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A Demand Response System for Wind Power Integration: Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Reduction of Generator Cycling

CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2018年第2期4卷 121-129页

作者： Torsten Broeer francis k.tuffner Anaissia Franca Nedjib Djilali Exro Technologies Inc. 1400-1111 West Georgia StreetVancouver BC Canada V6E 4M3 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory P.O.Box 999RichlandWA 99352United States Institute for Integrated Energy Systems Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaP.O.Box 3055STN CSCVictoriaBCCanada V8W 3P6

A smart grid power system for a small region consisting of 1,000 residential homes with electric heating appliances from the demand side,and a generic generation mix of nuclear,hydro,coal,gas and oil-based generators representing the supply side,is investigated using agent-based *** simulation includes a transactive load control in a real-time pricing electricity *** study investigates the impacts of adding wind power and demand response(DR)on both greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and generator cycling *** results demonstrate and quantify the effectiveness of DR in mitigating the variability of renewable *** extent to which greenhouse gas emissions can be mitigated is found to be highly dependent on the mix of generators and their operational capacity *** is expected that the effects of demand response on electricity use can reduce dependency on fossil fuel-based electricity ***,the anticipated mitigation of GHG emissions is found to dependent on the number and efficiency of fossil fuel generators,and especially on the capacity factor at which they ***,if a generator(the marginal seller)is forced to use less efficient fossil fuel power generation schemes,it will result in higher GHG *** simulations show that DR can yield a small reduction in GHG emissions,but also lead to a smaller increase in emissions in circumstances when,for example,a generator(the marginal seller)is forced to use less efficient fossil fuel power generation ***,DR is shown to enhance overall system operation,particularly by facilitating increased penetration of variable renewable electricity generation without jeopardizing grid operation *** reduces the amount of generator cycling by an increased order of magnitude,thereby reducing wear and tear,improving generator efficiency,and avoiding the need for additional operating *** effectiveness of DR for these uses depends on the p

关键词： Demand response generator cycling greenhouse gas emissions renewable energy integration real-time pricing(RTP)electricity market smart grid

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Hole-Selective Contact with Molecularly Tailorable Reactivity for Passivating High-Performing Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

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CCS Chemistry 2024年第7期6卷 1654-1661页

作者： Wenlin Jiang Yingie Hu Fengzhu Li francis R.Lin Alex k-Y.Jen Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong China 999077 Department of Chemistry City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong China 999077 Hong kong Institute for Clean Energy City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong China 999077 State key Laboratory of Marine Pollution City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong China 999077

The precisely customizable attributes of self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)molecules at the atomic level hold the potential to facilitate efficient hole selection and interface passivation ***,the correlation between the exposure of passivating groups on the surface and device performance remains ***,we introduce two newly designed SAM molecules,Cbz2S and Cbz2SMe,incorporating cyclic disulfide or two flanking thiomethyls by modifying the 4,5-position of carbazole to adjust the Lewis basicity of the SAM-modified *** possessing suitable energetic alignment,Cbz2S with more-exposed sulfur atoms exhibited inferior device performance due to excessive reactivity,leading to an overpopulation of PbI2 crystallites at the buried perovskite *** contrast,the screening effect from the methyl groups of Cbz2SMe optimized SAM reactivity,exquisitely integrating buried interface passivation and hole selection ***,the champion inverted perovskite solar cell(PSC)employing Cbz2SMe achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency of 24.42%,accompanied by prolonged *** work demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating Lewis-basic passivation groups into SAM molecules and elucidates the relationship between the reactivity of SAM passivation groups and device *** findings provide valuable insights for the design of novel multifunctional SAM molecules,further advancing the performance of PSCs.

关键词： self-assembled monolayer perovskite solar cell hole-selective layer carbazole derivatives defect passivation

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Chemical Determination of Base Status Metals in Soil Sediments and Particulate Matter in Wellington Industrial Estate Location

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第5期14卷 1338-1352页

作者： Richard Tamba Simbo Jerry Yeke Paye Fayia francis Nyuma Department of Chemistry School of Basic Sciences Njala University Freetown Sierra Leone Department of Science and Mathematics College of Arts and Sciences William V.S. Tubman University Harper Liberia Department of Fisheries and Science Thomas J.R Faulkner College of Science and Technology University of Liberia Monrovia Liberia

This research study explored the levels of base status metals in soil sediments and particulate matter in the wellington industrial estate location;the main objectives were to: 1) determine sodium and potassium, 2) determine calcium and magnesium, 3) determine available iron. The following hypotheses were put forward;H0a: there is no significant difference in the concentration levels between Ca and Mg in the study area, H1a: there is significant difference in the concentration levels between Ca and Mg in the study area, H0b: there is no significant difference in the concentration levels between Na and k in the study area, H1b: there is significant difference in the concentration levels between Na and k in the study area. Six locations were used to collect samples with the aid of scoop and gravel free auger (at varying depths of 0 - 5 cm and 5 - 10 cm) which are Wellington Industrial Estate Area 1 (WIEL 1), (WIEL 2), (WIEL 3), (WIEL 4), (WIEL 5), (WIEL 6);the samples were given laboratory treatment. Flame photometer, EDTA, and Spectrophotometer were used in the determinations of sodium and potassium, calcium and magnesium, and available iron respectively. The results indicated that levels of potassium were in medium range (moderately high);sodium levels were generally low when compared to Brook’s classification table. Levels of calcium were generally low and those of magnesium were moderate based on Brook’s table of classification. Levels of available iron which fall within the range of Quijano-Guerta (2003) were high;this implies such levels can lead to toxicity. In all locations, there was decrease in the levels of each metal in the samples with (5 - 10 cm) depth.

关键词： Deposition Environment Particulate Sediment Toxicity

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Split Addition of Nitrogen-Rich Substrate at Thermophilic and Mesophilic Stages of Composting: Effect on Green House Gases Emission and Quality of Compost

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2024年第2期14卷 133-158页

作者： Boakye Acheampong kodwo Miezah Enoch Bessah Benedicta Essel Ayamba francis kemausour Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering College of Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana Department of Environmental Science College of Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Division CSIR-Soil Research Institute Kumasi Ghana The Brew-Hammond Energy Center College of Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana

Composting as a solution to the increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), also contribute to GHGs emission when not controlled and could lack some basic nutrients, especially nitrogen. This study assessed the split-additions of nitrogen-rich substrate to composting materials and their effect on GHGs emissions as well as the quality of the composts. Nitrogen-rich substrates formulated from pig and goat manure were co-composted with MSW for a 12-weeks period by split adding at mesophilic (˚C) and thermophilic (>50˚C) stages in five different treatments. Representative samples from the compost were taken from each treatment for physicochemical, heavy metals and bacteriological analysis. In-situ CH4, CO2, N2O gas emissions were also analyzed weekly during composting. It was observed that all the treatments showed significant organic matter decomposition, reaching thermophilic temperatures in the first week of composting. The absence affects the suitable agronomic properties. All nitrogen-rich substrate applied at thermophilic stage (Treatment two) recorded the highest N, P and k concentrations of 1.34%, 0.97% and 2.45%, respectively with highest nitrogen retention. In terms of GHG emissions, CO2 was highest at the thermophilic stage when N-rich substrate was added in all treatment, while CH4 was highest in the mesophilic stage with N-rich substrate addition. N2O showed no specific trend in the treatments. Split addition of the N-rich substrate for co-composting of MSW produced compost which is stable, has less nutrient loss and low GHG emissions. Split addition of a nitrogen-rich substrate could be an option for increasing the fertilizer value of MSW compost.

关键词： Compost Nitrogen-Rich Substrate Thermophilic Mesophilic Greenhouse Gas Emissions

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Dynamics of self-hybridized exciton–polaritons in 2D halide perovskites

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第1期13卷 13-22页

作者： Surendra B.Anantharaman Jason Lynch Christopher E.Stevens Christopher Munley Chentao Li Jin Hou Hao Zhang Andrew Torma Thomas Darlington francis Coen kevin Li Arka Majumdar PJames Schuck Aditya Mohite Hayk Harutyunyan Joshua R.Hendrickson Deep Jariwala Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA kBR Inc. BeavercreekOH45431USA Air Force Research Laboratory Sensors DirectorateWright-Patterson Air Force BaseOH45433USA Department of Physics University of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA Department of Physics Emory UniversityAtlantaGA30322USA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA Applied Physics Program Smalley‐Curl InstituteRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA Department of Mechanical Engineering Columbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA

Excitons,bound electron–hole pairs,in two-dimensional hybrid organic inorganic perovskites(2D HOIPs)are capable of forming hybrid light-matter states known as exciton-polaritons(E–Ps)when the excitonic medium is confined in an optical *** the case of 2D HOIPs,they can self-hybridize into E–Ps at specific thicknesses of the HOIP crystals that form a resonant optical cavity with the ***,the fundamental properties of these self-hybridized E–Ps in 2D HOIPs,including their role in ultrafast energy and/or charge transfer at interfaces,remain ***,we demonstrate that>0.5µm thick 2D HOIP crystals on Au substrates are capable of supporting multiple-orders of self-hybridized E–P *** E–Ps have high Q factors(>100)and modulate the optical dispersion for the crystal to enhance sub-gap absorption and *** varying excitation energy and ultrafast measurements,we also confirm energy transfer from higher energy E–Ps to lower energy E–***,we also demonstrate that E–Ps are capable of charge transport and transfer at *** findings provide new insights into charge and energy transfer in E–Ps opening new opportunities towards their manipulation for polaritonic devices.

关键词： charge polar excitation

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Seasonal Sodium Percentage (%NA), Absorption Ratio (SAR) and Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) Determination for Irrigation Purposes Along River Ethiope, Southern Nigeria

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2024年第7期16卷 523-537页

作者： Ochuko Ushurhe Famous Ozabor Wekpe Vremudia Onyeayana Obisesan Adekunle Ifuwe Chineme Christabel Dibosa francis Chike Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology Dennis Osadebay University Asaba Nigeria School of Environment Geography and Geosciences University of Portsmouth Portsmouth United Kingdom Mabisel Trading and Construction Company Limited Portharcourt Nigeria Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics Dennis Osadebay University Asaba Nigeria Department of Urban and Regional Planning Dennis Osadebay University Anwai Asaba Nigeria

The improvement of agriculture through irrigation farming is now of great need in the country Nigeria and Delta State. The country is going through a phase of famine and food insecurity caused by climate change and rain dependent agricultural practices. The aim of the study therefore, was to evaluate the quality of water from River Ethiope in Southern Nigeria for irrigation agriculture purposes using the percentage sodium (%Na), sodium-adsorption ratio (SAR) and irrigation-water quality index (IWQ1) techniques. The study deployed the experimental design and water samples were collected from different segments of the Ethiope River. A total of 144 water samples were collected and analysed for physicochemical parameters quality (EC, HCO3, Cl−, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and k+) from January to December, 2022. The results showed that all the calculated values for %Na were within the classified rating of 20 < N ≤ 40 and 60 < Na ≤ 80;while SAR were within the range of 0 < SAR ≤ 10. The recorded values of IWQI were within the range of 70 - 55 and 55 - 40. This implies that the water is good to doubtful for %Na, excellent for SAR and of moderate and high restrictions for IWQI. Water was adjudged to be good for irrigation activities, and should be applicable in areas with moderate and high soil permeability. The routine testing of the water to ascertain physicochemical parameters quality regularly, in order not to affect its use for irrigation was among the recommendations. This finding herein shall be of use to Water Resources and Agriculture ministries in Nigeria.

关键词： Evaluation Irrigation-Agriculture IWQI River-Ethiope SAR %Na

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Influence of lanthanum level and interactions with nitrogen source on early development of Juglans nigra

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Journal of Rare Earths 2009年第2期27卷 270-279页

作者： Nicodemus Michael A Salifu k francis Jacobs Douglass F Department of Forestty and Natural Resources Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA

Rare earth elements have been used for 30 years in Chinese agriculture to improve growth and yield. Numerous scientific studies have shown improvements in physiology, mineral nutrition, and growth, though deleterious effects may also occur. Very few studies have been performed on woody species. We exponentially fertilized one-year old black walnut （Juglans nigra L.） seedlings with 0, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 mg lanthanum （La） and 800 mg nitrogen （N） as NaNO3, （NH4）2SO4, NH4NO3, or no N. One month following final fertilization, growth, mineral nutrition, photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and nitrate reductase activity were assessed. Plants fertilized with the highest level of La had reduced fine root growth, concentrations of magnesium, calcium, nickel, and phosphorus, photosynthesis levels, and chlorophyll a content. Foliar La concentration showed an interaction effect, with three to four times greater concentration in plants fed at 100 mg La to those given 10 mg La for （NH4）2SO4 and NHaNO3 treatments. The results suggested no beneficial effects of La addition at levels used in this study and interactions between N source and La levels did not have an important impact on the growth, mineral nutrition, or physiology of black walnut seedlings.

关键词： lanthanum nitrate reductase chlorophyll photosynthesis Jugians nigra rare earths

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Vickers and knoop Micro-hardness Behavior of Coarse-and Ultrafine-grained Titanium

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2010年第10期26卷 904-907页

作者： k.P.Sanosh A.Balakrishnan L.francis T.N.kim Department of Information and Electronic Materials Engineering College of EngineeringPaichai University Laboratoire SIMAP GPM2 Grenoble-INPUJFCNRS 101 Rue de la PhysiqueBP46 38402 Saint Martin d'He' res CedexFrance University of Genova Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry

The present study focuses on the relationship of hardness with grain size for commercially pure titanium （CpTi） and ultra fine grained titanium （UFG-Ti） produced by equal channel angular process （ECAP） of Cp-Ti）.Vickers and knoop indentations of UFG-Ti at different loads was ～2.5 times harder than those of *** diffraction （XRD） analysis showed peak broadening in UFG-Ti due to reduced grain size and micro-lattice *** electron microscopy （SEM） revealed that ECAP had reduced the grain size of Cp-Ti by ～10 *** statistics showed UFG-Ti with lower dispersion in hardness values compare to Cp-Ti indicating a more uniform microstructure.

关键词： Vickers knoop Hardness Ultrafine-grained Titanium

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Mitigation of EDFA transient effects in variable duty cycle pulsed signals

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2019年第3期15卷 276-281页

作者： D. Meena k.T. Sarath Fredy francis E. Dipin T. Srinivas Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) DRDO Bangalore Karnataka 560093 India Model Engineering College Thrikkakara Cochin Kerala 682021 India Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai Tamil Nadu 600036 India

We report the transient effects in Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) systems for pulsed signals with different duty-cycles. The work includes the analysis using three different duty-cycles, 10%, 20% and 50%. A curve fitting technique is also proposed to predict the transients of any lesser duty-cycled pulse, once the transients of a larger duty-cycled pulse is known. Mathematical evaluation confirms the double exponential shape of transient distorted signal. Further, EDFA transient effect is experimentally verified on a Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) link by multiplexing high and low bitrate modulated optical signals. We conclude the paper by proposing a transient suppression technique for variable dutycycle signals and analyzing its effectiveness with different wavelength spacing.

关键词： EDFA Transients WDM Variable duty cycle Suppression

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Impact of redox-stratification on the diversity and distribution of bacterial communities in sandy reef sediments in a microcosm

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2011年第6期29卷 1209-1223页

作者：高峥王鑫 Angelos k.HANNIDES francis J.SANSONE 汪光义 State key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences Shandong Agricultural University Department of Oceanography University of Hawaii Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Algal Biofuel Technology Development and Application School of Environment and Energy Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School

Relationships between microbial communities and geochemical environments are important in marine microbial ecology and biogeochemistry. Although biogeochemical redox stratification has been well documented in marine sediments, its impact on microbial communities remains largely unknown. In this study, we applied denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and clone library construction to investigate the diversity and stratification of bacterial communities in redox-stratified sandy reef sediments in a microcosm. A total of 88 Operational Taxonomic Units （OTU） were identified from 16S rRNA clone libraries constructed from sandy reef sediments in a laboratory microcosm. They were members of nine phyla and three candidate divisions, including Proteobacteria （Alphas, Beta-, Gamma-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria）, Aetinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Spirochaetes, and the candidate divisions WS3, SO31 and AO19. The vast majority of these phylotypes are related to clone sequences from other marine sediments, but OTUs of Epsilonproteobacteria and WS3 are reported for the first time from permeable marine sediments. Several other OTUs are potential new bacterial phylotypes because of their low similarity with reference sequences. Results from the 16S rRNA, gene clone sequence analyses suggested that bacterial communities exhibit clear stratification across large redox gradients in these sediments, with the highest diversity found in the anoxic layer （15-25 mm） and the least diversity in the suboxic layer （3-5 mm）. Analysis of the nosZ, and amoA gene libraries also indicated the stratification of denitrifiers and nitrifiers, with their highest diversity being in the anoxic and oxic sediment layers, respectively. These results indicated that redox-stratification can affect the distribution of bacterial communities in sandy reef sediments.

关键词： bacterial diversity bacterial stratification biogeochemical gradients sandy reef sediments

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