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Montology manifesto:echoes towards a transdisciplinary science of mountains

Journal of Mountain Science 2020年第10期17卷 2512-2527页

作者： fausto o.sarmiento Neotropical Montology Collaboratory Department of GeographyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602USA

Mountains as archetype frame some metageographies of the vertical *** metaphors,thus,have remained as key guidance in developing not only animistic belief systems and religious cults,but also military strategies,economic potential,and scientific *** paper seeks to explain the need to integrate western knowledge,where mountains became known via natural history’s mechanistic explanations,with other *** scientists therein developed linear approaches that required exploration,experimentation,and pragmatic interpretation of generalizable mountain *** is known,however,about other civilizations’more encompassing cognition due to heuristic explanations of mountain *** knowledge holders therein developed approaches that required familiarization,observation,and romantic meditation about situated mountain *** a multimethod approach of human geography that includes onomastics,geocritical discourse analysis,political ecology,and critical biogeography,the author posits that there is a paradigmatic shift of geographic fad,when even"nature"is thought of as a"social construct"in the socioecological *** these tendencies of either Cartesian or Spinozan dogmas about scientific objectives,methods and implications,mountains continue to elicit geographical *** author thus concludes that integrating narratives of mountain studies with geocritical analyses of political ecology that allow for transgressivity and referentialilty of mountain cognition can be done with transdisciplinary ***,henceforth,couples dialectic thinking with the trifecta of spatiality,complexity and historicity in highlighting mountain microrefugia for biocultural *** of montological approaches will bring mountain scientists to a new level,where the application of local ecological knowledge and cutting-edge technological instrumentation could render sustainable mountain communities,in dy

关键词： Montology Geocriticism Biocultural Heritage Transdisciplinarity Mountain cognition Mountainscape

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Changing mountain farmscapes: vulnerability and migration drivers in the Paute River watershed,Southern Ecuador

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Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第7期18卷 1902-1919页

作者： Mario E.DoNoSo fausto o.sarmiento Unit of Engineering Industry and ConstructionCatholic University of CuencaCuenca 010150Ecuador VLIR-IUC Program in Migration and Local Development University of Cuenca-Flemish UniversitiesCuenca 010150Ecuador Neotropical Montology Collaborator Department of GeographyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGa.30602USA

Abrupt changes in land use/land cover have often characterized Andean rural *** is particularly notorious in the Paute River watershed in southern *** seek to show how,under tenets of the global economy,rural mountain landscapes suffer constant modifications due to the agricultural practices of dwellers and *** of arable slopes takes center stage in analyzing vulnerability due to the high erodibility factor found in this *** using remote sensing and GIS applications,we analyzed the potential erodibility with intersections of rural development constraining of ecosystem services,including the production of water,food,and cultural values in the Paute River *** found six sources of migratory flows and analyzed topographic and elevation effects in potential erodibility indexes of agroecological options to ameliorate the environmental *** identified factors associated with migration trends observed in the area and assessed vulnerability issues of resource management that could prevent deforestation,soil erosion,and acculturation amidst the pressures of development in the *** conclude that sustainable development options can be implemented with a watershed management approach oriented to diminish *** approach shall be integrative,inclusive,and respectful of the rich biocultural diversity heritage conservation of southern Ecuador.

关键词： Farmscapes Erodibility Migration Rurality Paute-Ecuador

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山体破碎的例证:人为活动对热带安第斯山景观的生态效应

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AMBIo－人类环境杂志 2000年第7期29卷 423-431页

作者： fausto o.sarmiento 刘艳萍美国阿森斯佐治亚大学

对于拥有北安第斯山脉新月状地块和世界上最大生态多样性和文化多样性居住环境的国家来说,由于对热带安第斯山区云林砍伐率的不同记载及各类土地的不同利用程度,使得我们很难预测出一个适应当地的保护方案。古代人类活动对土地和野生动... 详细信息

对于拥有北安第斯山脉新月状地块和世界上最大生态多样性和文化多样性居住环境的国家来说,由于对热带安第斯山区云林砍伐率的不同记载及各类土地的不同利用程度,使得我们很难预测出一个适应当地的保护方案。古代人类活动对土地和野生动物有很大影响,再加上现代过度的土地利用方式,使得热带安第斯山不仅丧失了其耕作土壤的营养成分和有机物质,而且几乎耗尽了其所有蓄水量和其它资源。这些资源包括渔业资源、森林资源、矿产资源、农业资源以及山区人民在政府资助下经营的畜牧业资源。如今大批年轻人涌入城市更加剧了农村生活质量的恶化。随之产生了如边界、贫穷以及忽略文化景观等一系列问题。正是鉴于这一严峻形势,提出了新的保护措施。从这些措施中也反映出,我们急需对当前山区研究的一些范例进行适当调整。我们这里以安第斯山各国(主要是厄瓜多尔)为例,来说明热带生态学的规律。这些措施在具体实践中运用起来仍很模糊,不过在一些有关热带山区的学术作品中有较为清晰的阐述,而且还提出了景观整体效益的观点。因此,垂直度、边际值、中心效应、权力和暴力、扩张、宗教和神话以及种族优越性都被看作是山地学的常规例证,而这些例证又必须根据安第斯山区的现代环境观进行重新检测。

关键词：热带安第斯山脉人类活动山体破碎景观生态效应

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Technical efficiency of cocoa farms at varying elevation levels in Davao City, Philippines: implications to sustainable upland farming systems

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第1期21卷 33-48页

作者： Francis Levi A.DURANo Jon Marx sarmiento Larry N.DIGAL Pedro A.ALVIoLA IV School of Management University of the Philippines MindanaoDavao City 8000Philippines

Elevation is one of many components that influence agriculture, and this in turn affects the level of both inputs and outputs of farmers. This article focuses on the productivity and technical efficiency of 100 cocoa farms using cross-sectional data from areas ranging from 190 to 1021 m above sea level which were classified as low, medium, and high elevation in Davao City, considered as the chocolate capital of the Philippines. Using stochastic frontier analysis, the results showed that the cost of inputs per ha and the number of cocoa trees per ha significantly increase yield. Farms at high elevations were less technically efficient, as this entails lower temperatures and increased rainfall, and cocoa farming in those areas and conditions can be more challenging, especially with changes in farming practices, terrain, and distance to markets. other significant variables were age of cocoa farms, married farmers, and age of the farmers. older farms may be more developed, farmers who are married benefit from their spouses being able to readily contribute as farm labor, and lastly, older farmers' inefficiency may likely stem from nonadaptation of newer farming practices. With an average technical efficiency of 0.61, 0.63, and 0.26 in low, medium, and high elevation areas, respectively, farmers therefore have an incentive to improve farm practices and consider topographical variations found in high elevation areas. Recommendations for the improvement of technical efficiency of cocoa farms are better connectivity to markets, enhancing farm practices, and continuation and improvement of government programs on cocoa with an added emphasis on research. For farmers in high elevation areas, mitigating solutions such as sustainable agriculture practices and ecolabelling are key to improving efficiency and minimizing the potential negative impact on upland farming systems. Moreover, such adaptation measures may also contribute to sustainability of cocoa farming in high elevation

关键词： Cocoa farms Cobb-Douglas production function Elevation Philippines Stochastic frontier analysis Technical efficiency

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Are gender inclusiveness and rural transformation interlinked?The case of Bangladesh

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2024年第6期23卷 2112-2126页

作者： Maria Fay Rola-Rubzen Mohammad Jahangir Alam Jon Marx sarmiento Ismat Ara Begum Al Amin Al Abbasi Subrata Saha UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western AustraliaPerth 6009Australia Department of Agribusiness and Marketing Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh-2202Bangladesh Department of Agricultural Economics Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh-2202Bangladesh

Gender inclusiveness is important in the rural transformation process of Bangladesh as rural women play key roles in both agricultural and non-agricultural *** inclusiveness also leads to gender *** empirically evaluate relationships between rural transformation and gender inclusiveness in *** consider three rural transformation indicators:high-value commodities’share in agricultural output values,non-farm employment’s share in rural labor employment,and non-agricultural GDP’s share in total *** capturing gender inclusiveness include the per capita rural income of males and females,ratio of investments into gender programs,female access to education,access to healthcare,employment participation,land ownership,and asset *** test the effect of the difference in per capita rural income of males and females and the ratio of their incomes and check for the robustness of the gender variables across different model *** 128 district-level observations from 32 districts of Bangladesh across four time periods(2000,2005,2010 and 2016),we use both ordinary least squares and fixed effects panel regression *** find that female land and asset ownership and access to education and healthcare are robust determinants of various stages of rural ***,our results suggest that improving women’s ownership of land and assets and investing in women’s education and healthcare will likely contribute to a more inclusive rural transformation.

关键词： rural transformation Bangladesh gender inclusiveness investments on women

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Dynamic in-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2019年第1期13卷 135-148页

作者： Neftali sarmiento-SoLANo Miguel P.RoMo Institute of Engineering National University of MexicoMexico City04510Mexico

Severe earthquakes can induce damages to Concrete Face Rocldill Dams (CFRDs)such as concrete cracking and joint's water stops distressing where high in-plane transversal normal stresses *** these damages rarely jeopardize the dam safety,they cause large water reservoir leakages that hinder the dam *** issue can be addressed using well know numerical methods;however,given the wide range of parameters involved,it would seem appropriate to develop a simple yet reliable procedure to get a close understanding how their interaction affects the CFRD's overall ***,once the physics of the problem is better understood one can proceed to perform a detailed design of the various components of the *** this end an easy-to-use procedure that accounts for the dam height effects,valley narrowness,valley slopes,width of concrete slabs and seismic excitation characteristics was *** procedure is the dynamic complement of a method recently developed to evaluate in-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD's due to dam reservoir filling [1].Using these two procedures in a sequential manner,it is possible to define the concrete slab in-plane normal stresses induced by the reservoir filling and the action of orthogonal horizontal seismic excitations acting at the same time upstream-downstream and cross *** procedures were developed from a data base generated using nonlinear static and dynamic three-dimensional numerical analyses on the same group of CFRD'***,the results were interpreted with the Buckingham Pi theorem and various relationships were *** the above reference,the method to evaluate the concrete face in-plane transversal normal stresses caused by the first reservoir filling was *** this paper,the seismic procedure is first developed and then through an example the whole method (dam construction,reservoir filling plus seismic loading)of analysis is assessed.

关键词： CFR dams dynamic analysis in-plane normal stresses concrete face

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In-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD induced by the first-dam reservoir filling

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2018年第1期12卷 81-91页

作者： Neftali sarmiento-SoLANo Miguel P. RoMo l Institute of Engineering National University of Mexico Mexico City 0451 O Mexico

To evaluate the effects of dam height, valley narrowness and width of concrete slabs on the first-dam reservoir filling in-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD＇s, 3D finite difference analyses were carried out. Behavior of rockfiU dams considered in this study was defined from the monitoring of a number of 3D sets of pressure cells and extensometers installed in three large dams in Mexico. The 3D analyses results show that high in-plane transversal compressive stresses develop within the concrete panels located in the central concrete face zone upon dam reservoir filling loading. Likewise, in-plane induced tensile transversal stresses in the zones near the abutments increase the potential of slabs cracking and damaging the waterstops in-between the vertical and perimetral joints. From the results of the 3D finite difference analyses, a simple method to estimate in-plane normal stresses in the concrete face is advanced and through comparisons with the results of a 3D case numerical study, its accuracy assessed.

关键词： concrete face CFR dams reservoir filling slab in-plane stresses

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Risk Transfer for Populations in Precarious Urban Environments

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第1期11卷 74-86页

作者： Juan Pablo.sarmiento Ana María Torres-Munoz Extreme Events Institute/Disaster Risk and Resilience in the Americas(DRRA) Florida International UniversityMiamiFL 33199USA

This study explores risk transfer options that precarious and marginal urban communities could use to protect themselves from future damages and losses generated by socio-natural hazards and disasters at the individual and community levels. The design is framed within an evidence-based disaster risk reduction(DRR) strategy and follows the case study research approach. We analyze the2018 Neighborhood Approach for DRR programming evaluation carried out in four Latin American cities’ informal settlements and review relevant risk transfer experiences aimed at vulnerable populations. We calculate the pure risk premium for the four cases selected, using a previous catastrophe risk assessment for earthquakes and landslides. We propose three risk transfer options based on our analysis:(1) voluntary collective insurance;(2) structural reinforcement with a comprehensive housing insurance;and(3) hybrid parametric insurance. Risk transfer mechanisms conventionally focus on residual risk management. Here, due to the precariousness of the analyzed urban settings, the proposed alternatives go beyond the management of just residual risk to positively impact the beneficiaries’ quality of life and the reduction of the built environment’s physical vulnerability in the short and medium terms. our study proposes a prospective estimation of future risk despite the limitations of data availability. This study opens a window to new approaches and proposes a systematic process to design DRR policy aimed at the poor and vulnerable strata of society.

关键词： Case study research Catastrophe risk assessment Informal settlements Risk transfer Urban precariousness Urban risk

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Regulation of multidrug resistance by microRNAs in anti-cancer therapy

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2017年第1期7卷 38-51页

作者： Xin An Cesar sarmiento Tao Tan Hua Zhu State Key Laboratory of oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Department of Surgery Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center

Multidrug resistance(MDR) remains a major clinical obstacle to successful cancer *** diverse mechanisms of MDR have been well elucidated, such as dysregulation of drugs transporters, defects of apoptosis and autophagy machinery, alterations of drug metabolism and drug targets, disrupti on of redox homeostasis, the exact mechanisms of MDR in a specific cancer patient and the cross-talk among these different mechanisms and how they are regulated are poorly *** RNAs(mi RNAs) are a new class of small noncoding RNAs that could control the global activity of the cell by post-transcriptionally regulating a large variety of target genes and proteins *** evidence shows that mi RNAs play a key regulatory role in MDR through modulating various drug resistant mechanisms mentioned above, thereby holding much promise for developing novel and more effective individualized therapies for cancer treatment. This review summarizes the various MDR mechanisms and mainly focuses on the role of mi RNAs in regulating MDR in cancer treatment.

关键词： Multidrug resistance miRNA Cancer Therapy Autophagy Redox Homeostasis

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Localized Corrosion Characteristics of Nickel Alloys： A Review

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2017年第4期30卷 296-305页

作者： Helmuth sarmiento Klapper Natalia S. Zadorozne Raul B. Rebak Center for Materials Research Baker Hughes 29221 CelleGermany Instituto de Materiales de Misiones (IMAM) UNaMCONICET 3300 Posadas Argentina GE Global Research Schenectady NY 12309 USA

There are a great variety of commercial nickel alloys mainly because nickel is able to dissolve a large amount of alloying elements while maintaining a single ductile austenitic phase. Nickel alloys are generally designed for and used in highly aggressive environments, for example, those where stainless steels may experience pitting corrosion or environmentally assisted cracking. While nickel alloys are generally resistant to pitting corrosion in chloride-containing environments, they may be prone to crevice corrosion attack. Addition of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten increases the localized corrosion resistance of nickel alloys. This review on the resistance to localized corrosion of nickel alloys includes specific environments such as those present in oil and gas upstream operations, in the chemical process industry and in seawater service.

关键词： Nickel alloys Localized corrosion oil and gas Seawater Chemical process industry

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