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Generation of rainfall data series by using the Markov Chain model in three selected sites in the Kurdistan Region,Iraq

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AI in Civil Engineering 2023年第1期2卷 50-62页

作者： evan Hajani Gaheen sarma Water Resource Engineering Department College of EngineeringUniversity of Duhok38 Zakho StreetKurdistan Region 1006 AJDuhok 42001Iraq

Rainfall forecasting can play a significant role in the planning and management of water resource *** study employs a Markov chain model to examine the patterns,distributions and forecast of annual maximum rainfall(AMR)data collected at three selected stations in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq using 32 years of 1990 to 2021 rainfall data.A stochastic process is used to formulate three states(i.e.,decrease-"d";stability-"s";and increase-"i")in a given year for estimating quantitatively the probability of making a transition to any other one of the three states in the following year(s)and in the long *** addition,the Markov model is also used to forecast the AMR data for the upcoming five years(i.e.,2022-2026).The results indicate that in the upcoming 5 years,the probability of the annual maximum rainfall becoming decreased is 44%,that becoming stable is 16%,and that becoming increased is 40%.Furthermore,it is shown that for the AMR data series,the probabilities will drop slowly from 0.433 to 0.409 in about 11 years,as indi-cated by the average data of the three *** study reveals that the Markov model can be used as an appropri-ate tool to forecast future rainfalls in such semi-arid areas as the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

关键词： Time series Rainfall Markov chain Forecast Transition Probability

*** of *** enhances prostate cancer chemoresistance via Notch signaling

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Chinese Journal of Cancer 2017年第3期36卷 150-162页

作者： Wenchu Wang Lihui Wang Atsushi Mizokami Junlin shi Chunlin Zou Jinlu Dai evan T. Keller Yi Lu Jian Zhang Center for Translational Medicine Guangxi Medical University 12th FloorMedical Science Research Building No. 22 Shuangyong Road NanningGuangxi 530021 P. R. China Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageingrelated Diseases Ministry of Education Nanning Guangxi 530021 P. R. China Department of Urology and Pathology School of Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Department of Urology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920.1192 Japan Department of Biology and school of Medicine Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA 15232 USA

Background:The chemoresistance of prostate cancer(PCa)is invariably associated with the aggressiveness and metastasis of this *** emerging evidence indicates that the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT)may play pivotal roles in the development of chemoresistance and *** a hallmark of EMT,E-cadherin is suggested to be a key marker in the development of ***,the molecular mechanisms underlying PCa chemoresistance remain *** current study aimed to explore the association between EMT and chemoresistance in PCa as well as whether changing the expression of E-cadherin would affect PCa ***:Parental PC3 and DU145 cells and their chemoresistant PC3-Tx R and DU145-Tx R cells were ***3-Tx R and DU145-Tx R cells were transfected with E-cadherin-expressing lentivirus to overexpress E-cadherin;PC3 and DU145 cells were transfected with small interfering RNA to silence *** of EMT phenotype-related markers and signaling pathways were assessed by Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain *** cell migration,invasion,and colony formation were then evaluated by wound healing,transwell,and colony formation assays,*** drug sensitivity was evaluated using MTs ***:Chemoresistant PC3-Tx R and DU145-Tx R cells exhibited an invasive and metastatic phenotype that associated with EMT,including the down-regulation of E-cadherin and up-regulation of Vimentin,snail,and N-cadherin,comparing with that of parental PC3 and DU145 *** E-cadherin was overexpressed in PC3-Tx R and DU145-Tx R cells,the expression of Vimentin and Claudin-1 was down-regulated,and tumor cell migration and invasion were *** particular,the sensitivity to paclitaxel was reactivated in E-cadherin-overexpressing PC3-Tx R and DU145-Tx R *** E-cadherin expression was silenced in parental PC3 and DU145 cells,the expression of Vimentin and snail was up-regulated,and,pa

关键词： Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition E-cadherin Chemoresistance Notch signaling Prostate cancer

Immune mediators in the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer

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Chinese Journal of Cancer 2017年第3期36卷 131-138页

作者： Jinlu Dai Yi Lu Hernan Roca Jill M. Keller Jian Zhang Laurie K. McCauley evan T. Keller Department of Urology and Biointerfaces Institute University of MichiganAnn Arbor MI 48109 USA Center for Translational Medicine Guangxi Medical University Nanning Guangxi 520021 P. R. China Periodontics and Oral Medicine School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Department of Urology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109.8940 USA

Prostate cancer tissue is composed of both cancer cells and host *** milieu of host components that compose the tumor is termed the tumor microenvironment(TME).Host cells can be those derived from the tissue in which the tumor originates(e.g.,fibroblasts and endothelial cells)or those recruited,through chemotactic or other factors,to the tumor(e.g.,circulating immune cells).some immune cells are key players in the TME and represent a large proportion of non-tumor cells found within the *** cells can have both anti-tumor and pro-tumor *** addition,crosstalk between prostate cancer cells and immune cells affects immune cell *** this review,we focus on immune cells and cytokines that contribute to tumor *** discuss T-regulatory and T helper17 cells and macrophages as key modulators in prostate cancer *** addition,we discuss the roles of interleukin-6 and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand in modulating prostate cancer *** review highlights the concept that immune cells and cytokines offer a potentially promising target for prostate cancer therapy.

关键词： Prostate cancer Tumor microenvironment Macrophage T-regulatory cell Th17 cell Interleukin-6 Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand

Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion:The University of Arizona early experience

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal surgery 2012年第6期4卷 135-140页

作者： Ioannis T Konstantinidis Christine Young Vassiliki L Tsikitis Ellyn Lee evan s Ong Department of surgery The University of Arizona College of Medicine1501 N.Campbell Av.PO Box 245131TucsonAZ 85724-5131United States Department of Medicine The University of Arizona College of Medicine1501 N.Campbell Av.PO Box 245131TucsonAZ 85724-5131United States

AIM:To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of our new cytoreductive surgery(CRs)and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion(HIPEC)***:Retrospective review of patients with gastrointestinal malignancies who were suitable candidates for CRs and HIPEC between 12/1/2009 and 10/1/*** clinicopathologic data were reviewed with a special focus on the surgical outcome and the postoperative morbidity and ***:Fourteen patients were *** age was 64 years;seven were *** primary tumors were:colonic(29%),appendiceal(36%),peritoneal mesothelioma(14%),gastric(7%),adenocarcinoma of unknown primary(7%),and gastrointestinal stromal tumor(7%).Eleven patients(79%)received CRs/HIPEC,three for *** patients that did not undergo CRs/HIPEC had an average peritoneal cancer index(PCI)of *** eight patients that underwent curative CRs/HIPEC had an average PCI of 10 and a completeness of cytoreduction score of 0(87.5%) or 1(12.5%).Postoperative morbidity was 36%;the worst adverse event was Grade 3 *** rate was 0%.CONCLUsION:CRs with HIPEC is safe and feasible at tertiary institutions with fledgling *** is an accurate predictor of surgical outcomes.

关键词： Cytoreductive surgery Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion Peritoneal carcinomatosis Early outcomes

Uniformly dispersed FeOx atomic clusters by pulsed arc plasma deposition： An efficient electrocatalyst for improving the performance of Li-O2 battery

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Nano Research 2016年第7期9卷 1913-1920页

作者： Xiangyi Luo Jun Lu evan sohm Lu Ma Tianpin Wu Jianguo Wen Dantong Qiu YunKai Xu Yang Ren Dean J. Miller Khalil Amine Material sciences Division Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA Chemical sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA ULVAC Technologies Inc. Methuen MA 01844 USA Center for N anoscale Materials Nanoscience and Technology Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA Center for Nanoscale Materials Nanoscience and Technology Argonne Notional Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA

The present study explored a new method to improve the catalytic activity of non-precious metals, especially in electrochemical reactions. Highly ionized Fe plasma produced by arc discharge was uniformly deposited on a porous carbon substrate and formed atomic clusters on the carbon surface. The as-prepared FeO~/C material was tested as a cathode material in a rechargeable Li-02 battery under different current rates. The results showed significant improvement in battery performance in terms of both cycle life and reaction rate. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （sEM） results showed that the as-prepared cathode material stabilized the cathode and reduced side reactions and that the current rate was a critical factor in the nucleation of the discharge products.

关键词： Li-O2 battery FeOx atomic cluster electrocatalyst pulsed arc plasmadeposition (APD)

Fibroblast growth factor(FGF)signaling in development and skeletal diseases

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Genes & Diseases 2014年第2期1卷 199-213页

作者： Chad M.Teven evan M.Farina Jane Rivas Russell R.Reid The Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology Section of Plastic&Reconstructive SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryThe University of Chicago Medical Center5841 South Maryland AvenueMC 6035ChicagoIL 60637USA The University of Chicago Pritzker school of Medicine ChicagoIL 60637USA

Fibroblast growth factors(FGF)and their receptors serve many functions in both the developing and adult *** contain 18 FGF ligands and four FGF receptors(FGFR).FGF ligands are polypeptide growth factors that regulate several developmental processes including cellular proliferation,differentiation,and migration,morphogenesis,and ***-FGFR signaling is also critical to the developing axial and craniofacial *** particular,the signaling cascade has been implicated in intramembranous ossification of cranial bones as well as cranial suture *** the adult,FGFs and FGFRs are crucial for tissue *** signaling generally follows one of three transduction pathways:RAs/MAP kinase,PI3/AKT,or *** pathway likely regulates specific cellular *** expression of FGF and improper activation of FGFRs are associated with various pathologic conditions,unregulated cell growth,and ***,aberrant signaling has been implicated in many skeletal abnormalities including achondroplasia and *** biology and mechanisms of the FGF family have been the subject of significant research over the past 30 ***,work has focused on the therapeutic targeting and potential of FGF ligands and their associated *** majority of FGF-related therapy is aimed at age-related *** understanding of FGF signaling and biology may reveal additional therapeutic roles,both in utero and *** review discusses the role of FGF signaling in general physiologic and pathologic embryogenesis and further explores it within the context of skeletal development.

关键词： Craniosynostosis FGF signaling Fibroblast growth factor Fibroblast growth factor receptor Genetics Pathogenesis signal transduction skeletal development

Impacts on Bats by a supertyphoon *** Typhoons along a Habitat Urbanization Gradient

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Research in Ecology 2023年第2期5卷 14-27页

作者： Vladimir Dinets Nicholas R.Friedman Masako Ogasawara Masashi Yoshimura evan P.Economo science and Technology Group Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University1919-1 TanchaOnna-sonOkinawa904-0495Japan Department of Psychology University of Tennessee1404 Circle DriveKnoxvilleTN 37996USA 3 Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University1919-1 TanchaOnna-sonOkinawa904-0495Japan

Two major human-caused threats to ecosystems are habitat modification and the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather *** study the combined effect of these threats,the authors used acoustic monitoring of bats along a habitat modification gradient on the island of Okinawa,*** the observation period,the island experienced numerous typhoons and one *** bat species remained active even at high wind speeds(up to 30 m/s in some cases).Milder typhoons had no observable effect on bat populations,with activity levels fully recovering within a few hours or *** super typhoon also did not seem to affect bats in fully or partially forested habitats but caused their local disappearance at the urban site,which they have not re-colonized three years after the ***,bats that disappeared at the urban site were species roosting in well-protected places such as caves and concrete *** all cases,the biomass of small flying insects and the acoustic activity of insects recovered within days after extreme weather ***,the striking difference between habitats in supertyphoon effects on bats cannot be explained by the super typhoon directly killing bats,destroying their roosting sites,or decreasing the abundance of their *** results underscore the importance of preserving natural habitats in areas particularly affected by changing climate and show that the survival of species and ecosystems during the numerous episodes of climate change in the Earth’s history does not necessarily mean their ability to survive the accelerating climate change of our time.

关键词： Acoustic monitoring Chiroptera Climate change Extreme weather events Hurricanes OKEON Okinawa Urbanization gradient

Leaf temperature of soybean grown under elevated CO2 increases Aphis glycines （Hemiptera＂ Aphididae） population growth

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Insect science 2011年第4期18卷 419-425页

作者： Bridget F. O'Neill Arthur R. Zangerl evan H. DeLucia Clare Casteel Jorge A. Zavala May R. Berenbaum Departments ofEntomology University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana Illinois USA Departments of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana Illinois USA Departments of Institute of Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana Illinois USA Consejo Nacional de InvesUgaciones Cientificas y Technicas Catedra de Bioquimica Facultad de Agronomia University of Buenos Aires Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina Buenos Aires Argentina

Plants grown under elevated carbon dioxide （CO2） experience physiological changes that influence their suitability as food for insects. To determine the effects of living on soybean （Glycine max Linnaeus） grown under elevated CO2, population growth of the soybean aphid （Aphis glycines Matsumura） was determined at the soyFACE research site at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, UsA, grown under elevated （550μL/L） and ambient （370 μL/L） levels of CO2. Growth of aphid populations under elevated CO2 was significantly greater after 1 week, with populations attaining twice the size of those on plants grown under ambient levels of CO2. soybean leaves grown under elevated levels of CO2 were previously demonstrated at soyFACE to have increased leaf temperature caused by reduced stomatal conductance. To separate the increased leaf temperature from other effects of elevated CO2, air temperature was lowered while the CO2 level was increased, which lowered overall leaf temperatures to those measured for leaves grown under ambient levels of CO2. Aphid population growth on plants grown under elevated CO2 and reduced air temperature was not significantly greater than on plants grown under ambient levels of CO2. By increasing Glycine max leaf temperature, elevated CO2 may increase populations of Aphis glycines and their impact on crop productivity.

关键词： Aphis glycines Matsumura elevated CO2 Glycine max Linnaeus leaftemperature

Chimera RNA interference knockdown of γ-synuclein in human cortical astrocytes results in mitotic catastrophe

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第10期15卷 1894-1902页

作者： Timmy Le Cynthia L.Winham Fotis Andromidas Adam C.silver evan R.Jellison Aime A.Levesque Andrew O.Koob Graduate Program in Neuroscience Biology DepartmentUniversity of HartfordWest HartfordCTUSA Department of Immunology UCONN Health CenterFarmingtonCTUSA

Elevated levels of γ-synuclein(γ-syn)expression have been noted in the progression of glioblastomas,and also in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases.γ-syn can be either internalized from the extracellular milieu or expressed endogenously by human cortical ***γ-syn results in increased cellular proliferation,brain derived neurotrophic factor release and ***,the function of endogenousγ-syn in primary astrocytes,and the relationship to these two opposing disease states are unknown.γ-syn is expressed by astrocytes in the human cortex,and to gain a better understanding of the role of endogenous γ-syn,primary human cortical astrocytes were treated with chimera RNA interference(RNAi)targeting γ-syn after release from cell *** polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated an increase in endogenousγ-syn expression 48 hours after release from cell synchronization,while RNAi reduced γ-syn expression to control *** of Ki67 and 5-bromodeoxyuridine showed chimera RNAi γ-syn knockdown reduced cellular proliferation at 24 and 48 hours after release from cell *** further investigate the consequence of γ-syn knockdown on the astrocytic cell cycle,phosphorylated histone H3 pser10(pHH3)and phosphorylated cyclin dependent kinase-2 pTyr15(pCDK2)levels were observed via western blot *** results revealed an elevated expression of pHH3,but not pCDK2,indicating γ-syn knockdown leads to disruption of the cell cycle and chromosomal compaction after 48 ***,flow cytometry with propidium iodide determined that increases in apoptosis coincided with γ-syn ***,γ-syn exerts its effect to allow normal astrocytic progression through the cell cycle,as evidenced by decreased proliferation marker expression,increased pHH3,and mitotic catastrophe after *** this study,we demonstrated that the knockdown of γ-syn with

关键词： apoptosis astrocyte cell cycle glioblastomas phospho-histone H3 proliferation synuclein