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Estim.ting the Yield Loss of Winter Wheat from.Drought in the United States Southern Plains Region as Influenced by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第9期15卷 1018-1034页

作者： Prem.Woli Gerald R. Sm.th Charles R. Long francis m. rouquette, jr. Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Center Overton USA

Wheat (Triticum.aestivum.L.) production is a m.jor econom.c activity in m.st regional and rural areas in the Southern Plains, a sem.-arid region of the United States. This region is vulnerable to drought and is projected to experience a drier clim.te in the future. Since the interannual variability in clim.te in this region is linked to an ocean-atm.spheric phenom.non, called El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), droughts in this region m.y be associated with ENSO. Droughts that occur during the critical growth phases of wheat can be extrem.ly costly. However, the losses due to an im.ending drought can be m.nim.zed through m.tigation m.asures if it is predicted in advance. Predicting the yield loss from.an im.inent drought is crucial for stakeholders. One of the reliable ways for such prediction is using a plant physiology-based agricultural drought index, such as Agricultural Reference Index for Drought (ARID). This study developed ENSO phase-specific, ARID-based m.dels for predicting the drought-induced yield loss for winter wheat in this region by accounting for its phenological phase-specific sensitivity to drought. The reasonable values of the drought sensitivity coefficients of the yield m.del for each ENSO phase (El Niño, La Niña, or Neutral) indicated that the yield m.dels reflected reasonably well the phenom.na of water stress decreasing the winter wheat yields in this region during different ENSO phases. The values of various goodness-of-fit m.asures used, including the Nash-Sutcliffe Index (0.54 to 0.67), the Willm.tt Index (0.82 to 0.89), and the percentage error (20 to 26), indicated that the yield m.dels perform.d fairly well at predicting the ENSO phase-specific loss of wheat yields from.drought. This yield m.del m.y be useful for predicting yield loss from.drought and scheduling irrigation allocation based on the phenological phase-specific sensitivity to drought as im.acted by ENSO.

关键词： ARID Drought Drought Index ENSO El Niño Growth-Stage m.del Phenological-Phase Prediction Sem.-Arid Wheat Yield Loss

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Estim.ting the Drought-Induced Yield Loss for Winter Wheat in a Sem.-Arid Region of the Southern United States Using a Drought Index

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第8期15卷 812-829页

作者： Prem.Woli Qingwu Xue Gerald R. Sm.th Charles R. Long francis m. rouquette jr. Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Center Overton Texas USA Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Center Amarillo Texas USA

The econom. of m.st rural locations in the sem.-arid region of Llano Estacado in the southern United States is predom.nantly based on agriculture, prim.rily beef and wheat (Triticum.aestivum.L.) production. This region is prone to drought and is projected to experience a drier clim.te. Droughts that coincide with the critical phenological phases of a crop can be rem.rkably costly. Although drought cannot be prevented, its losses can be m.nim.zed through m.tigation m.asures if it is predicted in advance. Predicting yield loss from.an im.inent drought is an im.ortant need of stakeholders. One way to fulfill this need is using an agricultural drought index, such as the Agricultural Reference Index for Drought (ARID). Being plant physiology-based, ARID can represent drought-yield relationships accurately. This study developed an ARID-based yield m.del for predicting the drought-induced yield loss for winter wheat in this region by accounting for its phenological phase-specific sensitivity to water stress. The reasonable values of the drought sensitivity coefficients of the yield m.del indicated that it could reflect the phenom.non of water stress decreasing the winter wheat yields in this region reasonably. The values of the various m.trics used to evaluate the m.del, including Willm.tt Index (0.86), Nash-Sutcliffe Index (0.61), and percentage error (26), indicated that the yield m.del perform.d fairly well at predicting the drought-induced yield loss for winter wheat. The yield m.del m.y be useful for predicting the drought-induced yield loss for winter wheat in the study region and scheduling irrigation allocation based on phenological phase-specific drought sensitivity.

关键词： ARID Drought Drought index Growth-stage m.del Phenological-Phase Prediction Sem.-Arid Wheat Yield

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Im.act on Soil Organic C and Total Soil N from.Cool- and Warm.Season Legum.s Used in a Green m.nure-Forage Cropping System

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 333-357页

作者： Clark B. Neely francis m. rouquette jr. Cristine L.S. m.rgan Frank m. Hons William.L. Rooney Gerald R. Sm.th Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Chief Scientific Officer Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Annual forage legum.s are im.ortant com.onents of livestock production system. in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legum.s contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping system. through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biom.ss production can be m.naged to com.lem.nt forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm. and cool-season annual forage legum.s as green m.nure for biom.ss, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and im.act on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm.season forage legum.s (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green m.nure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatm.nts. Eight cool-season forage legum.s (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green m.nure in late spring. Sorghum.sudangrass (Sorghum.bicolor x Sorghum.bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatm.nts in early sum.er after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatm.nts. Sorghum.sudangrass was harvested in June, August and Septem.er, and treatm.nts were evaluated for dry m.tter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from.each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm. and soil C and N were m.asured using com.ustion analysis. Nylon m.sh bags containing plant sam.les were buried at 15 cm.and used to evaluate decom.osition rate of above ground legum. biom.ss, including change in C and N concentrations. m.ngbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biom.ss yield (6.24 t Dm.ha-1) and contributed the m.st total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decom.osition rate of WSL biom.ss was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum.sativum.L. spp. sativum., arrow leaf clover (Trifolium.vesiculosum.Savi.), and crim.on clover (Trifolium.incarnatum.L.) were the m.st productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea

关键词： Annual Legum.s Soil N Soil Organic C Green m.nure Deer Browse Forage Cropping System.

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Legum. Green m.nure and Intercropping for High Biom.ss Sorghum.Production

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 605-621页

作者： Clark B. Neely francis m. rouquette jr. Cristine L. S. m.rgan Frank m. Hons William.L. Rooney Gerald R. Sm.th Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legum.s were com.only used as green m.nure crops for their ability to fix atm.spheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX exam.ned legum. integration into high-biom.ss sorghum.(Sorghum.bicolor L.) production system. on a Lilbert loam. fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized berm.dagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crim.on clover (Trifolium.incarnatum.L.) and ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biom.ss sorghum.production system.to evaluate im.acts on N concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-biom.ss sorghum.and their im.acts on soil total N and soil organic carbon (SOC). m.in plots were split into crim.on clover green m.nure (CLGm. and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm.season crop rotations: cowpea green m.nure (CPGm., cowpea-sorghum.intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum.m.nocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatm.nts (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were random.zed and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGm.increased (P sorghum.biom.ss yield (16.5 t Dm.ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatm.nt reduced sorghum.yield up to 62% com.ared to SORG;whereas CPGm.increased sorghum.yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum.biom.ss yield. Decrease in SOC and soil N over tim. indicated m.neralization of organic N and m.y explain why no N fertilizer response was observed in sorghum.biom.ss yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green m.nure crop but proved to be too com.etitive for successful intercropping in high-biom.ss sorghum.production system..

关键词： High-Biom.ss Sorghum Legum.s Green m.nure Intercrop Cowpea Crim.on Clover Soil Organic Carbon Soil Nitrogen

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The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Effects on Cowpea and Winter Wheat Yields in the Sem.-Arid Region of the Southern US

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Agricultural Sciences 2023年第2期14卷 154-175页

作者： Prem.Woli Gerald R. Sm.th Charles R. Long francis m. rouquette jr. Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Center Overton TX USA

Inform.tion is lim.ted on the effects of clim.te variability on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and winter wheat (Triticum.aestivum.L.) yields in the sem.arid region of the southern US. Using the Decision Support System.for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) crop m.del and weather data spanning 81 years, we assessed the im.act of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the grain yields of these crops in the Llano Estacado region of the southern US as affected by cowpea and wheat planting dates and N application rate. Sim.lated results showed that the El Niño phase of ENSO produced about 30% m.re yields of m.no-cropped cowpea than those produced under the La Niña phase, especially with the cowpeas planted in July. The cowpea yields under El Niño were about 10% m.re than the 81-year average norm.l yield, whereas those under La Niña were about 20% less. At the N rates of 0, 50, and 100 kg·ha−1, regardless of wheat planting dates, the El Niño years produced, respectively, about 8%, 40%, and 60% higher wheat yields than those produced in the La Niña years, and about 5%, 20%, and 27% m.re than the 81-year average norm.l yield. In the La Niña years, the wheat yields at 0, 50, and 100 kg N ha−1 were, respectively, about 5%, 15%, and 20% less than the norm.l yield with sim.lar N levels. The im.act of ENSO on wheat yields under cowpea-wheat double-cropping system. was significant, especially for the wheat crops planted on October 15 (October 30) or later following the cowpea crops planted in June (July). At zero N, the m.no-cropped wheat yields were not im.acted by ENSO due to N lim.tation. However, the double-cropped wheat yields were im.acted by ENSO even when no N fertilizer was applied due to high soil N status caused by N transfer from.cowpea stover residues and roots. Results indicated that m.nagem.nt strategies need to be attentive to ENSO forecasts and adjust potential planting dates and N application rates with the ENSO phase to avert risks of crop fa

关键词： Clim.te Cowpea DSSAT Double-Crop El Niño ENSO m.del Sem.-Arid Wheat

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Exploring the Potential of Cowpea-Wheat Double Cropping in the Sem.-Arid Region of the Southern United States Using the DSSAT Crop m.del

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Agricultural Sciences 2023年第1期14卷 35-57页

作者： Prem.Woli Gerald R. Sm.th Charles R. Long Jackie C. Rudd Qingwu Xue francis m. rouquette jr. Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Center Overton USA Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Center Amarillo USA

Inform.tion is lim.ted on the potential of double-cropping cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and wheat (Triticum.aestivum.L.) in the sem.arid region of the southern United States. Using the Decision Support System.for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) crop m.del and weather data of 80 years, we assessed the possibility of cowpea-wheat double-cropping in this region for grain purpose as affected by planting date and N application rate. Results showed that the possibility of double-cropping varied from.0% to 65%, depending on the cropping system. The possibility was less with system. com.rising earlier planting dates of wheat and later planting dates of cowpea. Results indicated that cowpea-wheat double-cropping could be beneficial only when no N was applied, with wheat planted on October 15 or later. At zero N, the double-crops of cowpea planted on July 15 and wheat planted on Novem.er 30 were the m.st beneficial of all the 72 double-cropping system. studied. With a delay in planting cowpea, the percentage of beneficial double-cropping system. decreased. At N rates other than zero, fallow-wheat m.nocropping system. were m.re beneficial than cowpea-wheat double-cropping system., and the benefit was greater at a higher N rate. At 100 kg N ha-1, the m.nocrop of wheat planted on October 15 was the m.st beneficial of all the 94 system. studied. Results further showed that fallow-wheat yields increased alm.st linearly with an increase in N rate from.0 to 100 kg∙ha-1. Fallow-wheat grain yields were quadratically associated with planting dates. With an increase in N rate, wheat yields reached the peak with an earlier planting date. Wheat yields produced under m.nocropping system. were greater than those produced under double-cropping system. for any cowpea planting date. Cowpea yields produced under m.nocropping system. were greater than those produced under any double-cropping system. The relationship between cowpea grain yields and planting dates was

关键词： Cover-Crop Cowpea-Wheat DSSAT Double-Crop m.del Sem.-Arid

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2024 Adult Com.endium.of Physical Activities:A third update of the energy costs of hum.n activities

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 6-12页

作者： Stephen D.Herrm.nn Erik A.Willis Barbara E.Ainsworth Tiago V.Barreira m.ry Hastert Chelsea L.Kracht John m.Schuna jr. Zhenghui Cai m.nghui Quan Catrine Tudor-Locke m.licia C.Whitt-Glover David R. Jacobs jr. Kansas Center for m.tabolism.and Obesity Research University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Division of Physical Activity and Weight m.nagem.nt Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Center for Health Prom.tion and Disease Prevention University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599USA College of Health Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85003USA School of Exercise and Health Shanghai University of SportShanghai 200438China Exercise Science Departm.nt Syracuse UniversitySyracuseNY 13244USA Clinical Sciences Division Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA 70808USA School of Exercise and Sport Science Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA College of Health and Hum.n Services University of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC 28223USA Gram.rcy Research Group KnightdaleNC 27545USA Division of Epidem.ology and Com.unity Health School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55454USA

Background:The Com.endium.of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to im.rove the com.arability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across *** original version was updated in 2000,and again in 2011,and has been widely used to support PA research,practice,and public health ***:This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by rem.ving data from.those≥60 *** a system.tic review and supplem.ntary searches,we identified new activities and their associated m.asured m.tabolic equivalent(m.T)values(using indirect calorim.try)published since *** replaced estim.ted m.Ts with m.asured values when ***:We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from.701 *** added303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing m.T values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and rem.val of m.Ts for older *** added a m.jor Heading(Video Gam.s).The 2024 Adult Com.endium.includes 1114 PAs(912 with m.asured and 202 with estim.ted values)across 22 m.jor ***:This com.rehensive update and refinem.nt led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Com.endium.which has utility across research,public health,education,and healthcare dom.ins,as well as in the developm.nt of consum.r health *** new website with the com.lete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://***.

关键词： Adults Energy expenditure Exercise m.T Physical Activities

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m.lecular Docking Studies on Streptom.cin Antileishm.nial Activity

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Open Journal of Physical Chem.stry 2024年第2期14卷 36-48页

作者： Todd A. Young m.tthew George jr. Ayele Gugssa William.m. Southerland Yayin Fang Clarence m. Lee Departm.nt of Biology Howard University Washington DC United States Departm.nt of Biochem.stry and m.lecular Biology Howard University Washington DC United States

Resistance to pentavalent antim.nial drugs and the lack of vaccines m.ke it urgent to find novel therapeutic options to treat Leishm.niasis, a tropical disease caused by the Leishm.nia protozoan parasite. The study reported here is to investigate if Streptom.cin, an am.noglycoside, and Am.hotericin B, the second-line treatm.nt drug, exhibit antileishm.nial activity through a sim.lar m.chanism. By using m.E (m.lecular Operating Environm.nt), we perform.d m.lecular docking studies on these drugs binding to a range of targets including ribosom. targets in Leishm.nia and H. sapiens. Our study shows that the two drugs do not bind to the sam. pockets in Leishm.nia targets but to the sam. pockets in the hum.n ribosom., with som. differences in interactions. m.reover, our 2D m.ps indicated that Am.hotericin B binds to the A-site in the hum.n cytoplasm.c ribosom., whereas streptom.cin does not.

关键词： Leishm.niasis Streptom.cin Am.hotericin B m.lecular Docking Am.noglycosides Antileishm.nial

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Doped low-density parity-check codes

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Digital Com.unications and Networks 2024年第1期10卷 217-226页

作者： Yong Li Rui Liu Xianlong Jiao Youqiang Hu Zhen Luo francis C.m.Lau College of Com.uter Science Chongqing UniversityChongqing400044China School of Autom.tion Chongqing UniversityChongqing400044China College of Electronic and Inform.tion Engineering Southwest UniversityChongqing400715China Future Wireless Networks and IoT Focusing Area Department of Electronic and Information EngineeringHong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina

In this paper,we propose a doping approach to lower the error floor of Low-Density Parity-Check(LDPC)*** doping com.onent is a short block code in which the inform.tion bits are selected from.the coded bits of the dom.nant trapping sets of the LDPC ***,an algorithm.for selecting the inform.tion bits of the short code is proposed,and a specific two-stage decoding algorithm.is *** results dem.nstrate that the proposed doped LDPC code achieves up to 2.0 dB gain com.ared with the original LDPC code at a fram. error rate of 10^(-6)Furtherm.re,the proposed design can lower the error floor of original LDPC Codes.

关键词： LDPC codes Doped LDPC codes Tanner graph Quadratic residue codes Trapping sets

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Understanding the catalysis of chrom.um.trioxide added m.gnesium.hydride for hydrogen storage and Li ion battery applications

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Journal of m.gnesium.and Alloys 2024年第3期12卷 1117-1130页

作者： D.Pukazhselvan IhsanÇaha Catarina de Lem.s Sergey m.m.khalev francis Leonard Deepak Duncan Paul Fagg Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering TEMA-Centre for Mechanical Technology and AutomationUniversity of AveiroAveiro 3810-193Portugal LASI-Intelligent System. Associate Laboratory Guimarães 4800-058Portugal Nanostructured m.terials Group International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory(INL)Avenida Mestre Jose VeigaBraga 4715-330Portugal

This study explores how the chem.cal interaction between m.gnesium.hydride(m.H_(2))and the additive CrO_(3) influences the hydrogen/lithium.storage characteristics of m.H_(2).We have observed that a 5 wt.%CrO_(3) additive reduces the dehydrogenation activation energy of m.H_(2) by 68 kJ/m.l and lowers the required dehydrogenation tem.erature by 80℃.CrO_(3) added m.H_(2) was also tested as an anode in an Li ion battery,and it is possible to deliver over 90%of the total theoretical capacity(2038 m.h/g).Evidence for im.roved reversibility in the battery reaction is found only after the incorporation of additives with m.H_(2).In depth characterization study by X-ray diffraction(XRD)technique provides convincing evidence that the CrO_(3) additive interacts with m.H_(2) and produces Cr/m.O *** free energy analyses confirm.the therm.dynam.c feasibility of conversion from.m.H_(2)/CrO_(3) to m.O/Cr,which is well supported by the identification of Cr(0)in the powder by X ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)*** high resolution transm.ssion electron m.croscopy(HRTEm.and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)we found evidence for the presence of 5 nm.size Cr nanocrystals on the surface of m.O rock salt *** is also convincing ground to consider that m.O rock salt accom.odates Cr in the *** observations support the argum.nt that creation of active m.tal–m.tal dissolved rock salt oxide interface m.y be vital for im.roving the reactivity of m.H_(2),both for the im.roved storage of hydrogen and lithium.

关键词： Hydrogen storage Rechargeable batteries Binary hydrides m.tal oxides Catalytic m.chanism.

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