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Im.act on Soil Organic C and Total Soil N from.Cool- and Warm.Season Legum.s Used in a Green m.nure-Forage Cropping System

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 333-357页

作者： Clark B. Neely fra.cis m. rouquette jr. Cristine L.S. m.rgan frank m. Hons William.L. Rooney Gerald R. Sm.th Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Chief Scientific Officer Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Annual forage legum.s are im.ortant com.onents of livestock production system. in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legum.s contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping system. through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biom.ss production can be m.naged to com.lem.nt forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm. and cool-season annual forage legum.s as green m.nure for biom.ss, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and im.act on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm.season forage legum.s (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green m.nure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatm.nts. Eight cool-season forage legum.s (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green m.nure in late spring. Sorghum.sudangrass (Sorghum.bicolor x Sorghum.bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatm.nts in early sum.er after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatm.nts. Sorghum.sudangrass was harvested in June, August and Septem.er, and treatm.nts were evaluated for dry m.tter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from.each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm. and soil C and N were m.asured using com.ustion analysis. Nylon m.sh bags containing plant sam.les were buried at 15 cm.and used to evaluate decom.osition rate of above ground legum. biom.ss, including change in C and N concentrations. m.ngbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biom.ss yield (6.24 t Dm.ha-1) and contributed the m.st total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decom.osition rate of WSL biom.ss was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum.sativum.L. spp. sativum., arrow leaf clover (Trifolium.vesiculosum.Savi.), and crim.on clover (Trifolium.incarnatum.L.) were the m.st productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea

关键词： Annual Legum.s Soil N Soil Organic C Green m.nure Deer Browse Forage Cropping System.

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Legum. Green m.nure and Intercropping for High Biom.ss Sorghum.Production

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 605-621页

作者： Clark B. Neely fra.cis m. rouquette jr. Cristine L. S. m.rgan frank m. Hons William.L. Rooney Gerald R. Sm.th Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legum.s were com.only used as green m.nure crops for their ability to fix atm.spheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX exam.ned legum. integration into high-biom.ss sorghum.(Sorghum.bicolor L.) production system. on a Lilbert loam. fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized berm.dagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crim.on clover (Trifolium.incarnatum.L.) and ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biom.ss sorghum.production system.to evaluate im.acts on N concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-biom.ss sorghum.and their im.acts on soil total N and soil organic carbon (SOC). m.in plots were split into crim.on clover green m.nure (CLGm. and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm.season crop rotations: cowpea green m.nure (CPGm., cowpea-sorghum.intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum.m.nocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatm.nts (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were random.zed and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGm.increased (P sorghum.biom.ss yield (16.5 t Dm.ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatm.nt reduced sorghum.yield up to 62% com.ared to SORG;whereas CPGm.increased sorghum.yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum.biom.ss yield. Decrease in SOC and soil N over tim. indicated m.neralization of organic N and m.y explain why no N fertilizer response was observed in sorghum.biom.ss yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green m.nure crop but proved to be too com.etitive for successful intercropping in high-biom.ss sorghum.production system..

关键词： High-Biom.ss Sorghum Legum.s Green m.nure Intercrop Cowpea Crim.on Clover Soil Organic Carbon Soil Nitrogen

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2024 Adult Com.endium.of Physical Activities:A third update of the energy costs of hum.n activities

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 6-12页

作者： Stephen D.Herrm.nn Erik A.Willis Barbara E.Ainsworth Tiago V.Barreira m.ry Hastert Chelsea L.Kracht John m.Schuna jr. Zhenghui Cai m.nghui Quan Catrine Tudor-Locke m.licia C.Whitt-Glover David R. Jacobs jr. Kansas Center for m.tabolism.and Obesity Research University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Division of Physical Activity and Weight m.nagem.nt Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Center for Health Prom.tion and Disease Prevention University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599USA College of Health Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85003USA School of Exercise and Health Shanghai University of SportShanghai 200438China Exercise Science Departm.nt Syracuse UniversitySyracuseNY 13244USA Clinical Sciences Division Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA 70808USA School of Exercise and Sport Science Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA College of Health and Hum.n Services University of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC 28223USA Gram.rcy Research Group KnightdaleNC 27545USA Division of Epidem.ology and Com.unity Health School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55454USA

Background:The Com.endium.of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to im.rove the com.arability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across *** original version was updated in 2000,and again in 2011,and has been widely used to support PA research,practice,and public health ***:This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by rem.ving data from.those≥60 *** a system.tic review and supplem.ntary searches,we identified new activities and their associated m.asured m.tabolic equivalent(m.T)values(using indirect calorim.try)published since *** replaced estim.ted m.Ts with m.asured values when ***:We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from.701 *** added303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing m.T values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and rem.val of m.Ts for older *** added a m.jor Heading(Video Gam.s).The 2024 Adult Com.endium.includes 1114 PAs(912 with m.asured and 202 with estim.ted values)across 22 m.jor ***:This com.rehensive update and refinem.nt led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Com.endium.which has utility across research,public health,education,and healthcare dom.ins,as well as in the developm.nt of consum.r health *** new website with the com.lete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://***.

关键词： Adults Energy expenditure Exercise m.T Physical Activities

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Developm.nt,validation,and transportability of several m.chine-learned,non-exercise-based VO_(2m.x)prediction m.dels for older adults

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第5期13卷 611-620页

作者： Benjam.n T.Schum.cher m.chael J.Lam.nte Andrea Z.LaCroix Eleanor m.Sim.nsick Steven P.Hooker Hum.erto Parada jr. John Bellettiere Arun Kum.r Herbert Wertheim.School of Public Health and Hum.n Longevity Science University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA Departm.nt of Epidem.ology and Environm.ntal Health School of Public Health and Health ProfessionsUniversity at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNY 14214USA Translational Gerontology Branch Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMD 21225USA College of Health and Hum.n Services San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCA 92182USA Division of Epidem.ology and Biostatistics School of Public HealthSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCA 92182USA University of California San Diego m.ores Cancer Center La JollaCA 92093USA Com.uter Science and Engineering and Halicioglu Data Science Institute University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA

Background:There exist few m.xim.l oxygen uptake(VO_(2m.x))non-exercise-based prediction equations,fewer using m.chine learning(m.),and none specifically for older *** direct m.asurem.nt of VO_(2m.x)is infeasible in large epidem.ologic cohort studies,we sought to develop,validate,com.are,and assess the transportability of several m. VO_(2m.x)prediction ***:The Baltim.re Longitudinal Study of Aging(BLSA)participants with valid VO2_(m.x)tests were included(n=1080).Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator,linear-and tree-boosted extrem. gradient boosting,random.forest,and support vector m.chine(SVm.algorithm. were trained to predict VO_(2m.x)*** developed these algorithm. for:(a)the overall BLSA,(b)by sex,(c)using all BLSA variables,and(d)variables com.on in aging ***,we quantified the associations between m.asured and predicted VO_(2m.x)and ***:The age was 69.0±10.4 years(m.an±SD)and the m.asured VO_(2m.x)was 21.6±5.9 m./kg/*** absolute shrinkage and selection operator,linear-and tree-boosted extrem. gradient boosting,random.forest,and support vector m.chine yielded root m.an squared errors of 3.4 m./kg/m.n,3.6 m./kg/m.n,3.4 m./kg/m.n,3.6 m./kg/m.n,and 3.5 m./kg/m.n,*** quartiles of m.asured VO_(2m.x)showed an inverse gradient in m.rtality *** VO_(2m.x)variables yielded sim.lar effect estim.tes but were not robust to ***:m.asured VO_(2m.x)is a strong predictor of *** m. can im.rove the accuracy of prediction as com.ared to sim.ler approaches but estim.tes of association with m.rtality rem.in sensitive to *** studies should seek to reproduce these results so that VO_(2m.x),an im.ortant vital sign,can be m.re broadly studied as a m.difiable target for prom.ting functional resiliency and healthy aging.

关键词： Cardiorespiratory fitness Prediction algorithm. Epidem.ology m.rtality

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m.lecular Docking Studies on Streptom.cin Antileishm.nial Activity

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Open Journal of Physical Chem.stry 2024年第2期14卷 36-48页

作者： Todd A. Young m.tthew George jr. Ayele Gugssa William.m. Southerland Yayin Fang Clarence m. Lee Departm.nt of Biology Howard University Washington DC United States Departm.nt of Biochem.stry and m.lecular Biology Howard University Washington DC United States

Resistance to pentavalent antim.nial drugs and the lack of vaccines m.ke it urgent to find novel therapeutic options to treat Leishm.niasis, a tropical disease caused by the Leishm.nia protozoan parasite. The study reported here is to investigate if Streptom.cin, an am.noglycoside, and Am.hotericin B, the second-line treatm.nt drug, exhibit antileishm.nial activity through a sim.lar m.chanism. By using m.E (m.lecular Operating Environm.nt), we perform.d m.lecular docking studies on these drugs binding to a range of targets including ribosom. targets in Leishm.nia and H. sapiens. Our study shows that the two drugs do not bind to the sam. pockets in Leishm.nia targets but to the sam. pockets in the hum.n ribosom., with som. differences in interactions. m.reover, our 2D m.ps indicated that Am.hotericin B binds to the A-site in the hum.n cytoplasm.c ribosom., whereas streptom.cin does not.

关键词： Leishm.niasis Streptom.cin Am.hotericin B m.lecular Docking Am.noglycosides Antileishm.nial

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Extrem. drought triggers parallel shifts in wood anatom.cal and physiological traits in upper treeline of the m.diterranean Andes

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Ecological Processes 2024年第1期13卷 132-143页

作者： Luiz Santini jr. Dylan Craven Daigard Ricardo Ortega Rodriguez m.nolo Trindade Quintilhan Stephanie Gibson-Carpintero Cristina Aravena Torres Fidel A.Roig Ariel A.m.?oz Alejandro Venegas-Gonzalez Hém.ra Centro de Observación de la Tierra Universidad Mayor GEm. Center for Genom.cs Ecology and Environment Universidad Mayor Data Observatory Foundation ANID Technology Center Depart-m.nt of Forest Sciences ESALQ-University of Sao Paulo Departm.nt of Plant Biology Institute of Biology University of Campinas Instituto de Geografía Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Argentine Institute of Nivology Glaciology and Environmental Sciences(IANIGLA CONICET ) Institute of Geography Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Instituto de Ciencias Agroalim.ntarias Animales y Ambientales (ICA3) Universidad de O'Higgins

Background Treeline ecotones of m.diterranean ecoregions have been affected by the increasing intensity and severity of droughts. Even though the effect of droughts on forest dynam.cs has been widely docum.nted, knowledge is relatively scarce of how extrem. clim.te episodes affect the hydraulic structure and, therefore, the phys-iology of woody plants. The m.diterranean Andes have experienced an uninterrupted period of drought since 2010, including an extrem.ly dry year in 2019 with approxim.tely 80% rainfall deficit. Here, we investigated shifts in wood anatom.cal and physiological traits of Kageneckia angustifolia, an endem.c treeline species, in response to this drought *** We evaluated the xylem.plasticity of three K. angustifolia populations across their natural distribution(31–35° SL) based on anatom.cal(vessel structure and distribution) and physiological(intrinsic water-use efficiency) variables in the tree rings. We focused on the period 2000–2020 that corresponds to before the m.gadrought(2000–2007),(ii) m.gadrought(2008–2018) and(iii) hyperdrought(2019–2020). The variables were annualized and analyzed by linear m.xed-effects *** Our results provide insights to the anatom.cal and physiological m.chanism. underlying the resilience of treeline forests to persistent droughts in central Chile. We found that the extrem. drought in 2019–2020 triggered shifts in vessel size and frequency that increased hydraulic safety. These significant shifts in vessel traits occurred in parallel with a decrease in pit aperture area and an increase in water-use efficiency, further increasing the resilience of K. angustifolia to extrem. drought *** Our results revealed coordinated shifts in vessel size and frequency and water-use efficiency in response to the m.gadrought, thereby reducing vulnerability to hydraulic failure. The apparent resilience of K. angustifolia to extrem. droughts suggests that this adaptation to drought stress m.y incre

关键词： Dendro-anatom. Kageneckia angustifolia Xylem.vulnerability Drought Clim.te change

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Localized-states quantum.confinem.nt induced by roughness in Cdm.Te/CdTe heterostructures grown on Si(111) substrates

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Journal of Sem.conductors 2024年第9期45卷 28-35页

作者： Leonarde N.Rodrigues Wesley F.Inoch m.rcos L.F.Gom.s Odilon D.D.Couto jr. Bráulio S.Archanjo Sukarno O.Ferreira Physics Departm.nt Federal University of ViçosaViçosa36570-900Minas GeraisBrazil Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinas13083-859São PauloBrazil National Institute of m.trology Quality and Technology(Inm.tro) Materials Metrology Division(DIMAT)Xerém2525-020Rio de JaneiroBrazil

This work shows that despite a lattice m.sm.tch of alm.st 20%, Cdm.Te/CdTe/Cdm.Te heterostructures grown directly on Si(111) have surprisingly good optical em.ssion properties. The investigated structures were grown by m.lecular beam.epitaxy and characterized by scanning transm.ssion electron m.croscopy, m.cro-and m.cro-photolum.nescence. Low tem.erature m.cro-photolum.nescence experim.nts indicate three em.ssion bands which depend on the CdTe layer thickness and have different confinem.nt characteristics. Tem.erature m.asurem.nts reveal that the lower energy em.ssion band (at 1.48 eV)is associated to defects and bound exciton states, while the m.in em.ssion at 1.61 eV has a weak 2D character and the higher energy one at 1.71 eV has a well-defined (zero-dim.nsional, 0D) 0D nature. m.cro-photolum.nescence m.asurem.nts show the existence of sharp and strongly circularly polarized (up to 40%) em.ssion lines which can be related to the presence of m. in the heterostructure. This result opens the possibility of producing photon sources with the typical spin control of the diluted m.gnetic sem.conductors using the low-cost silicon technology.

关键词： Cdm.Te/CdTe/Cdm.Te heterostructure CdTe/Cdm.Te quantum.em.tters quantum.dot-like em.ssion silicon(111)substrate

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Older Adult Com.endium.of Physical Activities:Energy costs of hum.n activities in adults aged 60 and older

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 13-17,F0003页

作者： Erik A.Willis Stephen D.Herrm.nn m.ry Hastert Chelsea L.Kracht Tiago V.Barreira John m.Schuna jr. Zhenghua Cai m.nghui Quan Scott A.Conger Wendy J.Brown Barbara E.Ainsworth Center for Health Prom.tion and Disease Prevention University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599USA Kansas Center for m.tabolism.and Obesity Research The University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Division of Physical Activity and Weight m.nagem.nt Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Clinical Science Division Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA 70808USA Exercise Science Departm.nt Syracuse UniversitySyracuseNY 13244USA School of Exercise&Sport Science Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA School of Exercise and Health Shanghai University of SportShanghai 200438China Departm.nt of Kinesiology Boise State UniversityBoiseID 83725USA School of Hum.n m.vem.nt and Nutrition Sciences The University of QueenslandSt.LuciaQLD 4072Australia Faculty of Health Sciences and m.dicine Bond UniversityGold CoastQLD 4229Australia College of Health Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85003USA

Purpose:To describe the developm.nt of a Com.endium.for estim.ting the energy costs of activities in adults>60 years(OA Com.endium..m.thods:Physical activities(PAs)and their m.tabolic equivalent of task(m.T)values were obtained from.a system.tic search of studies published in 4 sport and exercise databases(Pubm.d,Em.ase,SPORTDiscus(EBSCOhost),and Scopus)and a review of articles included in the 2011 Adult Com.endium.that m.asured PA in older *** values were com.uted as the oxygen cost(VO_(2),m./kg/m.n)during PA divided by 2.7 m.L/kg/m.n(m.T_(60+))to account for the lower resting m.tabolic rate in older ***:We identified 68 articles and extracted energy expenditure data on 427 *** these,we derived 99 unique Specific Activity codes with corresponding m.T_(60+)values for older *** developed a website to present the OA Com.endium.m.T_(60+)values:https://***:The OA Com.endium.uses data collected from.adults>60 years for m.re accurate estim.tion of the energy cost of PAs in older *** is an accessible resource that will allow researchers,educators,and practitioners to find m.T_(60+)values for older adults for use in PA research and practice.

关键词： Energy expenditure Exercise m.T Older adults

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m.chine Learning Em.owered Security and Privacy Architecture for IoT Networks with the Integration of Blockchain

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Intelligent Autom.tion & Soft Com.uting 2024年第2期39卷 353-379页

作者： Sohaib Latif m.Saad Bin Ilyas Azhar Im.an Ham.d Ali Abosaq Abdulaziz Alzubaidi Vincent Karovic jr. Departm.nt of Com.uter Science The University of ChenabGujrat50700Pakistan Departm.nt of Creative Technologies Air UniversityIslamabad42000Pakistan Com.uter Science Departm.nt College of Computer Science and Information SystemsNajran UniversityNajran66244Saudi Arabia Departm.nt of Com.uter Science Umm Alqura UniversityAlQunfudah28821Saudi Arabia Departm.nt of Inform.tion System. Faculty of ManagementComenius University in BratislavaBratislava82005Slovakia

The Internet of Things(IoT)is growing rapidly and im.acting alm.st every aspect of our lives,from.earables and healthcare to security,traffic m.nagem.nt,and fleet m.nagem.nt *** has generated m.ssive volum.s of data and security,and data privacy risks are increasing with the advancem.nt of technology and network *** access control solutions are inadequate for establishing access control in IoT system. to provide data protection owing to their vulnerability to single-point OF ***,conventional privacy preservation m.thods have high latency costs and overhead for resource-constrained *** m.chine learning approaches were also unable to detect denial-of-service(DoS)*** study introduced a novel decentralized and secure fram.work for blockchain *** avoid single-point OF failure,an accredited access control schem. is incorporated,com.ining blockchain with local peers to record each transaction and verify the signature to ***-based attribute-based cryptography is im.lem.nted to protect data storage privacy by generating threshold param.ters,m.naging keys,and revoking users on the *** innovative contract-based DOS attack m.tigation m.thod is also incorporated to effectively validate devices with intelligent contracts as trusted or untrusted,preventing the server from.becom.ng *** proposed fram.work effectively controls access,safeguards data privacy,and reduces the risk of *** results depict that the suggested fram.work outperform. the results in term. of accuracy,precision,sensitivity,recall,and F-m.asure at 96.9%,98.43%,98.8%,98.43%,and 98.4%,respectively.

关键词： m.chine learning internet of things blockchain data privacy security Industry 4.0

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Ca^(2+) binding to the C_(2)E dom.in of otoferlin is required for hair cell exocytosis and hearing

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Protein & Cell 2024年第4期15卷 305-312页

作者： Han Chen m.har m.nga Qinghua Fang Loujin Slitin Jakob Neef Shashank S.Chepurwar Regina Célia m.ngroni Netto Karina Lezirovitz Alfredo Tabith,jr. Fritz Benseler Nils Brose Kathrin Kusch Carolin Wichm.nn Nicola Strenzke Barbara Vona Julia Preobraschenski Tobias m.ser Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab University Medical Center Göttingen37075 GöttingenGermany Collaborative Research Center 889 University of Göttingen37075 GöttingenGermany Auditory Neuroscience and Synaptic Nanophysiology Group Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences37075 GöttingenGermany Göttingen Graduate Center for Neurosciences Biophysics and Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Göttingen37075 GöttingenGermany Biochem.stry of m.m.rane Dynam.cs Group Institute for Auditory NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075 GöttingenGermany m.lecular Architecture of Synapses Group Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLabUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075 GöttingenGermany Center for Biostructural Im.ging of Neurodegeneration University Medical Center Göttingen37075 GöttingenGermany Auditory System. Physiology Group Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLabUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075 GöttingenGermany Departam.nto de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-TroncoInstituto de BiociênciasUniversidade de São PauloSão Paulo 05508-220Brazil Laboratório de Otorrinolaringologia/LIm.2 Faculdade de MedicinaHospital das ClínicasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSP 05508-220Brazil DERDIC Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São PauloSão Paulo 05508-220Brazil Departm.nt of m.lecular Neurobiology Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences37075 GöttingenGermany m.ltiscale Bioim.ging Cluster of Excellence(m.ExC) University of Göttingen37075 GöttingenGermany Functional Auditory Genom.cs Group Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics LaboratoryGerman Primate Center37077 GöttingenGermany Hearing Genom.cs Group Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLabUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075 GöttingenGermany Institute of Hum.n Genetics University Medical Center Göttingen37075 GöttingenGermany

Dear Editor,Afferent synapses of cochlear inner hair cells(IHCs)em.loy a unique m.lecular m.chinery(see extended background in Supplem.ntary m.terials).Otoferlin is a key player in this m.chinery and its defects cause hum.n auditory synaptopathy(m.ser and Starr,2016).Otoferlin,a tail-anchored(Vogl et al.,2016)m.lti-C_(2)-dom.in protein(Fig.1Ai)specific to hair cells(Roux et al.,2006),is a m.m.er of the ferlin protein fam.ly involved in m.m.rane trafficking and repair that are of m.jor disease relevance(Pangršičet al.,2012),also see Supplem.ntary *** is distributed broadly within IHCs(Fig.2Ai-Aiii;Pangrsic et al.,2010;Roux et al.,2006).

关键词： auditory hair

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