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strategic Buybacks of sovereign Debt

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Frontiers of Economics in China-selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2012年第1期7卷 1-21页

作者： Jacek prokop Ruqu Wang Department of Economics II Warsaw School of Economics02-554 WarsawPoland Department of Economics Queen's UniversityKingstonOntario K7L 3N6Canada

We consider a transaction costs model of sovereign debt buybacks in this paper. We show that both secret and publicly known buybacks are profitable for the debtor country. Furthermore, the government of the debtor country would like to spend all of its initial endowment to buy back its debt as soon as possible. When the initial endowment of the government is publicly known, the equilibrium outcome of the secret buyback model is the same as in the public buyback model. However, the equilibrium outcomes are different when the initial endowment is private information of the government. Under reasonable conditions, the secondary market price under publicly observable buybacks is lower than the price under secret buybacks. Therefore the government prefers the former over the latter when the initial endowment is not commonly known.

关键词： debt buybacks secret buybacks sovereign debt

spatial distribution of copper content in sediments of the Yangtze River system

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Chinese science Bulletin 1997年第15期42卷 1294-1297页

作者： Zhang, Cs Zhang, s He, jb state Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information system China Department of Chemical Geography Institute of Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

THE spatial distribution pattern of an element content is controlled by various geochemical pro-cesses. studies on the spatial pattern are beneficial to further analysis on the factors. As a re-sult, our knowledge about the geochemical processes is enriched. At the same time, describingthe spatial patterns quantitatively with some indices is one way from qualitative to quantitativeanalysis.

关键词： geostatistics variogram Kriging copper.

Plant-Arthropod Associations from the Lower Miocene of the Most Basin in Northern Bohemia(Czech Republic):A Preliminary Report

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Acta Geologica sinica(English Edition) 2010年第4期84卷 903-914页

作者： Jakub prokop Torsten WAPPLER stanislav KNOR Zlatko KVACEK Department of Zoology Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic steinmann Institute Section PalaeontologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic

Terrestrial plants and insects currently account for the majority of the Earth＇s biodiversity, and approximately haft of insect species are herbivores. Thus, insects and plants share ancient associations that date back more than 400 Myr. However, investigations of their past interactions are at the preliminary stages in Western Europe. Herein, we present the first results of our study of various feeding damage based on a dataset of nearly 3500 examined plant specimens from the Lower Miocene of the Lagerstaette Bflina Mine in the Most Basin, Czech Republic. This site provides a unique view of the Neogene freshwater ecosystems. It has long been studied by scientists working in different branches of sedimentology, paleobotany, and paleozoology. The fossils are preserved in three characteristic horizons overlaying the coal seam （Clayey superseam Horizon, Delta sandy Horizon, and Lake Clayey Horizon）, reflecting paleoenvironmental changes in a short time period of development. The trace fossils are classified as functional feeding groups or ＂guilds＂, without searching for a direct cause or a recent analog host relation. Approximately 23% of specimens of dicotyledonous plant leaves were found to be damaged and associated with some leaf ＂morphotypes＂. Deciduous plant-host taxa, and those with a chartaceous texture typical of riparian habitats, were frequently damaged, such as Populus, recorded with two species Populus zaddachii and Populus populina （57.9% and 31% herbivory levels, respectively）, followed by Acer, Alnus, and Carya, averaging almost 30% of damaged leaves/leaflets. There has been evidence of 60 damage types （DT） representing all functional feeding groups recorded at the Bflina Mine, including 12 types of leaf mines and 16 gall- type DT. In total, Lower Miocene of the Lagerstaette Bilina Mine exhibits a high level of external foliage feeding types （23.7%）, and a low level of more specialized DT, such as galls （4.3%） and leaf mines （〈1%）. A broader comparison b

关键词： plant-insect interaction paleoecology climate change Neogene Early Miocene Most Basin BflinaMine Czech Republic

Notes on the genus Entoloma *** the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula(Ⅺ):a new species in subgenus Entoloma

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studies in Fungi 2021年第1期6卷 64-70页

作者： Blanco-Dios jb Centro de Formación e Experimentación Agroforestal de Lourizán.Consellería do Medio Rural.Xunta de Galicia.P.O.Box 127.36003 Pontevedra Spain

Entoloma cedeirense,a new species in subgenus Entoloma,is described from in Galicia(NW of spain).A detailed macro and micromorphological descriptions,drawings and a discussion with closely related taxa of subgenus Ent... 详细信息

关键词： Agaricales Basidiomycota Entolomataceae spain Taxonomy

systematic review of mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis E virus infection:association or causation?

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Gastroenterology Report 2017年第3期5卷 178-184,I0001页

作者： Fateh Bazerbachi Michael D.Leise Kymberly D.Watt MHassan Murad Larry J.prokop samir Haffar Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA Robert D.and Patricia E.Kern Center for the science of Health Care Delivery Mayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA Library Public services Mayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA Digestive Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment DamascusSyrian Arab Republic

Background and aim:Mixed cryoglobulinemia(MC)has been associated with several viral infections,and chronic hepatitis C is recognized as a major *** associated with hepatitis E virus(HEV)has been described and little is known about this rare *** aim of this study is to perform a systematic review of MC associated with HEV,and examine the presence of a causal ***:An experienced librarian conducted a search of databases from each database’s inception to 12 December 2016 based on a priori *** risk of bias was assessed,and Hill’s criteria were applied to determine ***:Five publications met inclusion criteria,with a total of 15 *** studies had low,one low to moderate and one moderate risk of *** age was 43 years,and all patients came from Western *** patients were immunocompetent,while 13 were immunosuppressed,post solid organ transplant and had chronic hepatitis *** involvement was observed in seven patients,mild to moderately severe cryoglobulinemic disease in one patient and severe cryoglobulinemic disease in three *** patient improved spontaneously,and another was treated with immunosuppressant reduction leading to viral *** patients treated with peg-interferon or ribavirin for 3 months achieved loss of cryoglobulinemia and end-of-treatment response,but sustained virologic response was reported and achieved in *** achieved loss of cryoglobulinemia in three *** case of chronic renal failure,three cases of end-stage renal disease and one death were *** of the nine Hill’s criteria were ***:MC has been described with HEV infection.A causal relationship between HEV infection and cryoglobulinemia is highly probable.

关键词： hepatitis E virus hepatitis virology mixed cryoglobulinemia systematic review

Chronic hepatitis C infection in a patient with bone marrow hypoplasia

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第26期14卷 4238-4240页

作者： s Bethlen K Chandrikakumari L de Leval jb Giot D Mukeba P Leonard F Frippiat C Meuris J Delwaide M Moutschen Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege Liege 4000Belgium Medical Student Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de LiegeLiege 4000Belgium Department of Pathology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de LiegeLiege 4000Belgium Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de LiegeLiege 4000Belgium

Chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection is associated with multifarious extra-hepatic manifestations;the most described and discussed being mixed cryoglob-ulinemia which is strongly related to B-cell lympho-proliferative disorders(LPDs).We present a case of chronic HCV infection and mixed cryoglobulinemia,with minimal liver *** case is a 53-year-old patient who was diagnosed as having bone marrow hypoplasia at the age of *** received several blood transfusions to normalize her *** the age of 31,she was diagnosed with rheumatoid ar-thritis on account of her diffuse joint pain and inflam-mation,elevated rheumatoid factor(RF) and Raynaud's *** years later,monoclonal gam-mopathy of IgG Lambda(one year later,changed to IgM Kappa) was detected during a routine examina-tion.A bone marrow biopsy showed hypoplasia,Kappa positive B-lymphocytes and low-grade malignant lym-phoma *** of the bone marrow aspirate was not *** treatment was initiated owing to herpoor bone marrow function and she is under regular follow-up.

关键词： Chronic hepatitis C infection Mixed cryoglobulinemia Prognosis

Investigation of Li-ion transport in Li7P3s11 and solid-state lithium batteries

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2019年第11期28卷 1-7页

作者： Chuang Yu swapna Ganapathy ernst R.H.van Eck Lambert van Eijck Niek de Klerk Erik M.Kelder Marnix Wagemaker Department of Radiation science and Technology Delft University of TechnologyMekelweg 152629JB Delftthe Netherlands Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ Nijmegenthe Netherlands

The high Li-ion conductivity of the Li7P3s11 sulfide-based solid electrolyte makes it a promising candidate for all-solid-state lithium batteries. The Li-ion transport over electrode-electrolyte and electrolyteelectrolyte interfaces, vital for the performance of solid-state batteries, is investigated by impedance spectroscopy and solid-state NMR experiments. An all-solid-state Li-ion battery is assembled with the Li7P3s11 electrolyte, nano-Li2s cathode and Li-In foil anode, showing a relatively large initial discharge capacity of 1139.5 m Ah/g at a current density of 0.064 m A/cm^ 2 retaining 850.0 m Ah/g after 30 cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggests that the decrease in capacity over cycling is due to the increased interfacial resistance between the electrode and the electrolyte. 1D exchange ^7Li NMR quantifies the interfacial Li-ion transport between the uncycled electrode and the electrolyte, resulting in a diffusion coefficient of 1.70(3) ×10^-14cm^2/s at 333 K and an energy barrier of 0.132 e V for the Li-ion transport between Li2s cathode and Li7P3s11 electrolyte. This indicates that the barrier for Li-ion transport over the electrode-electrolyte interface is small. However, the small diffusion coefficient for Li-ion diffusion between the Li2s and the Li7P3s11 suggests that these contact interfaces between electrode and electrolyte are relatively scarce, challenging the performance of these solid-state batteries.

关键词： Li7P3s11 Li-ion transport spin-lattice NMR Exchange NMR solid-state battery

Nsaids: effects on osteoarthritis symptoms and disease progression

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中华物理医学与康复杂志 2015年第4期 257-257页

作者： Lapane KL Yang s Driban jb

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE An estimated 27 million people in the United states have osteoarthritis (OA). Clinical guidelines for the management of this disease include both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies. This study was designed to estimate the extent to which prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NsAIDs), taken over the long-term, affect the symptoms and disease progression of *** Between 2004 and 2006, the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) collected baseline data from four study sites, including a total of 4, 796 patients with established OA, or who were at high risk for developing OA of the knee, and were not taking an NsAID at study onset, and who began use during the study period. The participants were evaluated for four years with annual follow-up assessments. All were assessed for changes in the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), as well as for radiographic progression over four years. These outcomes were compared between NsAID users and *** Among nonusers at baseline, six percent initiated treatment by one year, with 52% reporting regular use. Any prescription NsAID reported on the most recent assessment was not associated with scores for pain, stiffness or physical function on the WOMAC or with the joint space width. However, among those reporting use of prescription NsAIDs at all three of the yearly assessments, improvements were noted in patient reports of stiffness and function, with delayed joint space width *** This study found that long-term, but not short-term, use of NsAIDs is associated with important changes in stiffness, physical function and joint space width among patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.

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Rhubarb-based Chinese herbal formulae for hepatic encephalopa-thy:a systematic review and Meta-analysis

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Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2017年第6期37卷 721-734页

作者： Zhang Ning Zhou shuangnan Xiao Xiaohe Wanq Zhen Bai Yunfeng He Tingting Zhou Chao Wang Yao Kun Zhou Wang Zhongxia Liu Bing Larry J.prokop Matthew C.Hernandez Li Jun Gong Man Center of Integrative Medicine 302 Military Hospital of ChinaBeijing 100039China Liver Transplantation Center 302 Mili-tary Hospital of ChinaBeijing 100039China Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo ClinicRochester 55905USA Library Public services Mayo ClinicRoch-ester 55905USA Division of Trauma Critical CareDepartment of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochester 55905USA

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of rhubarb-based Chinese herbal formulae(RCHF), which are widely used to treat hepatic encephalopathy(HE) in ***: Nine online databases were searched from inception to November 22, 2016. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) treatment for adult patients(≥ 18 years old) with HE. Outcomes such as mortality rate, clinical response rate, blood ammonia level, and alanine aminotransferase were evaluated between TCM group and control ***: Thirty studies involving 2661 HE patients were analyzed. Most studies used RCHF *** with conventional treatment as usual,lactulose, and vinegar, RCHF were associated with significant improvement in clinical response rate[risk ratio(RR) = 1.33, 95% confidence interval(CI) =1.25, 1.43, I2= 0%; RR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.14, 1.38, I2=22%; and RR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.33, I2= 0%, respectively] and significant reductions in levels of blood ammonia and alanine aminotransferase. Only minor RCHF-associated adverse events, such as abdominal pain(0.3%), anal tenesmus(0.3%), and diarrhea(2.3%), were reported, and there were no significant differences in these events between the treatment group and the three types of control ***: The findings suggest that RCHF may be an alternative treatment option for HE patients. More rigorous multicenter studies with larger samples and longer observational periods are needed to confirm these findings.

关键词： Drugs, Chinese herbal Rheum Hepaticencephalopathy Meta-analysis Review