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Tight junction disruption: Helicobacter pylori and dysregulation of the gastric mucosal barrier

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第40期21卷 11411-11427页

作者： Tyler J caron Kathleen E Scott James G fox Susan J Hagen Department of Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Division of comparative Medicine Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Long-term chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a risk factor for gastric cancer development. In the multi-step process that leads to gastric cancer,tight junction dysfunction is thought to occur and serve as a risk factor by permitting the permeation of luminal contents across an otherwise tight mucosa. Mechanisms that regulate tight junction function and structure in the normal stomach,or dysfunction in the infected stomach,however,are largely unknown. Although conventional tight junction components are expressed in gastric epithelial cells,claudins regulate paracellular permeability and are likely the target of inflammation or H. pylori itself. There are 27 different claudin molecules,each with unique properties that render the mucosa an intact barrier that is permselective in a way that is consistent with cell physiology. Understanding the architecture of tight junctions in the normal stomach and then changes that occur during infection is important but challenging,because most of the reports that catalog claudin expression in gastric cancer pathogenesis are contradictory. Furthermore,the role of H. pylori virulence factors,such as cytotoxin-associated gene A and vacoulating cytotoxin,in regulating tight junction dysfunction during infection is inconsistent in different gastric cell lines and in vivo,likely because non-gastric epithelial cell cultures were initially used to unravel the details of their effects on the stomach. Hampering further study,as well,is the relative lack of cultured cell models that have tight junction claudins that are consistent with native tissues. This summary will review the current state of knowledge about gastric tight junctions,normally and in H. pylori infection,and make predictions about the consequences of claudin reorganization during H. pylori infection.

关键词： Helicobacter pylori Tight junction claudins Parace

Direct contacts of microglia on myelin sheath and Ranvier’s node in the corpus callosum in rats

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The Journal of Biomedical Research 2019年第3期33卷 192-200页

作者： Jingdong Zhang Xinglong Yang You Zhou Howard fox Huangui Xiong Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center Department of clinical and Scientific Training Affiliated Hospital to Academy of Military Medicine Sciences center for Biotechnology University of Nebraska at Lincoln School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

Over the recent years, it has been found that microglia pseudopodia contact synapses, detect sick ones and prune them, even in adult animals. Myelinated nerves also carry out plasticity in which microglia remove myelin debris by phagocytosis. However, it remains unknown whether microglia explore structures on nerve fibers, such as Ranvier’s node(RN) or myelin sheath, before they become debris. By double or triple staining RNs or myelin sheathes and microglia in healthy rat corpus callosum, this study unveiled direct contacts of microglia pseudopodia with RNs and with para-and inter-nodal myelin sheathes, which was then verified by electron microscopic observations. Our data indicated that microglia also explore unmyelinated nerve fibers. Furthermore, we used the animals with matured white matter;therefore, microglia may be actively involved in plasticity of matured white matter tracts as it does for synapse pruning, instead of only passively phagocytize myelin debris.

关键词： Ranvier’s node myelin sheath microglia contact matured white matter tract

Malignancy and mortality in a population-based cohort of patients with coeliac disease or ‘gluten sensitivity’

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第1期13卷 146-151页

作者： LA Anderson SA McMillan RGP Watson P Monaghan AT Gavin c fox LJ Murray Queen's University Belfast Centre for Clinical and Population Sciences Belfast United Kingdom Royal Group of Hospitals Regional Immunology Service Belfast United Kingdom Royal Group of Hospitals Institute of Clinical Science Belfast United Kingdom. Queen's University Belfast Northern Ireland Cancer Registry Belfast United Kingdom

AIM: To determine the risk of malignancy and mortality in patients with a positive endomysial or anti-gliadin an- tibody test in Northern Ireland. METHODS: A population-based retrospective cohort study design was used. Laboratory test results used in the diagnosis of coeliac disease were obtained from the Regional Immunology Laboratory, cancer statistics from the Northern Ireland cancer Registry and mortal- ity statistics from the General Registrar Office, Northern Ireland. Age standardized incidence ratios of malignant neoplasms and standardized mortality ratios of all-cause and cause-specific mortality were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 13 338 people had an endomysial antibody and/or an anti-gliadin antibody test in Northern Ireland between 1993 and 1996. There were 490 pa- tients who tested positive for endomysial antibodies and they were assumed to have coeliac disease. There were 1133 patients who tested positive for anti-gliadin anti- bodies and they were defined as gluten sensitive. Ma- lignant neoplasms were not significantly associated with coeliac disease; however, all-cause mortality was signifi- cantly increased following diagnosis. The standardized incidence and mortality ratios for non-Hodgkin’s lym- phoma were increased in coeliac disease patients but did not reach statistical significance. Lung and breast cancer incidence were significantly lower and all-cause mortal-ity, mortality from malignant neoplasms, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and digestive system disorders were signifi- cantly higher in gluten sensitive patients compared to the Northern Ireland population. cONcLUSION: Patients with coeliac disease or gluten sensitivity had higher mortality rates than the Northern Ireland population. This association persists more than one year after diagnosis in patients testing positive for anti-gliadin antibodies. Breast cancer is significantly re- duced in the cohort of patients with gluten sensitivity.

关键词： coeliac disease cancer Mortality Gluten sensitivity

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ANTI ANTI-VMWare

黑客防线 2008年第1期 123-128页

作者： fox

喜欢调试程序或者测试程序的朋友应该都知道,著名的VMWare虚拟机能够很方便地完成我们的任务,特别是它的快照功能、虚拟机克隆等功能。但是有些程序,加上一些特殊处理,比如Themida壳后，就无法运行于虚拟机中了,这给我们带来了很大的麻... 详细信息

喜欢调试程序或者测试程序的朋友应该都知道,著名的VMWare虚拟机能够很方便地完成我们的任务,特别是它的快照功能、虚拟机克隆等功能。但是有些程序,加上一些特殊处理,比如Themida壳后，就无法运行于虚拟机中了,这给我们带来了很大的麻烦,如图1所示。

关键词： VMWare虚拟机测试 Themida壳逆向工程网上检测补丁工具

Size matters: wintering ducks stay longer and use fewer habitats on largest chinese lakes

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Avian Research 2019年第4期10卷 415-422页

作者： Fanjuan Meng Hongbin Li Xin Wang Lei Fang Xianghuang Li Lei cao Anthony David fox State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco‑Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China University of chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Life Sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Department of Bioscience Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark

Background:Evidence suggests that wintering waterbirds have become conspicuously more concentrated at two largest lakes of the Yangtze River Floodplain,East Dong Ting Lake(Hunan Province,29°20′N,113°E)and Poyang Lake(Jiangxi Province,29°N,116°20′E),relative to other lakes,despite the establishment of reserves *** this relationship is likely due to greater extent of undisturbed habitats in larger lakes,we understand little of the drivers affecting individual behaviours behind this ***:We tracked wintering movements of three duck species(Eurasian Wigeon Mareca penelope,Falcated Duck *** and Northern Pintail Anas acuta)using GPS transmitters,examining differences between the two largest lakes and other smaller lakes in ducks’habitat use,duration of stay at each lake and the daily distances moved by the tagged birds while at these ***:The Eurasian Wigeon and Falcated Duck stayed five times longer and almost exclusively used natural habitat types at the two large lakes(91‒95%of positions)compared to length of stay time at smaller lakes,where they spent 28‒33 days on average(excluding the capture site)and exploited many more different habitats(including c.50%outside lakes).conclusions:Our study is the first to show that shorter length of stay and more varied habitat use by ducks at small lakes may contribute to explaining the apparent regional concentration of numbers present of these and other species at the largest lakes in recent *** compares with their declining abundance at smaller lakes,where habitat loss and degradation has been more manifest than on the larger lakes.

关键词： Anas acuta GPS/GSM telemetry Mareca falcata Mareca penelope Winter residency time Yangtze River Floodplain

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并行处理机的算法

世界科学 1985年第7期 44-47页

作者： geoffrey fox Steve Otto 叶长远

一旦采用少许一般性技术,许多小型计算机就能有效地同时运行,由此可以解决从空气动力学到天体物理各门学科中需要大量计算的问题。由于计算机技术的发展,我们正在开始一场计算革命。超大规模集成电路的进展不仅导致更快的计算机,也导致... 详细信息

一旦采用少许一般性技术,许多小型计算机就能有效地同时运行,由此可以解决从空气动力学到天体物理各门学科中需要大量计算的问题。由于计算机技术的发展,我们正在开始一场计算革命。超大规模集成电路的进展不仅导致更快的计算机,也导致更加便宜、更加小型化的计算机——由几片集成块组成的计算机。这些计算机的实用价值大得令人瞠目结舌,而且也使得制造“超大功能计算机”,或称之为“超计算机”成为现实可行,这即是由许许多多的小型计算机组成的并行处理机。

关键词：并行处理机节点分配方程坐标空间单元数计算机算法

Wintering Swan Geese maximize energy intake through substrate foraging depth when feeding on buried Vallisneria natans tubers

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Avian Research 2019年第2期10卷 163-170页

作者： Yan chen Yong Zhang Lei cao Willem F.de Boer Anthony D.fox School of Life Sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230027China co-Innovation center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern china College of Biology and the EnvironmentNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China Research center for Eco-Environmental Science Chinese Academic of Sciences18 Shuangqing RoadBeijing 100085China University of chinese Academy of Sciences 19 Yuquan RoadShijingshan DistrictBeijing 100049China Resource Ecology Group Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg3a6708 PB WageningenThe Netherlands Department of Bioscience Aarhus UniversityKalφGrenavej 148410 RφndeDenmark

Background: Foraging theory predicts that animals select patches that offer the highest net rate of energy gain. Hence, prey distribution patterns and spatiotemporal heterogeneity play important roles in determining animal feeding patch selection. For waterfowl foraging on buried aquatic plant tubers, the distribution and biomass of these plant organs vary with depth in the substrate. Since excavation costs also increase with depth, the energy intake of the animals foraging on these plants is highly sediment depth dependent. Methods: Here, using observations of Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) foraging on Vallisneria natans tubers, we test our hypothesis that geese feeding on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depth maximize their daily energy intake because of the interaction between tuber size and abundance with depth. To do this, we measured the distribution patterns of buried Vallisneria tubers under both undisturbed conditions and post-exploitation by geese (i.e. giving-up conditions). We investigated the relationship between tuber size and burial depth, and total tuber biomass within each sediment layer in undisturbed and exploited plots. Finally, we compared modelled Swan Goose daily energy intake feeding on Vallisneria tubers buried at different sediment layers (1–10, 11–20 and 21–30 cm below the surface). Results: Dry weight of Vallisneria tubers linearly increased with burial depth, while average total dry weight density of tubers showed a unimodal relationship, peaking at intermediate levels. Not surprisingly, Swan Geese foraged most intensively on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depths, where they maximize their daily energy intake. Our results support our hypothesis that Swan Geese feeding on tubers at intermediate depths maximize their daily energy intake. conclusions: Our study is the first to quantify foraging strategies of Swan Geese during the wintering period, emphasizing the importance of plant traits on foraging selection of belowground f

关键词： Energetic trade-off Optimal foraging Shengjin Lake Substrate Tuber burial depth Yangtze River

An Industry 4.0 Approach to the 3D Printing of composite Materials

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Engineering 2019年第4期5卷 621-623页

作者： Bronwyn fox Aleksander Subic Swinburne Research Swinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVIC 3122Australia

carbon fiber composites are lightweight,high-strength engineered materials that can be 10 times stronger than steel and eight times stronger than aluminum at a fraction of the weight of these *** manufacture has become a growth area for Australia in the past decade,leading to new export ***,in order to maintain this lead and momentum,the key challenge to overcome is to increase the rate and lower the cost of *** can only be achieved by using automation and digitalization to reduce slow and labor-intensive manual processes.

关键词： materials. composites overcome