Background: Concerns for bird collisions with wind turbines affect the deployment of onshore and offshore windpower *** avoid delays in consenting processes and to streamline the construction and operation phase,funct...
详细信息
Background: Concerns for bird collisions with wind turbines affect the deployment of onshore and offshore windpower *** avoid delays in consenting processes and to streamline the construction and operation phase,functional mitigation measures are required which efficiently reduces bird *** is the primary sensory system in birds,which for a number of species also includes the ultraviolet *** bird species that are known to collide with offshore wind turbines are sensitive in the violet or ultraviolet *** species that are mainly active at lower ambient light levels,lighting may deter birds from the lit ***(ultra)violet lights may in addition not disturb ***,we do not know whether UV-sensitive birds in flight actually respond behaviourally to UV ***: We therefore tested the efficacy of two types of lights within the violet(400 nm) and ultraviolet(365 nm) spectrum to deter birds from the lit *** lights were placed vertically and monitored continuously between dusk and dawn using an avian radar ***: Relative to control nights,bird flight activity(abundance) was 27% lower when the ultraviolet light was *** light resulted in a 12% decrease in overall abundance,and in addition,a vertical displacement was seen,increasing the average flight altitude by 7 *** temporal changes occurred,this effect persisted over the season below 40 m above sea ***: Although the results from this pilot study are promising,we argue there still is a long way to go before a potentially functional design to mitigate collisions that has proven to be effective in situ may be in place.
复方氨基酸注射液是肠外营养中氮的来源,广泛应用于不能经胃肠道给予或经胃肠道给予不能满足其营养需求的患者,在营养治疗中起重要作用。但目前对于复方氨基酸注射液临床应用的指征、剂型、剂量、时机,国内并无系统的指南或共识。为了进一步规范复方氨基酸注射液的临床应用,中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会(Chinese Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition,CSPEN)及中国抗癌协会肿瘤营养专业委员会(Chinese Society of Nutritional Oncology,CSNO)组织全国专家,在系统性文献检索的基础上,参考美国肠外肠内营养学会(American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition,ASPEN)、欧洲临床营养和代谢学会(European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,espen)、CSPEN及CSNO指南,结合我国临床实践,经多次交流讨论,达成此共识。包括10条推荐意见,涉及不同患者的蛋白质需要量及氨基酸剂型选择。
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