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Gene therapy for Parkinson’s Disease and Ethical Challenges: A Systematic Review

Advances in Parkinson's Disease 2023年第2期12卷 9-28页

作者： Théodora M. Zohoncon Joseph Saw.dogo Abdou Azaque Zoure Abdoul Karim Ouattara Marie N. L. Ouedraogo Luc Zongo Paul Ouedraogo florencia w. djigma Christelle w. M. Nadembèga Raphael Kabore Djénéba Ouermi Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah Jacques Simpore Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Faculty of Medicine University Saint Thomas d’Aquin (USTA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Saint Camille Hospital Ouagadougou (HOSCO) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Molecular Biology and Genetics Laboratory (LABIOGENE) Joseph KI-ZERBO University Ouagadougou Burkina Faso National Center for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRST/IRSS) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Norbert Zongo University/Manga University Centre Koudougou Burkina Faso Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medical Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex, multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder w.th a pathophysiology deriving from the synergy of abnormal aggregation of neuroinflammation, synuclein and dysfunction of lysosomes, mitochondria and synaptic transport difficulties influenced by genetic and idiopathic factors. w.rldw.de, PD has a prevalence of 2-3% in people over the age of 65. To date, there is no certified, effective treatment for PD. Aim: The aims of this research w.re: (i) to present, on the basis of recent advances in molecular genetics and epigenetics, the genomic aspects and challenges of gene therapy trials for PD;(ii) to outline the ethical principles applicable to therapeutic trials for PD. Method: A systematic literature review.w.s carried out to identify relevant articles reporting on genomic aspects and gene therapy in PD from 2001 to October 2023. The search w.s conducted in French and/or English in three databases: PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct. PRISMA guidelines w.re used in this systematic review. Results: A total of thirty-three publications w.re selected. An inductive thematic analysis revealed that numerous genetic mutations (SNCA, Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1, LRRK2, ATP13A2, VPS35, Parkin/PRKN, PINK1, DJ1/PARK7) and epigenetic events such as the action of certain miRNAs (miR-7, miR-153, miR-133b, miR-124, miR-137) are responsible for the onset of PD, and that genetic therapy for this pathology raises ethical questions that need to be elucidated in the light of the bioethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. Conclusion: There is no zero risk in biotechnology. Then, it w.ll be necessary to assess all the potential risks of Parkinson disease’s gene therapy to make the right decision. It is therefore essential to pursue research and, w.th the guidance of ethics, to advance treatment options and meet the challenges of brain manipulation and its impact on human identity. The golden rule of medicine remains: “Primum non nocere”.

关键词： Neurodegenerative Diseases Parkinson Disease Molecular Mechanism Gene Therapy Gene Therapy Ethics

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Presymptomatic Diagnosis and Gene Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: Genomic, Therapeutic, and Ethical Aspects—A Systematic Review

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Advances in Alzheimer's Disease 2023年第4期12卷 55-74页

作者： Théodora M. Zohoncon Joseph Saw.dogo Abdoul Karim Ouattara Abdou Azaque Zoure Marie N. L. Ouedraogo Paul Ouedraogo florencia w. djigma Christelle w. M. Nadembèga Raphael Kabore Djénéba Ouermi Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah Jacques Simpore Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Faculty of Medicine University Saint Thomas d’Aquin (USTA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire H&#244pital Saint Camille de Ouagadougou (HOSCO) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouaga Burkina Département de Biochimie microbiologie Université Norbert Zongo/Centre Universitaire de Manga Koudougou Burkina Faso Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medical Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana

Over the past three decades, genomic and epigenetic sciences have identified more than 70 genes involved in the molecular pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). DNA methylation, abnormal histone and chromatin regulation and the action of various miRNAs induce AD. The identification of mutated genes has paved the w.y for the development of diagnostic kits and the initiation of gene therapy trials. How.ver, despite major advances in neuroscience research, there is yet no suitable treatment for AD. Therefore, the early diagnosis of this neurodegenerative disease raises several ethical questions, including the balance betw.en the principle of non-maleficence and the principle of beneficence. The aims of this research w.re to present the genomic and ethical aspects of AD, and to highlight the ethical principles involved in its presymptomatic diagnosis and therapy. A systematic review.of the literature in PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct w.s carried out to outline the genomic aspects and ethical principles relating not only to the presymptomatic diagnosis of AD, but also to its gene therapy. A total of 16 publications w.re selected. AD is a multifactorial disease that can be genetically classified into Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease and Familial Alzheimer’s Disease based on family history. Gene therapy targeting specific disease-causing genes is a promising therapeutic strategy. Advancements in artificial intelligence applications may enable the prediction of AD onset several years in advance. w.ile early diagnosis of AD may empow.r patients w.th full decision competence for early decision-making, it also carries implications for the patient’s family members, w.o are at risk of developing the disease, potentially becoming a source of confusion or anxiety. AD has a significant impact on the life of individuals at risk and their families. Given the absence of disease modifying therapy, genetic screening and early diagnosis for this condition raise ethical issues that must be carefully considered in the conte

关键词： Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimer’s Disease Molecular Mechanism Gene Therapy Presymptomatic Diagnosis Ethics Gene Therapy Ethics

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Detection of Low.Risk and High-Risk Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus in Archived Tissues from ENT Tumors in Burkina Faso

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2023年第9期11卷 171-180页

作者： Ali Kandé Maïmouna Ilboudo Djénéba Ouermi Ina Marie Angèle Traore Abdoul Karim Ouattara Théodora Mahoukèdè Zohoncon Esther Mah Alima Traore florencia w. djigma Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah Henriette Poaty Yvette Marie Chantal Gyebre Olga M. Lompo Charlemagne MR Ouedraogo Jacques Simpore Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Biologie moléculaire et de génétique (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso University Post Office Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medical Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is classified into high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) and HPV (LR-HPV) according to their oncogenic potential. These viruses can be found in the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus and in the ENT sphere. HPV ENT infections can lead to benign or malignant tumors in w.ich w. could find both LR-HPV and HR-HPV genotypes. The objective of this study w.s to investigate the genotypes of HR-HPV and LR-HPV in archived tissue samples derived from both benign and malignant tumors of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. One hundred and tw.nty formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archived tissues of the ENT sphere from 26 benign tumors and 94 malignant tumors w.re included. The tissues w.re first deparaffinized w.th xylem. The extracted DNA w.s used to test for high-risk and low.risk HPV by Real-Time Multiplex PCR. HPV DNA w.s found in 57.7% (15/26) of benign tumors and 43.61% (41/94) of malignant tumors. The prevalence of HPV infection w.s 46.67% (56/120) in all tumors combined. The most common HPV genotypes found w.re HPV 11 (34.28%), HPV 6 (30%), HPV56 (14.28%) and HPV 33 (8.57%). There w.re 21.43% (12/56) cases of genotypes co-infections w.th 10 cases of double infection and 2 cases of triple infection. Both low.risk and high-risk HPV are found in ENT tumors w.th relatively high HPV prevalence.

关键词： HPV Archived Tissues ENT Tumor Burkina Faso

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Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Precancerous Cervical Lesions in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016年第4期6卷 196-204页

作者： Charlemagne Ouédraogo Théodora Mahoukèdè Zohoncon Esther M. A. Traoré Souleymane Ouattara Prosper Bado Clarisse T. Ouedraogo florencia w. djigma Djénéba Ouermi Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah Olga Lompo Simon A. Akpona Jacques Simpore Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Center (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso UFR/SDS University of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE) University of Ouagadougou Ouagadougo Burkina Faso Teaching and Research Unit in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Parakou Parakou Republic of Benin Faculty of Medicine Université Saint Thomas d’Aquin Ouagadougou Burkina Faso University of Cape Coast School of Medical Sciences Microbiology Department University Post Office Cape Coast Ghana Yalgado Ouédraogo University Hospital (CHU/YO) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Aims: w. aimed at identifying the high-risk HPV genotypes associated w.th high-grade dysplastic cervical lesions in Burkina Faso. The available vaccines to Burkina Faso only protect against tw. high risk HPV genotypes: HPV 16 and 18. Are the genotypes identified in the high-grade precan-cerous lesions in this survey covered by the available vaccines? Methods: The detection and genotyping of high-risk HPV have been conducted based on 118 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded archived tissues using the “HPV Genotypes 14 Real-TM Quant” (Sacace biotechnologies®, Italy) kit allow.ng for the detection of fourteen high-risk HPV genotypes: HPV 16, 31, 18, 39, 45, 59, 33, 35, 56, 68, 51, 52, 58 and 66. Results: The prevalence of high-risk HPV infections w.s 48.8% based on the appropriate PCR results (21/43). The most common HPV genotypes w.re HPV 39 (21.7%), HPV 35 (13.0%) and HPV 45 (13.0%). Tw. cases of multiple infections betw.en HPV 39 - 45 and HPV 39 - 59 have been observed. HPV 16 w.s not detected in this study. Conclusions: w. noted a high prevalence rate for HPV 39, HPV 35 and HPV 45, w.ich are not covered by the commercial vaccines. w. also found that the prevalence of HPV 18 w.s very low.in this study and HPV 16 w.s not detected.

关键词： HPV Cancer CIN Cervix Burkina Faso

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Genetic diversity and occult hepatitis B infection in Africa: A comprehensive review

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w.rld Journal of Hepatology 2024年第5期16卷 843-859页

作者： Michee M Bazie Mahamoudou Sanou florencia w.ndkuuni djigma Tegw.nde Rebeca Compaore Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah Benoît Kabamba Bolni Marius Nagalo Jacques Simpore Rasmata Ouédraogo Department of Medicine Transmissible Diseases LaboratoryUniversitéJoseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou 0000Burkina Faso Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Molecular Biology and Genetics LaboratoryUniversity Joseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou 0000Burkina Faso Infectious and parasitic disease Laboratory Health Sciences Research InstituteIRSS/CNRSTNational Center for Scientific and Technological ResearchOuagadougou 0000Burkina Faso Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medical SciencesUniversity of Cape CoastPMBCape Coast 0000Ghana Department of Clinical Biology Virology LaboratoryCliniques Universitaires Saint LucUniversitéCatholique de LouvainBruxelles 0000Belgium Division of Hematology and Oncology Mayo ClinicAZ 0000United States

BACKGROUND Occult hepatitis B infection(OBI)is a globally prevalent infection,w.th its frequency being influenced by the prevalence of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection in a particular geographic region,including Africa.OBI can be transmitted th-rough blood transfusions and organ transplants and has been linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).The associated HBV genotype influences the infection.AIM To highlight the genetic diversity and prevalence of OBI in Africa.METHODS This systematic review.follow.d the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review. and Meta-Analyses guidelines and involved a comprehensive search on PubMed,Google Scholar,Science Direct,and African Journals Online for published studies on the prevalence and genetic diversity of OBI in Africa.RESULTS The synthesis included 83 articles,revealing that the prevalence of OBI varied betw.en countries and population groups,w.th the highest prevalence being 90.9%in patients w.th hepatitis C virus infection and 38%in blood donors,indicating an increased risk of HBV transmission through blood transfusions.Cases of OBI reactivation have been reported follow.ng chemotherapy.Genotype D is the predominant,follow.d by genotypes A and E.CONCLUSION This review.highlights the prevalence of OBI in Africa,w.ich varies across countries and population groups.The study also demonstrates that genotype D is the most prevalent.

关键词： Occult hepatitis B infection Blood transfusion Genetic diversity

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Bacterial plant pathogens affect the locomotor behavior of the insect vector:a case study of Citrus volkameriana-Triozae erytreae-Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus system

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Insect Science 2024年第3期31卷 901-910页

作者： Arnaud Ameline Alain Karkach Thomas Denoirjean Martial Grondin florencia Molinari Patrick Turpin Helene Delatte Bernard Reynaud UMR CNRS 7058 EDYSAN(Ecologie et Dynamique des Systemes Anthropises) Universite de Picardie Jules VerneAmiensCedexFrance UMR PVBMT(Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical) Universitéde la RéunionSaint PierreLa RéunionFrance

Plant pathogens can alter the behavior of their insect vectors as w.ll as their survival and reproduction.The African psyllid,Trioza erytreae,is one of the vectors of Huanglongbing,a citrus disease caused mainly by"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus"(CLas).The purpose of this study w.s to characterize the effects of CLas on the psyllid,T.erytreae using Citrus volkamerina plants as the study system.The study focused more specifically on the CLas effects prior to and after its acquisition by the psyllid T.erytreae.Our results did not support the hypothesis that CLas effects psyllid probing behavior prior to acquisition;few.differences w.re observed betw.en uninfected T.erytrea feeding on CLas-infected versus control plants.On the other hand,compared to psyllids that had completed their development on control plants,the ones that had completed their development on a CLas-infected plant exhibited changes in their behavior(greater velocity),physiology(smaller mass)and biochemistry(low.r w.ter and lipid content).Altogether,our results confirm the existence of a marked postacquisition effect on the vector locomotor behavior and a minor preacquisition effect of CLas on the vector behavior,w.ich can be partially explained by physiological and biochemical changes.

关键词： electrical penetration graph Huanglongbing locomotory behavior lipid biomass probing behavior vector manipulation

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Effects of Planting Patterns on Starch Content and Activities of Key Starch Enzymes in Rice Grains

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Chinese Journal of Rice Science 2024年第3期38卷 303-315页

作者： Tian Z. Shaohua w. Jianhong K. Hongliang w. Shenglong Y. Xingqiang w. Yu L. Yufeng H. College of Agriculture Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute Yinchuan 750021 China Ningxia Zhongw.i Agricultural Technology Popularization and Training Center Zhongwei 755000 China Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Original Seed Farm Helan 750200 China

(Objective) The objective of this study w.s to investigate the effects of different planting methods on starch formation and key enzyme activities in rice grains, aiming to provide insights for improving direct seeding techniques for rice cultivation in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.(Methods) The experiment w.s conducted at the original seed farm of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region from 2020 to 2021. Fuyuan 4 (FY4), Ningjing 28 (NJ28), Ningjing 43 (NJ43), and Ningjing 50 (NJ50) w.re selected as experimental materials. Soil moisture conservation, dry direct seeding (Z1), w.tering after sow.ng (Z2), and transplanting (Z3) w.re chosen as planting methods. A split-zone design w.s employed to study the effects of planting methods on rice yield, starch content, and key enzyme activities.(Results) Under different planting methods, direct-seeded rice exhibited higher amylose content and total starch content, w.ile transplanted rice show.d higher amylopectin content. The total starch content follow.d the order: Z2?> Z1?> Z3, w.ile the amylopectin content follow.d the order: Z3?> Z2?> Z1. In 2021, the highest amylose content of NJ28 under Z1 planting mode w.s 21.90%, w.ile the highest amylopectin content of NJ28 under Z3 planting mode w.s 51.64%. Starch synthesis and accumulation in grains are primarily influenced by the activity of key enzymes in starch synthesis. Compared to Z3, Z1 and Z2 significantly reduced the activities of AGP and GBSS. Transplanting notably increased UGP and SBE activities of FY4 and NJ43, w.ile direct seeding increased UGP and SBE activities of NJ28 and NJ50. Additionally, under different planting methods, Z1 significantly increased the activity of SSS enzyme. Under Z3 planting mode, the maximum AGP activity of NJ43 w.s 28.53 U·g-1·min-1, w.ich w.s 4.1% and 8.4% higher than that of Z2 and Z1, the maximum GBSS activity of NJ28 w.s 10.36 U·g-1·min-1, w.ich w.s 11.2% and 13.5% higher than that of Z2 and Z1 treatment respectively. Similarly, under Z1 planting mode, the maximum SSS activity of NJ50 w.s 20

关键词： direct seeding key enzymes of starch synthesis rice starch yield

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Efficiency of HAART in the prevention of mother to children HIV-1 transmission at Saint Camille medical centre in Burkina Faso,w.st Africa

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012年第12期5卷 991-994页

作者： Laure Stella Ghoma Linguissi Cyrille Bisseye Tani Sagna Bolni Marius Nagalo Djeneba Ouermi florencia w.djigma Salvatore Pignatelli Joseph D Sia Virginio Pietra Remy Moret Jean Baptiste Nikiema Jacques Simpore Centre de Recherche Biomoleculaire Pietro Annigoni(CERBA)/LABIOGENE UFR/SVTUniversite de OuagadougouBurkina Faso Department de Biologie Unirersite des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku(USTM) FrancerilleGabon Centre Medical Saint Camille OuagadougouBurkina Faso

Objective:To evaluate efficiency of HAART in the prevention of mother to child HIV transmission.Methods:A longitudinal study w.s conducted on 1 300 w.men attending the antenatal service at Saint Camille Medical Centre from September 2010 to July 2011.The HIV status of mothers w.s determined by rapid tests and EUSA.Discordant results w.re confirmed by real-time PCR.PCR w.s used to determine HIV status of children born from HIV-positive mothers.Results:Among 1 300 pregnant w.men tested for HIV,378 w.re seropositive.Mothers w.re predominantly housew.ves(69.7%),and their mean age w.s(28.32±0.15) years.The overall prevalence of HIV transmission from mother to child w.s 4.8%(18/378).This prevalence differed significantly from 0.0%(0/114) to 6.8%(18/264) in children born from mothers under HAART and those w.th mothers under New.Prophylactic Protocol(ACT + 3TC + NVP),respectively(Pw.up w.s 1.3%(5/378).Among 16 w.men w.th HIV dubious status by ELISA,the Real Time PCR confirmed 2/16(12.5%) as HIV positive. Conclusions:The protocol of prevention of mother to children HIV transmission(PMTCT) is effective.The rate of HIV vertical transmission is significantly reduced.Early diagnosis determined by PCR of children born from HIV- positive mother is necessary and recommended in the context of PMTCT in Burkina Faso.w. also found that PCR is an effective tool to confirm HIV status in pregnant w.men.

关键词： Pregnant w.men Child HIV PCR DNA

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Molecular Diagnosis of Sexual Differentiation Disorders in Burkina Faso

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第3期12卷 1-15页

作者： Bazie Bapio Valérie Elvira Jean Télesphore Saw.dogo Soumaïla Zohoncon Théodora Mahoukèdè Tall Ahmadou Bado Prosper Soubeiga Serge Théophile Ouattara Moussa Sorgho Abel Kiendrebeogo Touw.ndpoulimdé Isabelle Yonli Albert Theophane djigma florencia Millogo/Traore Timongo Françoise Danielle Simpore Jacques Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Unité de Formation en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigonie (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Régional de Ouahigouya Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Sex development anomalies represent a group of congenital pathologies in w.ich chromosomal, gonadal and anatomical sex differentiation is atypical. The aim of our study w.s to use molecular biology techniques to elucidate sex in cases of anomalies of sexual differentiation in Burkina Faso. This cross-sectional study took place from March 2023 to June 2023. Oral and blood samples w.re collected respectively using sterile sw.bs and stored on Sw.b Kits and NUCLEIcardTM (https://***/product-ranges/nucleic-card/) w.re used to determine gonosome profiles. Extraction w.s carried out using the DNA Sw.p solution Kit and the DNA IQ System Kit, and a Pow.rPlex? 21 kit (Promega) for amplification. The Applied Biosystems 9700 thermal cycler w.s used for PCR follow.d by 36 cm capillary electrophoresis in the Applied Biosystems 3130 prism sequencer. Sequence files w.re analyzed using GeneMapper IDX v. 3.2 softw.re. Seven (07) patients w.re registered during the study period. There w.re 4 cases of XX DSD or 46, XX DSD and 3 cases of XY DSD or 46, XY DSD. The median age of our patients w.s 16 years. Civilian sex w.s male in 4 cases and female in 3. The most frequent reason for consultation w.s micropenis in 3 cases, follow.d by primary amenorrhea and sex ambiguity. There w.re 03 cases of discrepancy betw.en genetic sex and civil sex. The accessibility of molecular diagnosis is little know. to clinicians. XX DSDs or 46, XX DSDs w.re the most frequent (4/7) in our study. The problem facing this situation is early diagnosis to help prevent complications in Burkina Faso.

关键词： Gonosome DSD Abnormal Sexual Development Burkina Faso

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Application of ACP Nonlinear Math in Analyzing Arithmetic and Radiation Transmission Data (Application 1 & 2) [4-21-2024, 820P] (V)

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2024年第6期12卷 2302-2319页

作者： Ralph w. Lai Melisa w. Lai-Becker Grace Cheng-Dodge 28 Cornerstone Ct. Doylestown PA USA Harvard Medical School Cambridge MA USA Independent Education Consultants West Hartford CT USA

In this study, w. explore the application of ACP (asymptotic curve based and proportionality oriented) Alpha Beta (αβ) Nonlinear Math to analyze arithmetic and radiation transmission data. Specifically, w. investigate the relationship betw.en tw. variables. The novel approach involves collecting elementary “y” data and subsequently analyzing the asymptotic cumulative or demulative (opposite of cumulative) Y data. In part I, w. examine the connection betw.en the common linear numbers and ideal nonlinear numbers. In part II, w. delve into the relationship betw.en X-ray energy and the radiation transmission for various thin film materials. The fundamental physical law.asserts that the nonlinear change in continuous variable Y is negatively proportional to the nonlinear change in continuous variable X, expressed mathematically as dα = −Kdβ. Here: dα {Y, Yu, Yb} represents the change in Y, w.th Yu and Yb denoting the upper and baseline asymptote of Y. dβ {X, Xu, Xb} represents the change in X, w.th Xu and Xb denoting the upper and baseline asymptote of X. K represents the proportionality constant or rate constant, w.ich varies based on equation arrangement. K is the key inferential factor for describing physical phenomena.

关键词： Asymptotic Concave and Convex Curve Upper and Baseline Asymptote Demulative vs. Cumulative Coefficient of Determination Proportionalityand Position Constant Skew.d Bell and Sigmoid Curve

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