or.gin. This leads to a theor.tical expr.ssion for.n that agr.es ver. well with the least squar.s value obtained pr.viously. A table compar.ng the fr.ctional distance incr.ase pr.dicted by the two differ.ntly obtained indices is given. This r.vised view r.quir.s that the high ener.y char.ed par.icles found in cosmic r.ys or.ginate fr.m high ener.y neutr.l par.icles, pr.sumably high ener.y gamma r.ys, that wer. able to tr.vel thr.ugh the IGS without ener.y loss due to Cher.nkov r.diation. An alter.ative explanation for.the counter.indication fr.m the IceCube findings of Abassi, r., et al. (2012) Natur., 484. 351-353 is pr.posed, which might also explain the findings of Aar.sen et al. (2013) Physical r.view Letter., 111, 021103. Since the model pr.dicts galaxies act as diver.ent lenses, a geometr.cal analysis and cor.esponding figur. descr.bing this effect is given, as well as a table for.a r.nge of angles to the image galaxy r.lative to the dir.ction to a tar.et galaxy that is diver.ently lensed. The r.duction of the speed of light in the IGS leads to a r.vision of the Planck (2015) value of the Hubble constant of ~68 km·s-1·Mpc-1 to ~47 km·s-1·Mpc-1, and hence an age for.the Einstein-de Sitter.univer.e gr.ater.than that of the oldest white dwar.s in the Galaxy, ther.by r.solving a long-standing pr.blem with this model of the univer.e.

关键词： Speed of Light Cosmic r.ys Diver.ent Lensing Hubble Constant

Einstein’s Pseudo-Tensor.in <i>n</i>Spatial Dimensions for.Static Systems with Spher.cal Symmetr.

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Jour.al of Moder. Physics 2013年第9期4卷 1200-1204页

作者： frank r. tangherlini P. O. Box 928211 San Diego CA 92192 USA

It was noted ear.ier.that the gener.l r.lativity field equations for.static systems with spher.cal symmetr. can be put into a linear.for. when the sour.e ener.y density equals r.dial str.ss. These linear.equations lead to a delta function ener.ymomentum tensor.for.a point mass sour.e for.the Schwar.schild field that has vanishing self-str.ss, and whose integr.l ther.for. tr.nsfor.s pr.per.y under.a Lor.ntz tr.nsfor.ation, as though the par.icle is in the flat space-time of special r.lativity (Sr.. These findings wer. later.extended to n spatial dimensions. Consistent with this Sr.like r.sult for.the sour.e tensor. Nor.str.m and independently, Schr.dinger. found for.thr.e spatial dimensions that the Einstein gr.vitational ener.y-momentum pseudo-tensor.vanished in pr.per.quasi-r.ctangular.coor.inates. The pr.sent wor. shows that this vanishing holds for.the pseudo-tensor.when extended to n spatial dimensions. Two additional consequences of this wor. ar.: 1) the dependency of the Einstein gr.vitational coupling constant κ on spatial dimensionality employed ear.ier.is fur.her.justified;2) the Tolman expr.ssion for.the mass of a static, isolated system is gener.lized to take into account the dimensionality of space for.n ≥ 3.

关键词： Field Equations Point Par.icle Dimensionality of Space Einstein’s Pseudo-Tensor