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Analyzing Anomalous Topographic Map Drainage System and Landform Evidence as a Glacial History Paradigm Problem: A Literature Review

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Open Journal of Geology 2020年第11期10卷 1072-1090页

作者： eric clausen Independent Researcher 100 West Ave D-17 Jenkintown PA USA

While not usually stated, detailed topographic maps show well-mapped anomalous drainage system and other erosional landform evidence the accepted North American Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm (accepted paradigm) does not permit geomorphologists to satisfactorily explain. A new and fundamentally different paradigm able to explain the drainage system and other erosional landform evidence has recently emerged, but requires what the accepted paradigm considers to be the preglacial (and probably mid-Cenozoic) Bell River drainage system to have formed on a melting continental ice sheet’s floor. The new paradigm’s melting ice sheet had previously eroded bedrock underneath it and caused crustal warping that raised continental regions and mountain ranges so as to create and occupy a deep “hole” while massive and prolonged meltwater floods flowed across rising continental regions and mountain ranges to the south. The new paradigm leads to a completely different middle Cenozoic geologic and glacial history than the accepted paradigm describes and the two paradigms are analyzed according to good science expectations such as using evidence anyone can see, applying common sense logic during each research step, producing consistent results, and simplicity of paradigm generated explanations. The new paradigm uses topographic map evidence anyone can see, appears to use common sense logic during each research step, and produces remarkably consistent results leading to a simpler Cenozoic northern Missouri River drainage basin region geologic and glacial history than what the accepted paradigm describes. Further work is needed to test the new paradigm’s ability to explain drainage system and erosional landform evidence in other geographic regions such as in the Ohio River drainage basin.

关键词： Bell River Drainage System Geomorphology Missouri River Drainage Basin Northern Great Plains Rocky Mountains

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Using a New Glacial History Paradigm and Bald Eagle Through Valley Topographic Map Evidence to Determine Central Pennsylvania’s Geomorphic History, USA

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Open Journal of Geology 2024年第9期14卷 880-899页

作者： eric clausen Jenkintown PA USA

A new glacial history paradigm that describes huge and prolonged southwest-oriented meltwater floods flowing along the rising rim of a deep “hole” (which a large continental icesheet created and occupied) is used to explain previously unexplained or poorly explained central Pennsylvania Bald Eagle through valley region topographic map evidence. Pennsylvania’s Bald Eagle through valley as defined here extends in a northeast direction from near Altoona to near Williamsport along the Allegheny Front escarpment base and forms the boundary between the Appalachian Plateau to the northwest and the Ridge and Valley Province to the southeast. The Lycoming and Towanda Creek valleys follow a probable northeastern Bald Eagle through valley extension and a probable southern extension continues southward along the Allegheny Front base by crossing Juniata River tributary drainage basins to reach the Potomac River drainage basin. Landform features identified on topographic maps, which include through valleys (valleys crossing drainage divides), barbed tributaries, drainage route orientations, drainage route direction changes, water gaps, and gaps located along the Allegheny Front crest, are used to reconstruct how the Pennsylvania Susquehanna and Juniata River drainage systems developed. The resulting geomorphic history describes how massive southwest-oriented floods moving across what was probably a low relief and rising surface (now preserved if preserved at all by the region’s highest elevations) flowed to an actively eroding Potomac River drainage system before being captured and sometimes reversed first by Juniata River valley headward erosion, second by West Branch Susquehanna River valley headward erosion (to create northeast-oriented Bald Eagle Creek and the northeast-oriented West Branch Susquehanna River segment) and third by North Branch Susquehanna River valley headward erosion. This interpretation explains most if not all of the previously poorly explained and unexplai

关键词： Allegheny Front Appalachian Plateau Barbed Tributaries Juniata River Susquehanna River Ridge and Valley Province

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Analysis of Medicine Bow-Laramie River Drainage Divide Using Topographic Map Interpretation Techniques, Southeastern Wyoming, USA

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Open Journal of Geology 2020年第7期10卷 741-759页

作者： eric clausen Jenkintown PA USA

Detailed topographic maps provide much of the information needed to understand how drainage divides like the southeast Wyoming Medicine Bow River-Laramie River drainage divide originated. Topographic map evidence for each Medicine Bow-Laramie River drainage divide segment is here described and analyzed first using a commonly published interpretation (accepted paradigm) in which drainage routes developed on a surface of now mostly absent Oligocene and Miocene sediments that previous investigators have hypothesized to have once filled the Laramie Basin and to have also buried (or partially buried) the surrounding Laramie and Medicine Bow Mountains. Second, the same map evidence is analyzed using a recently proposed interpretation (new paradigm) in which massive and prolonged floods flowed across Wyoming as the Laramie and Medicine Bow Mountains began to be uplifted and as the southeast-oriented North Platte River valley eroded headward along the rising Laramie Mountains northeast flank. Low points along the drainage divide (referred to as divide crossings) are interpreted to be places where water once flowed across the drainage divide with the drainage divide being formed when capture events diverted the water in other directions. Valleys leading away from divide crossings are used to determine the nature of observed capture events, many of which are difficult or impossible to explain from the accepted paradigm perspective, but which are consistent with the mountain uplift, headward erosion of deeper valleys, and/or draining of floodwaters trapped in the Laramie Basin as the new paradigm predicts. However, the new paradigm requires a North American continental ice sheet heavy enough to raise entire regions and mountain ranges as massive and prolonged meltwater floods flowed across them, something the accepted paradigm does not recognize.

关键词： Divide Crossing Geomorphology Laramie Basin Medicine Bow Mountains North Platte River

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How a New Cenozoic Geology and Glacial History Paradigm Explains Arkansas-Red River Drainage Divide Area Topographic Map Evidence in and near Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, USA

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Open Journal of Geology 2022年第4期12卷 313-332页

作者： eric clausen Independent Investigator Jenkintown PA USA

A new Cenozoic geology and glacial history paradigm (new paradigm), fundamentally different from the accepted Cenozoic geology and glacial history paradigm (accepted paradigm), describes a thick North American continental icesheet (located where continental icesheets are usually reported to have been) which by deep erosion and uplift of surrounding regions created and occupied a deep “hole” (the accepted paradigm does not see this thick ice sheet or the deep “hole”). Unusual erosional landform features in the southeast Oklahoma Pontotoc County region including the asymmetric Canadian-Red River drainage divide, a large escarpment-surrounded basin in which most south-oriented Clear Boggy Creek headwaters begin, and a large escarpment-surrounded upland on which the south-oriented Blue River begins, are used to test the new paradigm’s ability to use large and prolonged south-oriented melt water floods to explain previously unexplained or poorly explained detailed topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence. Numerous low points (referred to as divide crossings) indicate large and prolonged south-oriented melt water floods did flow across what is now the Canadian-Red River drainage divide (an interpretation also consistent with Clear Boggy Creek escarpment-surrounded basin and Blue River escarpment-surrounded upland shapes). The new paradigm described massive and prolonged melt water floods also account for previously unrecognized deep regional erosion (which is determinable from detailed topographic map evidence). East-oriented Canadian River valley headward erosion (from the Arkansas River valley) diverted the long-lived south-oriented meltwater floods to the Arkansas River valley and to what ultimately became the deep “hole’s” only southern exit. Previous southeast Oklahoma drainage history interpretations (made from the accepted paradigm perspective in which Rocky Mountain glacier melt water flowed to east-oriented rivers) do not provide adequate w

关键词： Asymmetric Drainage Divide Canadian River Clear Boggy Creek Escarpment-Surrounded Basin Gerty Sand Muddy Boggy Creek

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How a New Cenozoic Geology and Glacial History Paradigm Explains Topographic Map Drainage System and Erosional Landform Evidence: Elbert and Lincoln Counties, Colorado, USA

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Open Journal of Geology 2022年第9期12卷 663-684页

作者： eric clausen Independent Investigator Jenkintown USA

Detailed topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence such as drainage route orientations, drainage divides, divide crossings (low points on drainage divides), erosional escarpments, and similar features in the east central Colorado Elbert and Lincoln County region are considered as pieces of a complex but solvable drainage history puzzle. A satisfactory solution to date has eluded investigators who have worked from the accepted Cenozoic geology and glacial history paradigm (accepted paradigm) perspective in which climatic and tectonic factors operating over long time periods lead to what might be considered to be a randomly determined regional drainage history. A new and fundamentally different Cenozoic geology and glacial history paradigm (new paradigm) in which immense and prolonged south-oriented continental ice sheet meltwater floods flowed across the Elbert and Lincoln County area which at that time was near the rising rim surrounding a thick continental icesheet created and occupied deep “hole”. Map evidence documents how northeast-oriented Republican River headwaters valleys eroded headward across must have been large southeast-oriented floods probably moving toward what at that time would have been an actively eroding and deep east-oriented Arkansas River valley head and how those massive southeast-oriented floods subsequently lowered the Colorado Piedmont surface before being beheaded and reversed when the deep northeast- and east-oriented South Platte River valley eroded headward to create in an identifiable sequence (from east to west) what are now long north-oriented South Platte River tributaries. New paradigm predicted massive and prolonged south-oriented meltwater floods flowing across what must have been a rising region explains much, if not all of the Elbert and Lincoln County detailed topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence.

关键词： Arkansas River Big Sandy Creek Colorado Piedmont Geomorphology Republican River South Platte River

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Yampa River-Colorado River Drainage Divide Origin Determined from Topographic Map Evidence, Southern Routt County, Colorado, USA

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Open Journal of Geology 2021年第8期11卷 319-339页

作者： eric clausen Independent Investigator Jenkintown PA USA

Detailed topographic map evidence and a new Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm are used to determine the previously unexplained Yampa River-Colorado River drainage divide origin. The Yampa River now flows in a north direction away from the Colorado River (between the Park Range to the east and the Flat Tops region to the west) before turning in a west direction to reach the Unita Mountains where it joins the south-oriented Green River, which eventually joins the southwest-oriented Colorado River. Topographic maps show the Yampa-Colorado River drainage divide is asymmetric with steeper slopes leading to the Colorado River, barbed (south-oriented) tributaries leading to north-oriented Yampa River headwaters (especially near the Yampa River turn to the west), and evidence of a large north-to-south oriented diverging and converging channel complex that preceded present-day drainage routes. Map evidence is interpreted to mean massive south-oriented floods flowed through what are now north-oriented Yampa River headwaters valleys and that headward erosion of a deep west-oriented valley beheaded and reversed those south-oriented flood flow channels to create the north-oriented Yampa River headwaters and the Egeria Park area Yampa-Colorado River drainage divide seen today. Large south-oriented floods leading to the Colorado River (while regional uplift was occurring) are inconsistent with accepted Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm predictions, but are predicted by a newly proposed Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm in which a thick continental ice sheet created a deep “hole” by eroding underlying bedrock and also by causing crustal warping that raised the present-day northern Colorado east-west continental divide as immense south-oriented meltwater floods flowed across it.

关键词： Barbed Tributaries Diverging and Converging Channel Complex Egeria Park Flat Tops Region Geologic and Glacial History Paradigms Park Range

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Yellowstone Region Drainage History as Determined from the 1955 Ashton, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming 1:250,000 Scale Topographic Map, USA

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Open Journal of Geology 2024年第3期14卷 317-338页

作者： eric clausen Independent Investigator Jenkintown USA

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1955 (revised in 1972) Ashton topographic map (Ashton map) with a 1:250,000 scale and a 200-foot (about 60-meter) contour interval covers almost all of Yellowstone National Park and some adjacent regions to the south and west. In spite of numerous publications discussing Yellowstone region geologic history the drainage system and erosional landform evidence on the Ashton map appears to have been ignored. Drainage divides identifiable on the Ashton map separate the north-oriented Yellowstone, Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson River drainage basins (which are located to the north and east of the continental divide with their water flowing to the Missouri River and ultimately the Gulf of Mexico) from the south-oriented Snake River drainage basin (with its water eventually reaching the Pacific Ocean). The Ashton map shows water-eroded passes and through valleys which link diverging and converging valleys which drain in opposite directions from the continental divide. These diverging and converging valleys suggest large volumes of south-oriented water once flowed across the Yellowstone region continental divide and some other Ashton map drainage divides. The accepted geology and glacial history paradigm (accepted paradigm) cannot satisfactorily explain the Ashton map drainage system and erosional landform evidence, which may be why geomorphologists have never addressed the map evidence. A new and fundamentally different geology and glacial history paradigm requiring the Yellowstone region to be located on the rim of a continental ice sheet created and occupied deep “hole” (which was uplifted as immense meltwater floods flowed across it) explains Ashton map drainage system and erosional landform evidence, but raises questions about previously published Yellowstone region geologic histories.

关键词： Continental Divide Firehole River Gallatin River Geomorphology Madison River Snake River

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William Morris Davis: Father of Geomorphology or Father of Geology’s Unrecognized Paradigm Problem

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Open Journal of Geology 2023年第6期13卷 579-597页

作者： eric clausen Independent Investigator Jenkintown Pennsylvania USA

An often unrecognized problem is the geology and glacial history paradigm’s inability to explain topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence, which means geology research studies rarely address that type of topographic map evidence. The problem originated in the late 19th century with William Morris Davis who is sometimes called the father of geomorphology and was one of the first geologists to interpret what in the late 19th century were newly available topographic maps. An 1889 Davis paper describes selected drainage system evidence observed on an advance copy of the 1890 Doylestown (Pennsylvania) topographic map and an 1892 Ward paper written after discussions with Davis describes additional selected drainage system evidence seen on the same map. Both papers fail to mention the majority of the Doylestown map’s drainage system features including most barbed tributaries, asymmetric drainage divides, and through (dry) valleys crossing major drainage divides. Had Davis used all of the map’s drainage system and erosional landform evidence he should have recognized the map evidence shows headward erosion of an east-oriented Neshaminy Creek valley captured southwest-oriented streams which headward erosion of the south-oriented Delaware River valley and its east-oriented tributary Tohickon Creek valley had beheaded. Consciously or unconsciously, Davis chose not to alert future investigators that Doylestown topographic map evidence did not support his yet-to-be-published Pennsylvania and New Jersey erosion history interpretations and instead Davis proceeded to develop and promote erosion history interpretations which the map evidence did not support.

关键词： Doylestown Topographic Map Drainage Systems Geology Paradigm History of Geology Robert DeCourcy Ward Topographic Map Interpretation

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Use of the 1893 Cranberry, North Carolina Topographic Map to Determine Blue Ridge Escarpment Area Drainage System and Erosional Landform Origins, USA

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Open Journal of Geology 2023年第11期13卷 1220-1239页

作者： eric clausen Independent Investigator Jenkintown PA USA

A new and fundamentally different geology and glacial history paradigm (new paradigm) is used to interpret previously ignored and unexplained drainage system and erosional landform evidence shown on the 1893 United States Geological Survey Cranberry, North Carolina 1:125,000 scale topographic map (which has a 100-foot or about a 30-meter contour interval). In most regions including the Cranberry map area, geomorphologists have never been able to use the accepted geology and glacial history paradigm (accepted paradigm) to explain most of the topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence. Probably for that reason, drainage system and erosional landform evidence shown on the 1893 Cranberry topographic map and its adjacent topographic maps has been ignored for 130 years. This study demonstrates how a new geology and glacial history paradigm (new paradigm) which was developed by using Great Plains and Rocky Mountain topographic map evidence explains the 1893 Cranberry map drainage system and erosional landform evidence (and similar evidence from a small area on the adjacent 1905 Morgantown map). The new paradigm sees the Cranberry map area as being located along the southeastern rim of a continental ice sheet created and occupied deep “hole” with regional erosion occurring and present-day drainage systems developing when the headward erosion of southeast-oriented valleys from the Atlantic Ocean and of northwest-oriented valleys from the developing deep “hole” into the gradually rising deep “hole” rim captured massive and prolonged south- and southwest-oriented meltwater floods. The new paradigm permits explanations for most drainage divides, named and unnamed gaps, barbed tributaries, through valleys extending across drainage divides, isolated erosional remnants, diverging and converging valleys, and unusual river and stream direction changes which the 1893 Cranberry topographic map shows.

关键词： Eastern Continental Divide Geomorphology Linville Gap South Fork New River Yadkin River Watauga River

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How a New Geology and Glacial Paradigm Explains Colorado South Platte-Arkansas River Drainage Divide Topographic Map Evidence, USA

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Open Journal of Geology 2021年第11期11卷 573-595页

作者： eric clausen Independent Investigator Jenkintown USA

United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps (available at the USGS National Map website) are used to determine development of the asymmetric South Platte River drainage basin (south of Denver) by noting low points (referred to as divide crossings) where south-oriented floodwater channels once crossed the South Platte-Arkansas River drainage divide. Twelve groups of observed divide crossings are described most of which show evidence for flood-formed diverging and converging channels including where divide crossings are cut across Thirtynine Mile volcanic field ejectamenta. A new Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm requires southeast- and south-oriented floods to have flowed across what is now the east-west continental divide to reach the southeast-oriented Arkansas River valley and to have eroded the divide crossings before north-oriented South Platte River valley headward erosion captured the flow. Such floods are not consistent with accepted Cenozoic geologic and glacial history interpretations, but are consistent with new paradigm interpretations (developed to explain Missouri River drainage basin topographic map drainage system evidence) in which a thick continental ice sheet (located where large continental ice sheets are usually reported to have been) deeply eroded the underlying bedrock and caused crustal uplift to create a deep “hole” with a deep “hole” rim segment roughly following today’s Wyoming and northern Colorado east-west continental divide and then continuing eastward along what is now the Missouri-Arkansas River drainage divide. The new paradigm results in a Cenozoic geologic and glacial history in which immense south-oriented continental ice sheet meltwater floods first flowed in a south direction across the rising deep “hole” rim and were then forced by rim uplift to flow along the rim and subsequently in north directions into the developing deep “hole”.

关键词： Divide Crossings Drainage Divides Geomorphology Mosquito Range South Park Tarryall Creek

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