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f.ctors Associated with Hepatitis B Surf.ce Antigen Seroprevalence amongst Pregnant Women in Kenya

Open Journal of.Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018年第5期8卷 456-467页

作者： Z. Gatheru f. Murila J. Mbuthia f. Okoth f. Kanyingi f. mugo f. Esamai Z. Alavi J. Otieno H. Kiambati N. Wanjuki M. M. Obimbo Virus Research Center Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya Department of.Human Anatomy Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Kenya Pediatrics Association Nairobi Kenya Ministry of.Health Nairobi Kenya

Background: Knowledge of.f.ctors associated with seroprevalence of.Hepatitis B in pregnancy is important in inf.rming policies towards prevention of.vertical transmission of.Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) inf.ction, since in-utero and perinatal inf.ction lead to chronic carrier state with severe long-term sequela. In addition, adequate and timely immunization plays a major role in the prevention of.transmission. Objective: To determine the f.ctors associated with HBs Ag seroprevalence in pregnant women f.om various geographical regions in Kenya. Methods and Subjects: This was a cross-sectional survey amongst all pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Kenyatta National Hospital and 8 other hospitals f.om dif.erent regions of.Kenya in their third trimester of.pregnancy among June 2001 to June 2002. f.r each pregnant woman, age, history of.intravenous drug use, sexually transmitted disease (STD), liver diseases, alcohol intake, blood transf.sion (BT) and presence of.traditional scarif.cation were documented. HBs Ag serology was assayed at the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) laboratory. Results: A total of.2241 pregnant women were enrolled in the study, 2196 consented, of.whom 205 (9.3%) tested positive f.r HBs Ag. A signif.cant association was f.und between HBs Ag seroprevalence and traditional scarif.cation (p = 0.029), history of.blood transf.sion (p = 0.0024) and alcohol intake (p = 0.05). There was no signif.cant association between Hbs Ag seroprevalence and sexually transmitted disease (p = 0.64). It was not possible to evaluate the association of.HBs Ag seroprevalence with history of.hospitalization f.r any liver disease including Hepatitis A, B or C, history of.intravenous drug use or contact with sex partners previously hospitalised f.r any liver disease including Hepatitis A, B or C as the numbers with these attributes were small. Conclusions: We f.und 9.3% of.pregnant women were HBs Ag positive, signif.cantly higher than previously observed. The high

关键词： Hepatitis B Seroprevalence Pregnancy Immunization Transmission

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Antidiabetic Properties of.Bidens pilosa and Its Polyacetylenic Compounds f.r Management of.Diabetes: Systematic Review

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Journal of.Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第2期12卷 164-179页

作者： Kenneth Waititu Caroline mugo Daisy Nyawira Peter Mwethera Animal Sciences Department Kenya Institute of Primate Research Nairobi Kenya Center f.r Biodiversity National Museums of Kenya Nairobi Kenya Department of.Reproductive Health and Biology Kenya Institute of Primate Research Nairobi Kenya

Bidens pilosa is a member of.the Asteraceae f.mily that is widely distributed across the tropics. It has been utilized by dif.erent communities both as f.od and medicinal herb. This plant and its polyacetylenic compounds hold potential as a natural antidiabetic intervention that can be used to combat this global public health problem. Bioactive compounds f.und in this plant constitute promising interventions f.r combating obesity which is a major risk f.ctor f.r the development of.type 2 diabetes. These phytocompounds can work independently or synergistically to modulate appetite, lipase activity, adipogenesis and adipocyte apoptosis. However, the ef.icacy, mode of.action and scope of.management of.diabetes by these compounds remains elusive. The current review aims to summarize data on ef.icacy in the management of.diabetes, an antidiabetic candidate polyacetylenic compound and possible biological activities as an antidiabetic agent f.om the available literature. Much emphasis has been directed to cytopiloyne as a representative of.polyacetylenic compounds extracted f.om Bidens pilosa and its activity on diabetic animal models. The majority of.the studies conducted on animal models described antidiabetic mechanisms that range f.om hypoglycemic to secretagogue activity of.cytopiloyne in a dose-dependent manner. A clinical trial pilot indicated improved glycemic control of.Bidens pilosa f.rmulation among diabetic patients in the study. Bidens pilosa and its compounds are highly potent antidiabetic agent(s) that should be graduated to an intervention f.r management of.diabetes through pre-clinical and clinical trials to elucidate its ef.icacy and saf.ty.

关键词： Antidiabetic Cytopiloyne Bidens pilosa Polyacetylenic Compounds

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Pref.rence and adoption of.f.rmer f.eld School (f.S) Prosopis julif.ora management practices: Experiences in Baringo District, Kenya

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f.restry Studies in China 2012年第4期14卷 283-290页

作者： Eunice NJOROGE Peter SIRMAH f.ancis MBURU Eric KOECH mugo MWARE Josiah CHEPKWONY School of.Natural Resource Management Moi University School of.Natural Resource Management Kabianga University

This research was carried out to evaluate the pref.rence and adoption of.harvesting, uprooting, stump burning, pruning and thinning practices f.r controlling the spread of.rosopisjulif.ora （prosopis） within Marigat Division of.the Baringo District, Kenya. A survey methodology was employed using a random sample of.25 f.rmer f.eld School （f.S） members and 5 non=f.S members f.om each of.the f.ve locations of.Marigat Division. In total, 100 f.S members and 25 non-f.S members participated in the study; addi- tional supplementary data were collected f.om the Kenya f.restry Research Institute （KEf.I）, a major f.cilitator and trainer of.the identif.ed f.S activities and practices in the study area since 2004. More than 80% of.the local community never undertook any f.rm of.prosopis management practice; however, this changed af.er f.S training, indicating an acquisition and retention of.knowledge which probably dif.used to the non-f.S counterparts, through either f.rmal or inf.rmal ways. Harvesting was the most pref.rred （100%） and stump burning the least pref.rred （46%） practice of.managing the spread of.prosopis. The success and pref.rence of.any prosopis management practice was attributed to wood and non-wood benef.ts derived f.om prosopis and growing of.animal f.dder and f.od crops on rehabilitated land. More than 80% of.respondents attributed inef.ectiveness of.any prosopis management practice to coppicing and viable seed banks of.the tree, while 50% highlighted a lack of.consistency and integration in carrying out manage- ment practices. The reported negative attitude towards prosopis changed af.er training with none of.the view to eradicate it. Labor intensity and f.equent regeneration of.seedlings were identif.ed as the major challenges f.ced during the implementation of.proso- pis management practices. In conclusion, the study shows that harvesting, uprooting, stump burning, pruning and thinning realized through consistent holistic integration contribute to containi

关键词： Prosopisjulif.ora f.rmer f.eld School management practices Baringo Kenya

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Sustainability of.Rail Transport in Af.ica:A Case Study of.Kenya’s Standard Gauge Railway

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Journal of.Environmental Science and Engineering(A) 2020年第1期9卷 17-27页

作者： mugo Kenneth Kamumbu Juanling Zhao School of.Civil Engineering and Architecture Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China

Rail transport has a crucial role in shaping the transportation system in a *** instance,rail transport has played a signif.cant role in movement of.goods and people in Kenya and in Af.ica as whole f.r almost a *** 1990,however,the industry started to decline due to competition f.om more reliable and ef.icient means of.transportation(buses and trucks).Passenger services had almost disappeared(accounting f.r less than 1%of.total traf.ic).Against this background,this research paper analyses consideration f.ctors f.r sustainability of.the SGR(Standard Gauge Railway)inf.astructure in Kenya.A case study method was selected and mainly used the desk top research approach to collect secondary data that were drawn f.om railway institution records,railway journals,railway magazines,internet and other secondary sources f.om projects,contract documents and government *** research results were used to f.rmulate a roadmap f.r sustainable railway inf.astructure *** research also discusses the outcomes and makes some recommendations f.r railway transportation inf.astructure projects sustainability.

关键词： SGR case study sustainability railway inf.astructure

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Assessment of.Grain Damage and Weight Loss on f.rm Stored Maize in Highlands Areas of.Bungoma District, Kenya

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Journal of.Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2012年第3期2卷 349-361页

作者： Kimondo Mutambuki Christopher mugo Ngatia Kenya Agricultural Research Institute National Agricultural Research Centre P.O. Box 14733-00800 Nairobi Kenya

A simulation trial to assess losses in crib and in-house maize storage practices was conducted. Three cribs were constructed and 180 kg maize in two bags treated with 1.6% pirimiphos methyl and 0.3% permethrin stored in one. In the other, a similar quantity of.untreated maize in two bags was stored while in the third crib, 4 bags of.cob maize were placed. Another f.ur bags, two treated and two untreated were placed on dunnage separated by a 2-meter path in the living house. Samples were analysed at 4-week interval f.r 24 weeks and pest damage was used to calculate percent weight loss. Grain f.om selected f.rmers was also analysed f.r comparison. Crib trial had 53% and 20% pest damage in untreated and treated maize compared with 56% and 16% f.r in-house storage af.er six months. Cumulative weight loss averaged 20.6% and 9.7% f.r untreated and treated maize. The f.gures are markedly higher than 5% criterion f.r ef.ective pest control measures. Weight loss on f.rmer stocks compared well with untreated maize and grain damage varied f.om 5.4% to 27%, translating to 0.5% and 16.8% cumulative loss. These results suggest inef.ective pest control measures by Bungoma f.rmers. The results contrast with Kitui ones in an earlier study where Prostephanus truncatus is endemic and contributed to 10% cumulative loss above the Bungoma level. Ef.orts should be made to reduce grain damage to below 5% to realise f.od security at f.rm level.

关键词： Bungoma consumption insect pests losses maize (Zea mays L.).

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Plasma ef.ects on the bacteria Escherichia coli via two evaluation methods

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Plasma Science and Technology 2017年第7期19卷 102-109页

作者： Danijela VUJO?EVI? Uro? CVELBAR Ur?ka REPNIK Martina MODIC Sa?a LAZOVI? Tina ZAVA?NIK-BERGANT Nevena PUA? Boban mugo?A Evangelos GOGOLIDES Zoran Lj PETROVI? Miran MOZETI? Institute of.Public Health Jozef.Stef.n Institute Institute of.Physics University of Belgrade Institute of.Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN) National Center for Scientific Research NCSR Demokritos

The degradation of.Escherichia coli bacteria by treatment with cold, weakly ionised, highly dissociated oxygen plasma, with an electron temperature of.3 eV, a plasma density of.8 × 10^15 m^-3 and a neutral oxygen atom density of.3.5 × 10^21 m^-3 was studied. To determine the ＇real＇ plasma ef.ects, two methods were used f.r evaluation and determination, as well as a comparison of.the number of.bacteria that had survived： the standard plate count technique （PCT） and advanced f.uorescence-activated cell sorting （f.CS）. Bacteria were deposited onto glass substrates and kept below 50 ℃ during the experiments with oxygen plasma. The results showed that the bacteria had f.lly degraded af.er about 2 min of.plasma treatment, depending slightly on the amount of.bacteria that had been deposited on the substrates. The very precise determination of.the O f.ux on the substrates and the two-method comparison allowed f.r the determination of.the critical dose of.oxygen atoms required f.r the destruction of.a bacterial cell wall--about 6 × 10^24 m^-2--as well as deactivation of.the substrates--about 8 × 10^25 m^-2. These results were taken in order to discuss other results obtained by comparable studies and scientif.c method evaluations in the determination of.plasma ef.ects on bacteria.

关键词： oxygen plasma bacteria degradation PCT f.CS

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An Analysis of.Solid Waste Generation and Characterization in Thika Municipality of.Kiambu County, Kenya

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Journal of.Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2015年第4期4卷 210-215页

作者： mugo Ephantus Kinyua Robert Njogu Paul Institute of.Energy and Environmental Technology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobi 62000-00200 Kenya

The rapid increase in population in Thika has led to increase in municipal solid waste generation, which has posed challenges in the waste disposal and management. This study was carried out to quantif. and characterize the waste generated within Thika municipality. Six months data （between March 2014 and August 2014） of.waste stream at the dumpsite was reviewed and analyzed. The survey indicated that 66.95% ± 0.34% of.the total waste dumped originated f.om the municipal council of.hika （MCT）. It constitutes of.domestic, commercial and institutional waste. 33.05% is industrial waste. Sixty eight percent （68%） of.the waste consisted primarily of.f.ur components： paper, plastic, organics and f.od. f.od accounted f.r 15.51% ± 0.95%, paper 18.31% ± 1.7%, plastics 17.89% ± 0.81% and organics other than f.od 16.51% ±1.01%, respectively obtained at 95% conf.dence level. Each of.the components has some level of.recovery. Some of.the reusable and recyclable materials were being recovered, f.od waste had the highest recovery rate of.23% ± 1.7% and was used as animal f.ed, while plastic （sof. plastic） 17% ± 0.93% was sold to recyclers. Recovery of.materials f.r recycling and composting was estimated at 10.21 tonnes or 11.35% of.daily generation, leaving 76.44 tonnes per day that can be converted into usef.l energy. The study shows waste in this dumpsite can be exploited to by converting it to energy thus a good solution f.r waste management.

关键词： Municipal solid waste municipal solid waste management waste to energy Thika municipality.

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玉米根系电容双向选择研究

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作物学报 2002年第4期28卷 561-563页

作者：张凤路 S.N.mugo 河北农业大学农学院河北保定071001 国际玉米小麦改良中心

采用 Pool16以及按 2 0 %的录选比例 ,用全姊妹交轮回选择方法对群体根系电容进行双向选择筛选出的 4个世代的种子 ,分别在干旱、氮胁迫和正常环境下进行了评定。在高根系电容 (壮根 )选择中 ,根系电容按 1.2 9n f.代 - 1增加 ;而在低... 详细信息

采用 Pool16以及按 2 0 %的录选比例 ,用全姊妹交轮回选择方法对群体根系电容进行双向选择筛选出的 4个世代的种子 ,分别在干旱、氮胁迫和正常环境下进行了评定。在高根系电容 (壮根 )选择中 ,根系电容按 1.2 9n f.代 - 1增加 ;而在低根系电容 (弱根 )选择中 ,根系电容以 0 .99n f.代 - 1降低。两种选择在胁迫条件下籽粒产量都增加 ,但在正常条件下 ,壮根的产量增加而弱根的则降低。在各条件下 ,地上部干物重壮根的以 0 .35 t/hm2·代 - 1的幅度增加 ,而弱根的以 0 .2 5 t/hm2·代 - 1的幅度降低。雌雄穗开花间隔 (ASI)在两种选择中均降低。在壮根中叶片衰老指数降低更多。因此 ,对根系电容的高低的选择 ,可能会影响到胁迫条件下植株的特征。

关键词：玉米根系电容双向选择干旱氮胁迫

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用电容仪估测玉米根系质量及在种质筛选中的应用

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河北农业大学学报 2002年第2期25卷 10-12页

作者：张凤路张玉泉 mugo S N 河北农业大学农学院河北保定071001 河北省保定市农业局国际玉米小麦改良中心

简介了前人在根系特征的电容法估测方面的研究进展 ,简述了便携型电容仪 (BKPrecision 810A)的使用方法。采用此仪器在大田对Pool 16群体用全姊妹交轮回选择方法 ,根据根系电容值的高低进行了两个方向的连续筛选。将原始群体及筛选出的 ... 详细信息

简介了前人在根系特征的电容法估测方面的研究进展 ,简述了便携型电容仪 (BKPrecision 810A)的使用方法。采用此仪器在大田对Pool 16群体用全姊妹交轮回选择方法 ,根据根系电容值的高低进行了两个方向的连续筛选。将原始群体及筛选出的 4个世代的种子 ,分别在干旱和正常环境下进行了评定。研究认为 ,根系电容具有较高的遗传性。两种选择在干旱条件下粒产量都增加 ;但在正常条件下 ,高电容群体(壮根 )的产量增加而低电容群体 (壮茎 )的产量则降低。雌雄穗开花间隔 (ASI)在两种选择中均降低。对根系电容高低的双向选择。

关键词：电容仪估测根系质量种质筛选应用玉米根系电容

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Biomass Energy Resource of.the Highland Bamboo (<i>Yushania alpina</i>) and Its Potential f.r Sustainable Exploitation in Southern Aberdares f.rest

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Journal of.Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2017年第3期7卷 85-97页

作者： Ndirangu Monicah Katumbi Mwangi James Kinyanjui Kimondo JM mugo Joseph Mware Kenya f.rest Service Nairobi Kenya Department of.Natural Resources School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Karatina University Karatina Kenya Kenya f.rest Research Institute Nairobi Kenya

Yushania alpina is the only bamboo species native to Kenya and covers about 150,000 ha growing in pure or mixed stands in the montane f.rests. The Aberdare f.rest is one of.the natural habitats f.r Y. alpine occupying an area of.6419 ha mainly in the water catchment areas. The growing human population and depletion of.other f.rest resources have necessitated the exploration of.Y. alpine as a source of.energy. This paper assessed the quantity of.Y. alpine available f.r biomass energy and its potential f.r sustainable exploitation. Plots were laid on area maps to cater f.r altitude and distance f.om f.rms. The study area was stratif.ed into three altitudinal zones: A (2220 - 2330 m), B (2331 - 2440 m) and C (2441 - 2550 m). The initial sampling plot of.10 m × 10 m was located randomly 500 m f.om the edge of.the f.rest while the subsequent plots were laid out systematically at intervals of.500 m. In each plot, a total enumeration and biomass estimation of.bamboo clumps were done using Muchiri and Muga (2013) [1] method. Bamboo samples and those of.commonly used biomass energy sources were analysed f.r calorif.c value using bomb calorimeter. In addition, data f.r quantities of.biomass energy used by some local industries were used to estimate the amount of.bamboo required. The mean stocking was 19,981 (20,000) culms ha-1, and varied signif.cantly among altitude strata and distance f.om adjacent f.rms. The mean biomass density and energy content were 86 tons/ha and 380,893 Kca/ha respectively with the higher altitudinal stratum (zone C) having the highest means (114 tons/ha) while the lower stratum (zone A) had the lowest (65 tons/ha). The energy needed by sampled local industries was 416,276,266 Kcal per year against 2.4 billion Kcal available in the bamboo f.rest. This implies that the bamboo f.rest in its present stocking can provide biomass energy f.r these local industries f.r more than f.ve years. With bamboo maturing with less than f.ve years, the f.rest can susta

关键词： Bamboo Biomass Altitude Calorif.c Value

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