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Control of.Leaf.Spot Diseases on Ecotypes of.f.ba Bean (<i>Vicia f.ba</i>L.) Produced in the Andean Region of.Bolivia

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American Journal of.Plant Sciences 2012年第8期3卷 1150-1158页

作者： M. Coca-Morante f. Mamani-álvarez Departamento de f.totecnia y Producción Vegetal Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas Pecuarias Forestales y Veterinarias Dr. “Martín Cárdenas” Universidad Mayor de San Simón (UMSS) Cochabamba Bolivia 2Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agrícola y f.restal (INIAf. La Paz Bolivia

The basin of.Lake Titicaca is a f.ba bean-producing microregion of.Bolivia where the crop is destined f.r export. The most commonly cultivated ecotypes “Gigante de Copacabana” and “Usnayo” are af.ected by diseases that can cause production losses. The aims of.the present work were to identif. the causal agents of.leaf.spot af.ecting these ecotypes, to record disease intensity levels, and to estimate their ef.ect on production. In 2004 and 2005, leaf.et, stem and pod samples were taken f.om f.ba bean plants with leaf.spot growing in the Lake Titicaca area, and f.om plants in an experimental plot established to determine the ef.ect of.f.ve dif.erent treatments on production and disease intensity: T1 = Control;T2 = seed treatment with Trichoderma sp. + alternate f.liar spraying with benomyl and mancozeb;T3 = seed treatment with f.udioxanil/metalaxyl M + alternate f.liar spraying with benomyl and mancozeb;T4 = f.liar spraying with Trichoderma sp.;T5 = alternate f.liar spraying with cymoxanyl and mancozeb-chlorothalonil. Microscopic analysis of.the samples revealed the presence of.new f.ngal pathogens f.r f.ba beans in Bolivia (Cladosporium sp., and Lepthosphaerulina sp.) as well as emerging f.ngal pathogens (Botrytis cinerea, B. f.bae, Ascochyta f.bae, Alternaria sp. and Cercospora sp.). None of.the treatments af.ected the disease progression curve (DPC) f.r incidence, although ef.ects were seen with respect to disease severity. The seed + f.liar treatments (T2 and T3) were more ef.ective at controlling disease than leaf.treatments on their own (T4 and T5). Modelling analysis showed f.ba bean leaf.spot disease to be moderately destructive. Compared to chemical treatments, biocontrol with Trichoderma spp. preliminary was f.und to provide good control of.the disease. Losses due to leaf.spot disease of.36% were recorded, and a strong correlation detected between yield and disease severity.

关键词： Ecotypes Modeling Diseases Intensity

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Recovery Slope of.Heart Rate Variability as an Indicator of.Internal Training Load

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Health 2019年第2期11卷 211-221页

作者： José Naranjo Orellana Claudio Nieto-Jiménez José f. Ruso-álvarez Pablo de Olavide University Sevilla Spain Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago Chile

The way in which the Root Mean Square of.the Successive Dif.erences between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD) recovers immediately af.er exercise could be a good indicator of.internal training load (ITL). The aim of.this study is to design a recovery index based on RMSSD. f.rteen healthy men took part in this study. The experiment lasted 2 weeks, with 4 separate (48 - 72 h) sessions. f.rst session was an incremental treadmill test to determine ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) and maximal aerobic speed (MAS). Each subject ran at VT1 speed (second day), VT2 speed (third day) and a time-to-exhaustion test at MAS (f.urth day). The duration of.VT1 and VT2 loads was selected in such a way that the product intensity-duration (training load) was the same. HRV was measured f.om 10’ prior to test (Rest) to 30’ af.er completed (Recovery). Recovery slopes were calculated f.om RMSSD values at 10 and 30 minutes. Borg scale was recorded at the end of.every test and the Training Impulse (TRIMP) values were calculated using Banister equations. The RMSSD values dropped substantially regardless of.the intensity and the duration of.exercise (average 4 ms). The RMSSD recovery was linear during the 30 min and dif.erent depending on the intensity of.exercise. To propose a recovery index, we calculated the slope of.RMSDD over the 30 minutes (slope-30) and also the f.rst 10 minutes (slope-10). Given that the slopes presented an exponential behavior in relation with ef.ort intensity, three curves were obtained (average values, plus SD and minus SD) def.ning a nomogram. f.r practical application, we propose: 1) to measure RMSSD the last 5 minutes of.exercise and any period of.5 minutes during the f.rst 30 minutes recovery;2) to calculate the slope of.RMSSD between exercise and recovery;3) to compare with the nomogram.

关键词： Training Load Recovery Hrv Rmssd Parasympathetic

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Identif.cation and f.nctional characterization of.f.sh IL‑17 receptors suggest important roles in the response to nodavirus inf.ction

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Marine Lif. Science & Technology 2024年第2期6卷 252-265页

作者： Carmen González‑f.rnández Miguel A.García‑Álvarez Alberto Cuesta Department of.Cell Biology and Histology Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Murcia30100 MurciaSpain Laboratoire d’écotoxicologie Centre de Lyon-VilleurbanneINRAEUR RiverLy69625 VilleurbanneFrance

Th17 is a lymphocyte T helper(Th)subpopulation relevant in the control and regulation of.the immune response characterized by the production of.interleukin(IL)-*** crucial cytokine f.mily acts through their binding to the IL-17 receptors(IL-17R),having up to six *** the biology of.f.sh Th17 is well-recognized,the molecular and f.nctional characterization of.IL-17 and IL-17R has been ***,our aim was to identif. and characterize the IL-17R repertory and regulation in the two main Mediterranean cultured f.sh species,the gilthead seabream(Sparus aurata)and the European sea bass(Dicentrarchus labrax).Our in silico results showed the clear identif.cation of.six members in each f.sh species,f.om IL-17RA to IL-17RE-like,with well-conserved gene structure and protein domains with their human *** of.them showed wide and constitutive transcription in naïve tissues but with highest levels in mucosal tissues,namely skin,gill or *** leucocytes,T mitogens showed the strongest up-regulation in most of.the il17 receptors though il17ra resulted in inhibition by most ***,in vivo nodavirus inf.ction resulted in alterations on the transcription of.il17 *** nodavirus inf.ction led to some increments in the il17ra,il17rb,il17rc and il17rd transcripts in the susceptible European sea bass,many down-regulations were observed in the resistant gilthead *** data identif. the presence and conservation of.six coding IL-17R in gilthead seabream and European sea bass as well as their dif.erential regulation in vitro and upon nodavirus inf.ction.

关键词： Th17 cells IL-17 receptors Immunity Teleost f.sh Nodavirus(NNV) Aquaculture

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Stress Analysis on Single-Crystal Diamonds by Raman Spectroscopy 3D Mapping

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2013年第3期4卷 191-197页

作者： E. J. Di Liscia f. álvarez E. Burgos E. B. Halac H. Huck M. Reinoso Departamento de f.sica Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica Buenos Aires Argentina Departamento de f.sica Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica Buenos Aires Argentina Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología Universidad Nacional de San Martín Buenos Aires Argentina Departamento de f.sica Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica Buenos Aires Argentina Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología Universidad Nacional de San Martín Buenos Aires Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científ.cas y Técnicas Buenos Aires Argentina. Departamento de f.sica Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica Buenos Aires Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científ.cas y Técnicas Buenos Aires Argentina.

Results on stress analysis f.r single-crystal diamonds are presented. Isolated crystals were studied by Raman mapping and depth prof.ling techniques, using conf.cal microscopy. Diamonds were deposited on molybdenum and tantalum by hot f.lament and microwave CVD methods at growth rates between 10 and 30 μm·h-1. Crystals f.om 10 to 40 μm size were examined. Local stress was evaluated by analyzing the position, broadening and splitting of.the 1332 cm-1 Raman peak in a 3D mapping. f.r the (001) orientation, the most stressed zone was f.und at the center of.the crystal base, close to the interf.ce with the substrate: a Raman peak around 1340 cm-1 was measured, corresponding to a pressure c.a. 3 GPa, according to our dynamical calculations. This peak disappears f.w microns out of.the center, suggesting that this highly concentrated stress sector was the nucleation zone of.the crystal. A shif.ing and slight broadening of.the 1332 cm-1 band was observed in the rest of.the crystal. The causes of.these ef.ects are discussed: they proved not to be due to anisotropic stress but to ref.active ef.ects. Same results were f.und f.r dif.erent crystal sizes and growth rates.

关键词： Diamond Stress Raman Spectroscopy 3D Mapping

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Two-Stream Approximation to the Radiative Transf.r Equation:A New Improvement and Comparative Accuracy with Existing Methods

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第2期41卷 278-292页

作者： f.Momo TEMGOUA L.Akana NGUIMDO DNJOMO Environmental Energy Technologies Laboratory(EETL) Faculty of SciencesUniversity of YaoundéPO Box 812 YaoundéCameroon Department of.Electrical and Electronic Engineering Faculty of Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of BueaPO Box 63 BueaCameroon

Mathematical modeling of.the interaction between solar radiation and the Earth's atmosphere is f.rmalized by the radiative transf.r equation(RTE), whose resolution calls f.r two-stream approximations among other methods. This paper proposes a new two-stream approximation of.the RTE with the development of.the phase f.nction and the intensity into a third-order series of.Legendre polynomials. This new approach, which adds one more term in the expression of.the intensity and the phase f.nction, allows in the conditions of.a plane parallel atmosphere a new mathematical f.rmulation of.γparameters. It is then compared to the Eddington, Hemispheric Constant, Quadrature, Combined Delta f.nction and Modif.ed Eddington, and second-order approximation methods with ref.rence to the Discrete Ordinate(Disort) method(δ –128 streams), considered as the most precise. This work also determines the conversion f.nction of.the proposed New Method using the f.ndamental def.nition of.two-stream approximation(f.TSA) developed in a previous work. Notably,New Method has generally better precision compared to the second-order approximation and Hemispheric Constant methods. Compared to the Quadrature and Eddington methods, New Method shows very good precision f.r wide domains of.the zenith angle μ 0, but tends to deviate f.om the Disort method with the zenith angle, especially f.r high values of.optical thickness. In spite of.this divergence in ref.ectance f.r high values of.optical thickness, very strong correlation with the Disort method(R ≈ 1) was obtained f.r most cases of.optical thickness in this study. An analysis of.the Legendre polynomial series f.r simple f.nctions shows that the high precision is due to the f.ct that the approximated f.nctions ameliorate the accuracy when the order of.approximation increases, although it has been proven that there is a limit order depending on the f.nction f.om which the precision is lost. This observation indicates that increasing the order of.app

关键词： Radiative Transf.r Equation two-stream method Legendre polynomial optical thickness moments of.specif.c intensity conversion f.nction transmittance ref.ectance

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The Importance of.Posterior Tibial Slope in TKR: Pre and Post-Operative Measurements in United States Osteoarthritic Patients

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Open Journal of.Orthopedics 2024年第8期14卷 374-379页

作者： f.ederick f. Buechel Sr f.ederick f. Buechel Jr Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Newark USA Lenox Hill Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York USA

Background: Sagittal plane placement of.the tibial component in total knee replacement (TKR) has important implications f.r maximizing the range of.f.exion motion, allowing collateral ligaments to f.nction more normally, as well as providing ideal compressive loading on the tibial bone-prosthesis interf.ce. This study attempts to quantif. the normal posterior tibial slope (PTS) angle pre-operatively and post-operatively in osteoarthritic patients af.er using a conventional extramedullary tibial resection guide to assess its ef.ectiveness. Methods: f.rty-nine primary cementless total knee replacements in 34 osteoarthritic patients were measured radiographically pre-operatively and one year post-operatively to determine the PTS and its ef.ect on range of.motion. Lateral X-rays, using the anterior cortical line of.the tibia, were employed f.r all measurements. Results: Pre-operative PTS measured 11.83˚ (range 5˚ - 18˚), while post-operative PTS of.implanted tibial components measured 11.30o (range 4˚ - 18˚). The pre-operative range of.motion of.112˚ (range 30˚ to 135˚) was improved to 119˚ (range 90˚ to 135˚) post-operatively af.er 1 year. Conclusions: Anterior tibial shaf. ref.rencing using a conventional extramedullary tibial resection guide provides an easy and convenient method f.r reproducing the anatomical PTS during TKR. This methodology provided improvement in average range of.motion f.om 112˚ pre-operatively to 119˚ post-operatively at one year.

关键词： Posterior Tibial Slope Posterior Tibial Inclination Extramedullary Tibial Resection Guide Total Knee Alignment

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Evaluating transient behaviour of.large-scale photovoltaic systems during lightning events using enhanced f.nite dif.erence time domain method with variable cell size approach

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HIGH VOLTAGE 2024年第3期9卷 636-647页

作者： Hetita, Ibrahim Mansour, Diaa-Eldin A. Han, Yang Yang, Ping Wang, Congling Darwish, Mohamed M. f. Lehtonen, Matti Zalhaf. Amr S. Univ Elect Sci & Technol China UESTC Sch Mech & Elect Engn Chengdu Peoples R China Helwan Univ Fac Engn Elect Power & Machines Engn Dept Cairo Egypt Tanta Univ Fac Engn Elect Power & Machines Engn Dept Tanta Egypt Egypt Japan Univ Sci & Technol Fac Engn Dept Elect Power Engn Alexandria Egypt Benha Univ Fac Engn Shoubra Dept Elect Engn Cairo Egypt Aalto Univ Sch Elect Engn Dept Elect Engn & Automation Espoo Finland GMC Dept Med Srinagar Jammu And Kashm India

Photovoltaic (PV) arrays are usually installed in open areas; hence, they are vulnerable to lightning strikes that can result in cell degradation, complete damage, service disruption, and increased maintenance costs. As a result, it is imperative to develop an ef.ective and ef.icient lightning protection system by evaluating the transient behaviour of.PV arrays during lightning events. The aim is to evaluate the transient analysis of.large-scale PV systems when subjected to lightning strikes using the f.nite dif.erence time domain (f.TD) technique. Transient overvoltages are calculated at various points within the mounting system. To optimise the f.TD method's execution time and make it more suitable f.r less powerf.l hardware, a variable cell size approach is employed. Specif.cally, larger cell dimensions are used in the earthing system and smaller cell dimensions are used in the mounting system. The f.TD method is utilised to calculate the temporal variation of.transient overvoltages f.r large-scale PV systems under dif.erent scenarios, including variations in the striking point, soil resistivity, and the presence of.a metal f.ame. Simulation results indicate that the highest transient overvoltages occur at the striking point, and these values increase with the presence of.a PV metal f.ame as well as with higher soil resistivity. f.rthermore, a comparison is perf.rmed between the overvoltage results obtained f.om the f.TD approach and the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method at the f.ur corner points of.the mounting systems to demonstrate the superior accuracy of.the f.TD method. Besides, a laboratory experiment is conducted on a small-scale PV system to validate the simulation results. The calculated overvoltages obtained f.om the f.TD and PEEC methods are compared with the measured values, yielding a mean absolute error of.5% and 11% f.r the f.TD and PEEC methods, respectively, thereby conf.rming the accuracy of.the f.TD simulation model.

关键词： f.TD METHOD MODEL

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Woody plant taxonomic,f.nctional,and phylogenetic diversity decrease along elevational gradients in Andean tropical montane f.rests:Environmental f.ltering and arrival of.temperate taxa

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Plant Diversity 2024年第4期46卷 491-501页

作者： Guillermo Bañares-de-Dios Manuel J.Macía Gabriel Arellano Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda Julia Vega-álvarez Itziar Arnelas Carlos I.Espinosa Norma Salinas Luis Cayuela Departamento de Biología y Geología Física y Química InorgánicaUniversidad Rey Juan CarlosCalle Tulipán s/nMóstolesMadridES-28933Spain Departamento de Biología Área de BotánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCalle Darwin 2MadridES-28049Spain Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global(CIBC-UAM) Universidad Autónoma de MadridCalle Darwin 2MadridES-28049Spain Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA Oikobit LLC ***AlbuquerqueNM87120USA Real Jardín Botánico–CSIC Plaza Murillo 2MadridES-28014Spain Departamento de Biología Animal EcologíaParasitologíaEdafología y Química AgrícolaUniversidad de SalamancaCalle Donantes de Sangre s/nSalamancaES-37007Spain Departamento de Biodiversidad Ecología y EvoluciónUniversidad Complutense de MadridCalle JoséAntonio Nováis 12Ciudad UniversitariaES-28040Spain Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Universidad Técnica Particular de LojaA.P.11-01-608 LojaEcuador Sección Química Pontificia Universidad Católica del PerúA.P.Lima 32LimaPeru ECI School of Geography and EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOX13QYOxfordshireUnited Kingdom Instituto de Investigación en Cambio Global(IICG-URJC) Universidad Rey Juan CarlosCalle Tulipán s/nMóstolesMadridES-28933Spain

Mountains are paramount f.r exploring biodiversity patterns due to the mosaic of.topographies and climates encompassed over short *** research has traditionally f.cused on taxonomic diversity when investigating changes along elevational gradients,but other f.cets should be *** f.rst time,we simultaneously assessed elevational trends in taxonomic,f.nctional,and phylogenetic diversity of.woody plants in Andean tropical montane f.rests and explored their underlying ecological and evolutionary *** investigation covered f.ur transects(traversing ca.2200 m a.s.l.) encompassing 114 plots of.0.1 ha across a broad latitudinal range(ca.10°).Using Hill numbers to quantif. abundance-based diversity among 37,869 individuals we observed a consistent decrease in taxonomic,f.nctional,and phylogenetic diversity as elevation increased,although the decrease was less pronounced f.r higher Hill *** exception was a slight increase in phylogenetic diversity when dominant species were *** decrease in taxonomic and f.nctional diversity might be attributed to an environmental f.ltering process towards highlands,where the increasingly harsher conditions exclude species and f.nctional ***,the dif.erences in steepness decrease between Hill orders suggest that rare species disproportionately contribute to f.nctional *** phylogenetic diversity the shif.ing elevational trend between Hill orders indicates a greater than previously considered inf.uence in central Andean highlands of.tropical lowlands originated species with strong niche conservatism relative to distantly related temperate *** could be explained by a decreasing presence and abundance of.temperate,extratropical taxa towards the central Andes relative to northern or southern Andes,where they are more prevalent.

关键词： Altitudinal gradients Andes Environmentalﬁltering Out of.the Tropical Lowlands f.nctional rarity Tropical Niche Conservatism

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Macroscopic Traversable Wormholes: Minimum Requirements

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International Journal of.Astronomy and Astrophysics 2024年第3期14卷 230-243页

作者： Peter K. f. Kuhf.ttig Department of.Mathematics Milwaukee School of Engineering Milwaukee USA

While wormholes are just as good a prediction of.Einstein’s theory as black holes, they are subject to severe restrictions f.om quantum f.eld theory. To allow f.r the possibility of.interstellar travel, a macroscopic wormhole would need to maintain suf.iciently low radial tidal f.rces. It is proposed in this paper that the assumption of.zero tidal f.rces, i.e., the limiting case, is suf.icient f.r overcoming the restrictions f.om quantum f.eld theory. The f.asibility of.this approach is subsequently discussed by 1) introducing the additional conditions needed to ensure that the radial tidal f.rces can indeed be suf.iciently low and 2) by viewing traversable wormholes as emergent phenomena, thereby increasing the likelihood of.their existence.

关键词： Morris-Thorne Wormholes Traversability Minimum Requirements Stability Compatibility with Quantum f.eld Theory

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On an Invariant of.Tournament Digraphs

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Journal of.Applied Mathematics and Physics 2024年第7期12卷 2711-2722页

作者： Boris f. Melnikov Bowen Liu f.culty of.Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics Shenzhen MSU-BIT University Shenzhen China

To date, it is unknown whether it is possible to construct a complete graph invariant in polynomial time, so f.st algorithms f.r checking non-isomorphism are important, including heuristic algorithms, and f.r successf.l implementations of.such heuristics, both the tasks of.some modif.cation of.previously described graph invariants and the description of.new invariants remain relevant. Many of.the described invariants make it possible to distinguish a larger number of.graphs in the real time of.a computer program. In this paper, we propose an invariant f.r a special kind of.directed graphs, namely, f.r tournaments. The last ones, f.om our point of.view, are interesting because when f.xing the order of.vertices, the number of.dif.erent tournaments is exactly equal to the number of.undirected graphs, also with f.xing the order of.vertices. In the invariant we are considering, all possible tournaments consisting of.a subset of.vertices of.a given digraph with the same set of.arcs are iterated over. f.r such subset tournaments, the places are calculated in the usual way, which are summed up to obtain the f.nal values of.the points of.the vertices;these points f.rm the proposed invariant. As we expected, calculations of.the new invariant showed that it does not coincide with the most natural invariant f.r tournaments, in which the number of.points is calculated f.r each participant. So f.r, we have conducted a small number of.computational experiments, and the minimum value of.the pair correlation between the sequences representing these two invariants that we f.und is f.r dimension 15.

关键词： Graph Directed Graph Tournament ?nvariant

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