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Analysis of microwave brightness temperature of lunar surface and inversion of regolith layer thickness:Primary results of Chang-E 1 multi-channel radiometer observation

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Science china(information Sciences) 2010年第1期53卷 168-181页

作者： fa wenzhe & jin yaqiu key laboratory of wave scattering and remote sensing information (MoE), Fudan University, shanghai 200433,{2. key laboratory of {2. {2. and remote sensing information (MoE) Fudan University Shanghai China

In china’s first lunar exploration project, Chang-E 1 (CE-1), a multi-channel microwave radiometer was aboard the satellite, with the purpose of measuring microwave brightness temperature from lunar surface and surveying the global distribution of lunar regolith layer thickness. In this paper, the primary 62. tracks of swath data measured by Chang-E 1 microwave radiometer from November 2.07 to February 2.08 are collected and analyzed. Using nearest neighbor interpolation based on the sun incidence angle in observations, global distributions of microwave brightness temperature from lunar surface at lunar daytime and nighttime are constructed. Using the three-layer model (the top dust-soil, regolith and underlying rock media) for microwave thermal emission of lunar surface, the measurements of brightness temperature and dependence upon latitude, frequency and FeO+TiO2.content, etc. are discussed. On the basis of the ground measurements at Apollo landing sites, the observed brightness temperature at these locations are validated and calibrated by numerical three-layer modeling. Using the empirical dependence of physical temperature upon the latitude verified by the measurements at Apollo landing sites, the global distribution of regolith layer thickness is then inverted from the brightness temperature data of CE-1 at 3 GHz channel. Those inversions at Apollo landing sites are com- pared with the Apollo in situ measurements. Finally, the statistical property of regolith thickness distribution is analyzed and discussed.

关键词： Chang-E 1 multi-channel brightness temperature Apollo landing site physical temperature inversion of regolith layer thickness

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Simulation of radar sounder echo from lunar surface and subsurface structure

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Science china Earth Sciences 2010年第7期53卷 1043-1055页

作者： wenzhe fa {2. jin Fudan Univ Key Lab Wave Scattering & Remote Sensing Informat MOE Shanghai 200433 Peoples R China

Space-borne high frequency (HF) radar sounder is an effective tool for investigation of lunar subsurface structure in lunar exploration. The primary strategy of radar sounder technology for subsurface structure detection is utilization of the nadir echoes time delay and intensity difference from the lunar surface and subsurface. It is important to fully understand electromagnetic wave propagation, scattering, and attenuation through the lunar media in order to retrieve {2. of lunar layering structure from weak nadir echoes of the subsurface, which is simultaneously interfered by strong off-nadir surface clutters. Based on the Kirchhoff approximation (KA) of rough surface scattering and the ray tracing of geometric optics, a numerical simulation of radar echoes from lunar layering structures is developed. According to the lunar surface feature, the topography of mare and highland surfaces is numerically generated, and the triangulated network is employed to make digital elevations of the whole lunar surface. scattering from the lunar surface and subsurface is numerically calculated using KA approach. Radar echoes and its range images are numerically simulated, and their dependence on the parameters of lunar layering interfaces is discussed. The approach of this paper can also be utilized to investigate subsurface structures in Mars and other planetary exploration.

关键词： radar sounder lunar layering structure echo simulation and image

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The modeling analysis of microwave emission from stratified media of non-uniform lunar cratered terrain surface for Chinese Chang-E1 observation

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2011年第11期56卷 1165-1171页

作者： jin yaqiu {2. wenzhe key laboratory of {2. {2. and remote sensing information (MOE) Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China

In china's first lunar exploration project,Chang-E 1,the multi-channel (3.0,7.8,19.35,37 GHz) microwave radiometers were aboard the satellite,with the purpose of measuring microwave brightness temperature from lunar surface and surveying the global distribution of lunar regolith layer thickness,and global evaluation of 3He *** analyze the modeling of microwave radiative transfer from three-layered media of lunar surface,some factors,such as the cratered lunar surface roughness,scattering of regolith particulate medium with temperature profile,are *** on the statistics of the lunar cratered terrain and using Monte Carlo (MC) method,the cratered lunar surfaces are numerically *** triangulated network is utilized to divide the undulated lunar surface into discrete triangle meshes with the size 10 m as a digital surface *** reflectivities of each plane mesh are calculated,and the average reflectivity for all MC-realized lunar surfaces is *** is found that under the spatial resolution of 30 km×30 km of Chang-E 1 radiometer observation,the lunar surface can be well modeled as a flat *** makes the predominance of the parameters,such as the regolith layer thickness and stratified structures,to be *** the radiative transfer equation of stratified media with dense scatterers,the scattering coefficient of the regolith particulate medium is found negligible,and the emission is mainly governed by the absorptive property of the *** temperature of multi-layered media,*** soil,regolith layer with temperature profile and underlying rock media,are derived and calculated,and relevant main factors to affect the modeling and emission simulation are analyzed.

关键词：月球探测工程微波发射分层介质地形表面陨石坑模型分析中国非均匀

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Global inventory of Helium-3 in lunar regoliths estimated by a multi-channel microwave radiometer on the Chang-E 1 lunar satellite

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2010年第35期55卷 4005-4009页

作者： fa wenzhe {2. yaqiu key laboratory of {2. {2. and remote sensing information (MOE) Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris Saint Maur des Fosses 94100 France

Helium-3(3He) implanted by solar wind in the lunar regolith is a valuable resource because of its potential as a fusion *** the basis of the Apollo regolith samples,a linear relationship between 3He abundance and solar wind flux,optical maturity and TiO2.content has been *** successfully launched its first lunar exploration satellite Chang-E 1(CE-1) on October 2.,2.07.A multi-channeled microwave radiometer was aboard the satellite with the purpose of measuring microwave thermal emission from the lunar sur{2.ce *** the multi-channel brightness temperature(Tb) observed by CE-1,the global distribution of the regolith thickness was inverted from the multi-channel Tb,and was used to evaluate the total amount of 3He per unit area in the lunar *** global inventory of 3He was estimated as being 6.6×108 kg;3.7×108 kg for the lunar nearside and 2.9×108 kg for the lunar {2.rside.

关键词：微波辐射计月球卫星氦-3 库存估计多通道月球探测卫星聚变燃料

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SAR imaging simulation for an inhomogeneous undulated lunar surface based on triangulated irregular network

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Science in china(Series F) 2009年第4期52卷 559-574页

作者： fa wenzhe XU Feng {2. yaqiu key laboratory of {2. {2. and remote sensing information (MoE) Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China

Based on the statistics of the lunar cratered terrain, e.g., population, dimension and shape of craters, the terrain feature of cratered lunar surface is numerically generated. According to the inhomogeneous distribution of the lunar surface slope, the triangulated irregular network （TIN） is employed to make the digital elevation of lunar surface model. The Kirchhoff approximation of surface scattering is then applied to simulation of lunar surface scattering. The synthetic aperture radar （SAR） image for compre- hensive cratered lunar surface is numerically generated using back projection （BP） algorithm of SAR imaging. Making use of the digital elevation and Clementine UVVIS data at Apollo 15 landing site as the ground truth, an SAR image at Apollo 15 landing site is simulated. The image simulation is verified using real SAR image and echoes statistics.

关键词： cratered terrain triangulated irregular network SAR imaging back projection

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