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Energy Paths that Sustain the Warm-Sector Torrential Rainfall over South China and Their Contrasts to the Frontal Rainfall: A Case Study

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2022年第9期39卷 1519-1535页

作者： shenming fu Jingping ZHANG Yali LUO Wenying YANG Jianhua SUN International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China

Predicting warm-sector torrential rainfall over South China,which is famous for its destructive power,is one of the most challenging issues of the current numerical forecast *** understanding of the key mechanisms underlying this type of event is the root *** understanding the energetics is crucial to understanding the evolutions of various types of weather systems,a general methodology for investigating energetics of torrential rainfall is provided in this *** applying this methodology to a persistent torrential rainfall event which had concurrent frontal and warm-sector precipitation,the first physical image on the energetics of the warm-sector torrential rainfall is *** clarifies the energy sources for producing the warm-sector rainfall during this *** the first time,fundamental similarities and differences between the warm-sector and frontal torrential rainfall are shown in terms of *** is found that these two types of rainfall mainly differed from each other in the lower-tropospheric dynamical features,and their key differences lay in energy *** interactions(mainly through downscale energy cascade and transport)were a dominant factor for the warm-sector torrential rainfall during this event,whereas,for the frontal torrential rainfall,they were only of secondary *** typical signals in the background environment are found to have supplied energy to the warm-sector torrential rainfall,with the quasi-biweekly oscillation having contributed the most.

关键词： torrential rainfall warm-sector rainfall frontal rainfall South China scale interactions baroclinic energy conversion

A Case Study on MJO Energy Transport Path in a Local Multi-scale Interaction Framework

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第11期38卷 1929-1944页

作者： Yuanwen ZHANG Guiwan CHEN Jian LING shenming fu Chongyin LI State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100029China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(UCAS) Beijing 100049China International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences(ICCES) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

A new local kinetic energy(KE)budget for the Madden−Julian Oscillation(MJO)is constructed in a multi-scale *** energy budget framework allows us to analyze the local energy conversion processes of the MJO with the high-frequency disturbances and the low-frequency background *** KE budget analysis is applied to a pronounced MJO event during the DYNAMO field campaign to investigate the KE transport path of the *** work done by the pressure gradient force and the conversion of available potential energy at the MJO scale are the two dominant processes that affect the MJO KE *** MJO winds transport MJO KE into the MJO convection region in the lower troposphere while it is transported away from the MJO convection region in the upper *** energy cascade process is relatively weak,but the interaction between high-frequency disturbances and the MJO plays an important role in maintaining the high-frequency disturbances within the MJO *** MJO KE mainly converts to interaction KE between MJO and high-frequency disturbances over the area where the MJO zonal wind is *** interaction KE over the MJO convection region is enhanced through its flux convergence and further transport KE to the high-frequency *** process is conducive to maintaining the MJO *** study highlights the importance of KE interaction between the MJO and the high-frequency disturbances in maintaining the MJO convection.

关键词： Madden−Julian Oscillation energy budget multi-scale interaction energy cascade kinetic energy

A Review of Research on Warm-Sector Heavy Rainfall in China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2019年第12期36卷 1299-1307页

作者： Jianhua SUN Yuanchun ZHANG Ruixin LIU shenming fu fuyou TIAN Key Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Beijing Municipal Weather Forecast Center Beijing 100089China National Meteorological Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China

Warm-sector heavy rainfall (WSHR) events in China have been investigated for many years. Studies have investigated the synoptic weather conditions during WSHR formation, the categories and general features, the triggering mechanism, and structural features of mesoscale convective systems during these rainfall events. The main results of WSHR studies in recent years are summarized in this paper. However, WSHR caused by micro- to mesoscale systems often occurs abruptly and locally, making both numerical model predictions and objective forecasts difficult. further research is needed in three areas:(1) The mechanisms controlling WSHR events need to be understood to clarify the specific effects of various factors and indicate the influences of these factors under different synoptic background circulations. This would enable an understanding of the mechanisms of formation, maintenance, and organization of the convections in WSHR events.(2) In addition to South China, WSHR events also occur during the concentrated summer precipitation in the Yangtze River-Huaihe River Valley and North China. A high spatial and temporal resolution dataset should be used to analyze the distribution and environmental conditions, and to further compare the differences and similarities of the triggering and maintenance mechanisms of WSHR events in different regions.(3) More studies of the mechanisms are required, as well as improvements to the model initial conditions and physical processes based on multi-source observations, especially the description of the triggering process and the microphysical parameterization. This will improve the numerical prediction of WSHR events.

关键词： warm-sector heavy rainfall synoptic weather conditions triggering mechanism South China

Simulation of Quasi-Linear Mesoscale Convective Systems in Northern China：Lightning Activities and Storm Structure

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2016年第1期33卷 85-100页

作者： Wanli LI Xiushu QIE shenming fu Debin SU Yonghai SHEN Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Meteorological Administration Training Center Beijing 100081 International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 Meteorological Observation Center of Beijing Meteorological Bureau Beijing 100089

Two intense quasi-linear mesoscale convective systems（QLMCSs） in northern China were simulated using the WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting） model and the 3D-Var（three-dimensional variational） analysis system of the ARPS（Advanced Regional Prediction System） model.A new method in which the lightning density is calculated using both the precipitation and non-precipitation ice mass was developed to reveal the relationship between the lightning activities and QLMCS *** indicate that,compared with calculating the results using two previous methods,the lightning density calculated using the new method presented in this study is in better accordance with *** on the calculated lightning densities using the new method,it was found that most lightning activity was initiated on the right side and at the front of the QLMCSs,where the surface wind field converged *** CAPE was much stronger ahead of the southeastward progressing QLMCS than to the back it,and their lightning events mainly occurred in regions with a large gradient of *** between lightning and non-lightning regions indicated that lightning regions featured more intense ascending motion than non-lightning regions;the vertical ranges of maximum reflectivity between lightning and non-lightning regions were very different;and the ice mixing ratio featured no significant differences between the lightning and non-lightning regions.

关键词： quasi-linear mesoscale convective system Weather Research and Forecasting model Advanced Regional Prediction System model precipitation and non-precipitation ice

Multiscale Combined Action and Disturbance Characteristics of Pre-summer Extreme Precipitation Events over South China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第5期40卷 824-842页

作者： Hongbo LIU Ruojing YAN Bin WANG Guanghua CHEN Jian LING shenming fu State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Key Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms(LACS) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences(ICCES) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

The dominant frequency modes of pre-summer extreme precipitation events(EPEs)over South China(SC)between1998 and 2018 were *** 67 identified EPEs were all characterized by the 3-8-d(synoptic)frequency ***,multiscale combined modes of the synoptic and three low-frequency bands[10-20-d(quasi-biweekly,QBW);15-40-d(quasi-monthly,QM);and 20-60-d(intraseasonal)]accounted for the majority(63%)of the EPEs,and the precipitation intensity on the peak wet day was larger than that of the single synoptic *** was found that EPEs form within strong southwesterly anomalous flows characterized by either lower-level cyclonic circulation over SC or a deep trough over eastern ***-filtered disturbances revealed the direct precipitating systems and their life ***-scale disturbances are dominated by mid-high latitude troughs,and the cyclonic anomalies originate from downstream of the Tibetan Plateau(TP).Given the warm and moist climate state,synoptic-scale northeasterly flows can even induce *** the QBW and QM scales,the disturbances originate from the tropical Pacific,downstream of the TP,or mid-high latitudes(QBW only).Each is characterized by cyclonic-anticyclonic wave trains and intense southwesterly flows between them within a region of large horizontal pressure *** intraseasonal disturbances are confined to tropical regions and influence SC by marginal southwesterly *** is concluded that low-frequency disturbances provide favorable background conditions for EPEs over SC and synoptic-scale disturbances ultimately induce EPEs on the peak wet *** should be simultaneously considered for EPE predictions over SC.

关键词： extreme precipitation event dominant frequency band multiscale combined action disturbance chara-cteristics South China

A semi-idealized modeling study on the long-lived eastward propagating mesoscale convective system over the Tibetan Plateau

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第11期64卷 1996-2014页

作者： shenming fu Zi MAI Jianhua SUN Wanli LI Qi ZHONG Jiaren SUN Yuanchun ZHANG International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters in Plateau and Basin Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu 610225China National Meteorological Center of China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China China Meteorological Administration Training Center Beijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environmental Simulation and Protection of Ministry of Environmental Protection South China Institute of Environmental Sciencesthe Ministry of Environmental Protection of ChinaGuangzhou 501530China

Based on a 16-warm-season statistical study on the mesoscale convective systems(MCSs)that were generated over the Tibetan Plateau(TP),11 long-lived eastward propagating MCSs of the same type were selected for a composite semiidealized simulation and a corresponding no-latent-heating sensitivity run by using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)*** evolutionary features and associated mechanisms of this type of long-lived eastward propagating MCS were *** results are as follows:(i)This type of MCS was generated in a favorable background environment which was characterized by a notable upper-tropospheric divergence south of an upper-level jet,a strong warm advection around a middle-level shortwave trough’s central area,and an instable convective stratification below the *** of the MCS featured rapid increase of cyclonic vorticity in the middle and lower *** convergence-related vertical stretching and tilting were key factors for the cyclonic-vorticity’s production,and convection-related upward cyclonic-vorticity transport contributed to the upward extending of the MCS.(ii)During the vacating stage of the MCS,it first coupled with a quasistationary Tibetan Plateau vortex(TPV)over the TP’s eastern section,and then decoupled from the *** the former stage,the MCS contributed to maintaining ascending motions and convergence associated with the TPV,which favored its persistence;whereas,in the latter stage,decoupling weakened the TPV-associated convection *** reduced the upward transport of cyclonic vorticity notably,which,together with the negative tilting effect,finally led to the vortex’s dissipation.(iii)After vacating TP,the MCS first weakened due to the disappearance of strong direct sensible heating from the TP on its bottom,and then,under the favorable conditions associated with the shortwave trough over the eastern section of the TP,the MCS redeveloped ***-related cyclonic-vor

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Mesoscale convective system Tibetan Plateau vortex Heavy rainfall Vorticity budget Sensitivity simulation

Classification of Persistent Heavy Rainfall Events over South China and Associated Moisture Source Analysis

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2016年第5期30卷 678-693页

作者： LIU Ruixin SUN Jianhua WEI Jie fu shenming Key Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms(LACS) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049

Persistent heavy rainfall events （PHREs） over South China during 1981 2014 were selected and classified by an objective method, based on the daily precipitation data at 752 stations in China. The circulation characteristics, as well as the dry-cold air and moisture sources of each type of PHREs were examined. The main results are as follows. A total of 32 non-typhoon influenced PHREs in South China were identified over the study period. By correlation analysis, the PHREs are divided into three types： SC-A type, with its main rainbelt located in the coastal areas and the northeast of Guangdong Province; SC-B type, with its main rainbelt between Guangdong Province and Guangxi Region; and SC-C type, with its main rainbelt located in the north of Guangxi Region. For the SC-A events, dry-cold air flew to South China under the steering effect of troughs in the middle troposphere which originated from the Ural Mountains and West Siberia Plain; whereas, the SC-C events were not influenced by the cold air from high latitudes. There were three water vapor pathways from low-latitude areas for both the SC-A and SC-C PHREs. The tropical Indian Ocean was the main water vapor source for these two PHRE types, while the South China Sea also contributed to the SC-C PHREs. In addition, the SC-A events were also influenced by moist and cold air originating from the Yellow Sea. Generally, the SC-C PHREs belonged to a warm-sector rainfall type, whose precipitation areas were dominated by southwesterly wind, and the convergence in wind speed was the main reason for precipitation.

关键词： persistent heavy rainfall events South China warm-sector rainfall dry-cold air moisture so- urce water vapor transport

On the physical significance and use of a set of horizontal and vertical helicity budget equations

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2019年第6期12卷 417-423页

作者： fu shenming MAI Zi SUN Jianhua TANG Huan International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina Key Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina College of Earth and Planetary Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina

For better understanding the variation of helicity and its governing mechanisms,based on the primary momentum equation under the local Cartesian coordinate,a set of horizontal and vertical helicity equations are derived in this *** this basis,a storm-relative helicity budget equation is derived,the main factors that govern the variation of helicity are discussed,and the key mechanisms underlying the helicity variation are illustrated by using schematic *** scale analysis and real case diagnosis are used to compare the relative importance of di erent factors on the variation of *** a meso-α system,it is found that:(i)horizontal helicity is much larger than vertical helicity,and they show signi cantly di erent variation mechanisms;(ii)for the vertical helicity,the vertical perturbation pressure gradient force,buoyancy,the diver-gence-related e ect,and the conversion between vertical and horizontal helicity govern its variation(whereas,the conversion is negligible for the evolution of horizontal helicity);and(iii)baroclinity is crucial for the variation of horizontal helicity,but it is only of secondary importance for the vertical helicity variation.

关键词： Horizontal helicity vertical helicity baroclinity kinetic energy

Energetics characteristics accounting for the low-level wind’s rapid enhancement associated with an extreme explosive extratropical cyclone over the western North Pacific Ocean

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2020年第5期13卷 426-435页

作者： JIN Shuanglong FENG Shuanglei SHEN Wei fu shenming JIANG Lizhi SUN Jianhua State Key Laboratory of Operation and Control of Renewable Energy and Storage Systems China Electric Power Research InstituteBeijingChina Power Equipment Status Evaluation Department Electric Power Research Institute of the State Grid Shaanxi Electric Power CompanyXi’anChina International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina Laboratory of Cloud–Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina

During mid-January 2011,a rarely seen twin-extratropical-cyclone event appeared over the western North Pacific *** of the twin cyclones developed into an extreme explosive extratropical cyclone(EEC),which was comparable to the intensity of a *** and divergent wind kinetic energy(KE)analyses were applied to understand the low-level wind’s rapid enhancement associated with the *** was found that:(i)the total wind KE associated with the EEC showed a remarkable enhancement in the lower troposphere during the cyclone’s maximum development stage,with the maximum/minimum wind acceleration appearing in the southeastern/northwestern quadrant of the EEC;(ii)the rotational wind KE experienced an obvious increase,which corresponded to the total wind KE enhancement,whereas the divergent wind KE,which was much smaller than the rotational wind,mainly featured a decreasing trend;(iii)the rotational wind KE enhancement showed variational features consistent with the horizontal enlargement and upward stretching of the EEC;(iv)the nonorthogonal wind KE enhanced the total wind KE in regions with strong rotational wind,which resulted in the maximum lower-tropospheric maximum wind,whereas in regions with strong divergent wind it mainly reduced the total wind KE;(v)the northward transport of total wind KE and the rotational wind KE production due to the work done by pressure gradient force were dominant factors for the enhancement of winds associated with the EEC,particularly in its southeastern *** contrast,an overall conversion from rotational wind KE to divergent wind KE decelerated the rotational wind enhancement.

关键词： Explosive extratropical cyclone rotational wind divergent wind kinetic energy twin cyclones