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Energy Metabolism and Allocation in Selfish Immune System and Brain: A Beneficial Role of Insulin Resistance in Aging

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2019年第1期10卷 64-80页

作者： Ali Almajwal Iftikhar Alam falak zeb Sadia Fatima Clinical Nutrition Department of Community Health Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics Bacha Khan University Charsadda Charsadda Pakistan Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China Department of Biochemistry Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Khyber Medical University Peshawar Pakistan

There is relatively limited knowledge concerning our understanding of how our immune system and brain take most of the available energy in a selfish manner to compensate for their own needs on priority in high energy demanding situations. The main objective of this review is to understand the energy allocation to immune system and brain in infections and/or fight or flight situations. The immune system and brain behave in a selfish manner as they allocate themselves majority of the total available energy. Insulin resistance (IR) is used as a tool for energy allocation by these systems. The immune system is activated as a response to stress and infection. Similarly, the brain gets activated as a response to any external environmental impulse, anxiety, and/or mental factor. These situations need to be dealt in a way to minimize their adverse health effects. The immune system and the brain in such situations need enormous energy for activation which is derived from the energy quota otherwise allocated to other organs. This maximum flux of energy towards these systems is achieved by making rest of the organs less responsive to insulin, a condition known as IR. As immune system and brain do not depend upon insulin for uptake of glucose, these systems are benefited from IR. IR is indicated as a beneficial role ensuring maximum energy allocation to these systems for improving health and well-being.

关键词： Selfish Immune System Selfish Brain Energy Balance Insulin Resistance

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Association of Cigarette Smoking with Hyperlipidemia in Male Individuals

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2021年第10期12卷 937-949页

作者： Aminullah Jahan Shah Ali S. R. Alsubaie Bismillah Sehar Farrukh Sher Khan Nawsherwan Eltigani O. M. Omer Alia Mohammed Almoajel falak zeb Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University Nan-jing China College of Public Health Imam Abdurhman Bin Faisal University Dammam Saudi Arabia Department of Public Health National University of Medical Sciences Islamabad Pakistan Department of Preventive Medicine School of Health Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China Department of Community Health Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics National University of Medical Sciences Islamabad Pakistan

Cigarette smoking is one of the major modifiable and environmental risk factors which can alter the lipid profile that leads to the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the current study is to explore the association of cigarette smoking with Hyperlipidemia in male individuals. A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2017 to Au-gust 2018 in Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. A total of 1561 male individuals were enrolled in the study with a mean age (years) of 55.33 ± 14.41. We collected data on demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle indices. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TGL), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method. The mean level of serum TC, TG, and HDL-C were 4.85 ± 0.91, 1.69 ± 1.45 and 1.27 ± 0.32 mmol/L respectively. We found that age, body mass index, pack-years, marital status, annual household income, alcohol consumption, smoking status, education level, and occupational status have significant association with Hyperlipidemia. Adjusted multiple logistic regressions showed that in old age, smoking behavior can significantly increase the risk of Hyperlipidemia. With an increase in pack-years, a significant increase is found only in TC while decreasing trend noticed in HDL-C level. Current smokers showed a significant increase in the risk of Hyperlipidemia compared to those who never smoked while smoking cessation decreases the risk of Hyperlipidemia. This study concluded that cigarette smoking along with increased age and pack-years can significantly increase the risk of Hyperlipidemia that further leads to heart diseases.

关键词： Cigarette Smoking Hyperlipidemia Lipid Profile Triglycerides

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