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A semi-empirical model for top-down cracking depth evolution in thick asphalt pavements with open-graded friction courses

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Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition) 2022年第2期9卷 244-260页

作者： Francesco Canestrari Lorenzo Paolo Ingrassia Amedeo Virgili Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Architettura(DICEA)UniversitàPolitecnica delle MarcheAncona 60131Italy

Thick asphalt pavements with open-graded friction course(OGFC) are exposed to topdown cracking(TDC), a distress consisting of longitudinal cracks that initiate on the pavement surface close to the wheel path and propagate downwards. The main objective of this study is to develop a semi-empirical model for the prediction of TDC depth evolution for such pavements. For this purpose, a series of cores were taken from different Italian motorway pavements affected by TDC and analyzed in the laboratory. Cracked cores taken from the wheel path area were analyzed to determine TDC depth, whereas intact cores taken from the middle of the lane(not affected by traffic loadings) were tested to obtain the volumetric and mechanical properties of the OGFC mixture. The proposed model, developed on the basis of the results already available in literature and on the findings of the laboratory investigation, predicts the evolution of TDC depth as a function of the applied traffic loadings(in terms of 12-ton fatigue equivalent single axle loads, i.e., ESALs). The model is sigmoidal with a maximum TDC depth assumed equal to 150 mm. The shape parameter of the sigmoidal function depends on the indirect tensile strength(ITS) of the OGFC mixtures(which takes into account indirectly also the volumetrics and stiffness of the OGFC), whereas the evolutive translation factor depends on the age of the OGFC mixture. After excluding some outliers, the model was able to predict the measured TDC depth very well. Moreover, in-situ observations allowed a preliminary validation of the proposed model. This model can be used in pavement management systems(PMSs) to plan surface repairs due to TDC in a timely manner, thus minimizing pavement damage and maintenance costs.

关键词： Top-down cracking(TDC) Asphalt pavement Open-graded friction course(OGFC) Porous asphalt(PA) Pavement management system(PMS) Modelling

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A review of top-down cracking in asphalt pavements:Causes, models, experimental tools and future challenges

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Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition) 2020年第5期7卷 541-572页

作者： Francesco Canestrari Lorenzo Paolo Ingrassia Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Architettura(DICEA)Uniuersita Politecnica delle MarcheAncona 60131Italy

In the last decades,a new type of distress has been observed more and more frequently on asphalt pavements.This distress,ascribable to fatigue failure,has been named top-down cracking(TDC) because it consists in longitudinal cracks that initiate on the pavement surface and then propagate downwards.A series of surveys recently carried out on Italian motorways highlighted that TDC can affect up to 20%-30% of the slow traffic lane.Therefore,in order to achieve a better understanding of such distress,this paper reviews causes,models and experimental tools and highlights future challenges for TDC.The literature review indicates that TDC can evolve on the pavement surface in three stages(i.e.,single crack,sister cracks,alligator cracking) and,below a certain depth,the cracks can form angles of 20°-40° with respect to the vertical plane.Even though multiple factors contribute to TDC development,thick pavements are more likely to fail due to TDC induced by tire-pavement contact stresses,especially in the presence of open-graded friction courses(OGFCs).Moreover,in literature there are several TDC models based on mechanics(e.g.,fracture mechanics or continuum damage mechanics) which allow a rigorous study of crack initiation and propagation.Future challenges include the identification of a reliable and feasible test method,among those proposed in literature,to study the TDC performance of asphalt mixtures and the implementation of TDC in pavement management systems(PMSs) through the definition of criteria for TDC recognition in the field as well as for the rehabilitation depth evaluation.Finally,more research is needed for open-graded asphalt mixtures,which present critical drawbacks in terms of TDC.

关键词： Top-down cracking Flexible pavements Fatigue Cracking model Open-graded friction course Pavement management system

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Experimental characterization of the 3D linear viscoelastic behavior of cold recycled bitumen emulsion mixtures

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Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition) 2019年第4期6卷 324-336页

作者： Andrea Graziani Carlotta Godenzoni Francesco Canestrari Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Architettura Università Politecnica delle Marche

Cold mixtures with bitumen emulsion are produced at ambient temperature, leading to substantial reductions of energy consumption and atmospheric emissions. In cold recycling applications, cement is normally used to improve the mixture performance. Thus, the rheological behavior of cold recycled mixtures is different from that of conventional hot mixtures because it is due to the interaction of fresh bitumen, aged bitumen and cementitious bonds. In this study, we investigated the three-dimensional(3 D) linear viscoelastic(LVE) behavior of a cement-bitumen treated material(CBTM) mixture fabricated using bitumen emulsion and cement. For comparison, we also investigated the 3 D LVE behavior of hot-mix asphalt containing 25% of reclaimed asphalt and fabricated using polymermodified binder. Sinusoidal axial tests on cylindrical specimens, were carried out at various temperatures(from 0℃ to 50℃) and frequencies(from 0.1 to 12 Hz). The complex Young’s modulus E~*and the complex Poisson’s ratio v~*were determined through the measurement of axial and transverse strain. We show that when considering E*, CBTM mixtures may be considered thermo-rheologically simple and the Huet-Sayegh model can be used to simulate the frequencyetemperature dependence. On the other hand, when considering v*the behavior of CBTM mixtures is very different from that of hot mix asphalt. In particular, its absolute value is almost constant and very close to 0.15.

关键词： Bitumen emulsion Cold recycling Complex modulus Complex Poisson’s ratio Huet-Sayegh model

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Chemical,morphological and rheological characterization of bitumen partially replaced with wood bio-oil:Towards more sustainable materials in road pavements

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Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition) 2020年第2期7卷 192-204页

作者： Lorenzo Paolo Ingrassia Xiaohu Lu Gilda Ferrotti Francesco Canestrari Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Architettura(DICEA)Universita Politecnica delle MarcheAncona 60131Italy Nynas AB Nynashamn SE-14982Sweden

Nowadays,sustainability and circular economy are two principles to be pursued in all fields.In road pavement engineering,they can be put into practice through the partial substitution of bitumen with industrial residues and by-products deriving from renewable materials.Within this framework,this paper presents an extensive investigation of the chemical,morphological and rheological properties of bio-binders obtained by mixing a conventional 50/70 bitumen with different percentages by weight(0,5%,10%and 15%)of a renewable bio-oil,generated as a residue in the processing of wood into pulp and paper.Results show that overall the bio-oil provides a softening effect,which,in terms of performance,leads to an improvement of the low-temperature behaviour and fatigue resistance with respect to the control bitumen,in spite of an increased tendency to permanent deformation.Although no chemical reaction appears to occur after blending,the peculiarities of the bio-oil affect the chemistry of the resulting bio-binders,whereas no phase separation is observed from the microscopic analysis.In addition,a Newtonian behaviour,an unchanged temperature susceptibility and a good fitting of 1 S2 P1 D model to the rheological data are found,regardless of the bio-oil percentage considered.These promising outcomes suggest that such bio-binders can be favourably employed for several applications in road pavements.

关键词： Road materials Bio-binders FTIR SARA 1S2P1D Sustainability

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Chemical and rheological analysis of unaged and aged bio-extended binders containing lignin

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Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition) 2023年第6期10卷 947-963页

作者： Elena Gaudenzi Fabrizio Cardone Xiaohu Lu Francesco Canestrari Department of Civil and Building Engineering and Architecture UniversitàPolitecnica delle MarcheAncona 60131Italy Nynas AB Nynäshamn 14982Sweden

The use of alternative renewable sources to totally or partially replace bitumen is one of the most current challenges in the road pavement sector.The growing energy cost and environmental concerns lead to the necessity to find alternative solutions,by supporting at the same time sustainability and circular economy principles.Within this framework,this paper presents the application of a powder lignin,a natural bio-polymer deriving from byproducts of wood pulp and paper industry,to replace part of bitumen.The bituminous blend consisting in 70%of bitumen and 30%of powder lignin(by weight)was made in laboratory through the use of a high shear stirring mixer,and a reference plain bitumen characterized by a similar consistency(i.e.,same penetration grade)was used as comparison.Then,an extensive investigation on chemical and rheological properties of the bio-binder is presented.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),saturates,aromatics,resins and asphaltenes(SARA),bending beam rheometer(BBR),frequency sweep tests and multiple stress creep recovery tests(MSCR)with a dynamic shear rheometer(DSR)were performed.Moreover,unaged,short-and long-term aging conditions were considered.Results indicated that powder lignin dominates the rheological behavior of the bio-binder and,from chemical analysis,it seems that it partially acts as a filler and partially as a binder.This would result in improved performances at both low and high temperatures,leading to a wider temperature range of performance grade(PG).Moreover,despite a stiffening effect is recognized,lignin also offers an antioxidant potentiality,reducing the aging susceptibility of the investigated bio-binder.

关键词： Bio-binders Asphalt binders Lignin Aging Sustainability

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Influence of rejuvenators on bitumen ageing in hot recycled asphalt mixtures

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Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition) 2018年第3期5卷 157-168页

作者： Giorgia Mazzoni Edoardo Bocci Francesco Canestrari Department of Civil and Construction Engineering and Architecture Università Politecnica delle Marche Faculty of Engineering eCampus University

The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement （RAP） in new hot mix asphalt （HMA） by means of hot recycling techniques generates the advantage linked to the exploitation of both lytic and bituminous component, consequently leading to the decrease of both virgin aggregates and bitumen supplying. However, many agencies and public administration authorise RAP percentages ranges from 10% to 30% in hot recycling. The main reason for such a low amount of allowable RAP content is related to the aged bitumen contained in the RAP materials, which is more brittle than a virgin bitumen leading to a final mixture more susceptible to fatigue, thermal and reflection cracking. The use of rejuvenators has the potential to restore rheology and chemical components of aged RAP bitumen, thus allowing a significant increase in the amount of RAP to be properly implemented in HMA. The experimental investigation is described in this paper and carried out through a dynamic shear rheometer （DSR） which provides the rheological characterisation of a paving grade bitumen during its overall service life including its reuse in hot recycling by adopting different rejuvenators. Results show that rejuvenators modify bitumen chemistry and consequently rheology by enhancing the viscous response. Moreover, it was observed that oxidation is less harmful, in terms of stiffness increase, on the 50/50 aged bitumen - virgin bitumen blends （rejuvenated or not） than on the virgin bitumen. Moreover, the addition of a rejuvenator in a bituminous blend containing 50% of bitumen reactivated from RAP could lead to a corresponding composite bituminous phase less subjected to ageing phenomena and even less stiff at the end of service life than the associated virgin bitumen alone.

关键词： Rejuvenator Reclaimed asphalt pavement Bitumen Ageing Dynamic shear rheorneter （DSR）

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