一、国际架构:权责发生制会计的流行欧洲国家以及世界其他各国,最近见证了各层级政府会计制度发生的深刻变革。这些变革究其本质,都是为了能够利用相关的高质量财务信息最终实现透明和问责的目标。主要受私人部门的启发,这些国家几乎一致地提出推行权责发生制会计(Lapsley et al.,2009)。一方面,在构建一个坚实的权责发生制会计参考框架的工作中。
Pulmonary vein stenosis(PVS) is rare condition characterized by a challenging diagnosis and unfavorable prognosis at advance stages. At present, injury from radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation has become t...
详细信息
Pulmonary vein stenosis(PVS) is rare condition characterized by a challenging diagnosis and unfavorable prognosis at advance stages. At present, injury from radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation has become the main cause of the disease. PVS is characterized by a progressive lumen size reduction of one or more pulmonary veins that, when hemodynamically significant, may raise lobar capillary pressure leading to signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and hemoptysis. Image techniques(transesophageal echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance and perfusion imaging) are essential to reach a final diagnosis and decide an appropriate therapy. In this regard, series from referral centers have shown that surgical and transcatheter interventions may improve prognosis. The purpose of this article is to review the etiology, assessment and management of PVS.
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