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A platform for initial testing of multiple camouflage patterns

Defence Technology（防务技术） 2021年第6期17卷 1833-1839页

作者： Joanna R.Hall Olivia Matthews Timothy N.Volonakis eric liggins Karl P.Lymer Roland Baddeley Innes C.Cuthill Nicholas E.Scott-Samuel School of Psychological Science University of Bristol12a Priory RoadBristolBS81TUUK School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS81TQUK QinetiQ Ltd Cody Technology ParkFarnboroughHampshireGU140LXUK Defence Science and Technology Lab Physical Sciences GroupPorton DownSalisburyWiltshireSP40JQUK

The human visual system is still an important factor in military warfare;military personnel receive training on effective search strategies,and camouflage that can effectively conceal objects and personnel is a key component of a successful integrated survivability *** methods of camouflage assessment have,amongst others,used psychophysics to generate distinctiveness ***,the population from which the human observers are drawn is often not well defined,or necessarily *** this experiment we designed a new platform for testing multiple patterns based on a camouflaged object detection task,and investigate whether trained military observers perform better than *** use a two-alternative forced choice paradigm,with participants searching images of woodland for a replica military helmet displaying Olive Green,Multi Terrain Pattern,US Marine Pattern or,as a conspicuous control,UN Peacekeeper *** data show that there is no difference in detection performance between the two observer groups but that there are clear differences in the effectiveness of the different helmet colour patterns in a temperate woodland *** conclude that when tasks involve very short stimulus presentation times,task-specific training has little effect on the success of target detection and thus this paradigm is particularly suitable for robust estimates of camouflage efficacy.

关键词： Camouflage Detection Military Civilian Expertise Training

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Navigating the currents of seascape genomics： how spatial analyses can augment population genomic studies

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Current Zoology 2016年第6期62卷 581-601页

作者： Cynthia RIGINOS eric D. CRANDALL Libby liggins Pim BONGAERTS eric A, TREML School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia Division of Science and Environmental Policy California State University Seaside CA 93955 USA Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences Massey University Auckland 0745 New Zealand Global Change Institute The University of Queensland QLD 4072 St Lucia Australia School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia

Population genomic approaches are making rapid inroads in the study of non-model organisms, including marine taxa. To date, these marine studies have predominantly focused on rudimentary metrics describing the spatial and environmental context of their study region （e.g., geographical distance, average sea surface temperature, average salinity）. We contend that a more nuanced and considered approach to quantifying seascape dynamics and patterns can strengthen population genomic investigations and help identify spatial, temporal, and environmental factors associated with differing selective regimes or demographic histories. Nevertheless, approaches for quantifying marine landscapes are complicated. Characteristic features of the marine environment, including pelagic living in flowing water （experienced by most marine taxa at some point in their life cycle）, require a well-designed spatial-temporal sampling strategy and analysis. Many genetic summary statistics used to describe populations may be inappropriate for marine species with large population sizes, large species ranges, stochastic recruitment, and asymmetrical gene flow. Finally, statistical approaches for testing associations between seascapes and population genomic patterns are still maturing with no single approach able to capture all relevant considerations. None of these issues are completely unique to marine systems and therefore similar issues and solutions will be shared for many organisms regardless of habitat. Here, we outline goals and spatial approaches for land- scape genomics with an emphasis on marine systems and review the growing empirical literature on seascape genomics. We review established tools and approaches and highlight promising new strategies to overcome select issues including a strategy to spatially optimize sampling. Despite the many challenges, we argue that marine systems may be especially well suited for identifying candidate genomic regions under environmentally mediated sele

关键词： adaptation genetic-environment association landscape oceanography population genomics remote sensing seascape genetics.

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