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The Journal of Biomedical Research 2012年第2期26卷 84-89页

作者： Paul Kamau Penina Aloo Obudho ephantus kabiru Kepha Ombacho Bernard Langat Obadiah Mucheru Laban Ireri Department of Zoological Sciences Kenyatta UniversityNairobiKenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation NairobiKenya Department of Pathology Kenyatta UniversityNairobiKenya Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases EmbuKenya

Most intestinal parasites are cosmopolitan with the highest prevalence in the tropics and subtopics. Rural-to-urban migration rapidly increases the number of food eating places in towns and their environs. Some of these eating estabishments have poor sanitation and are overcrowded, facilitating disease transmission, especially through food-handling. Our investigations in Nairobi, therefore, were set to determine the presence of intestinal parasites in food-handlers with valid medical certificates. Direct and concentrated stool processing techniques were used. Chisquare test and ANOVA were used for data analysis. The parasites Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia were observed in certified food-handlers. Significant difference was found in parasite frequency by eating classes and gender （χ^2 = 9.49, P = 0.73）, （F = 1.495, P = 0.297）, but not in parasite occurrence between age brackets （χ^2 = 6.99, P = 0.039）. The six-month medical certificate validity period may contribute significantly to the presence of intestinal parasites in certified food-handlers.

关键词： parasites food-handlers medical certificate food establishments

Low-Level Antibiotic Resistance among Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-Negative Pathogens from Infected Skin and Soft Tissues in Rural Kenya

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2024年第1期14卷 23-38页

作者： Justin Nyasinga Zubair Munshi Lillian Musila ephantus Mbugua Geoffrey Omuse Gunturu Revathi Department of Pathology Aga Khan University Nairobi Kenya Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology Technical University of Kenya Nairobi Kenya Institute of Science Technology and Innovation Pan-African University Nairobi Kenya United States Army Medical Research Directorate—Africa Nairobi Kenya

Introduction: Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a cause of frequent inpatient and outpatient care visits whose causative agents are associated with a high antimicrobial resistance burden. For insights on antimicrobial susceptibilities in a rural setting, we examined specimens from suspected SSTIs from two public health facilities in Kenya. We additionally assessed antibiotic use, appropriateness of empiric therapy and risk factors for SSTI. Methodology: Between 2021 and 2023, 265 patients at Kisii and Nyamira County Referral hospitals were enrolled. Wound swabs/aspirates were collected and processed following standard microbiological procedures. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed using the VITEK 2 Compact platform. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were analyzed with R Statistical software. Results: S. aureus was isolated in 16.2% (43/265) of patients with a methicillin resistance (MRSA) proportion of 14% (6/43). While 13/15 drugs elicited susceptibilities ranging from 84% - 100%, penicillin (16%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [TMP-SXT] (23%) yielded the lowest susceptibilities. Escherichia coli (n = 33), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 8), and Citrobacter species (n = 4) were the most commonly isolated gram-negative species. Gram-negative strains showed high susceptibilities to most of the tested drugs (71% - 100%) with the exception of ampicillin (18%), TMP-SXT (33%), and first and second generation cephalosporins. Conclusions: The low MRSA prevalence and generally high antibiotic susceptibilities for S. aureus and gram-negative bacteria present opportunities for antibiotic stewardship in the study setting. Diminished susceptibilities against penicillin/ampicillin and TMP-SXT accord with prevailing local data and add a layer of evidence for their cautious empiric use.

关键词： S. aureus MRSA Gram-Negative Bacteria Antimicrobial Resistance SSTIs Kenya

Activated Protein C Resistance in Patients with Pre-Eclampsia in Lagos, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024年第4期14卷 575-590页

作者： Nosimot O. Davies Titilope A. Adeyemo Sunday I. Omisakin Akaninyene A. Udousoro kabiru A. Rabiu Department of Haematology and blood Transfusion College of Medicine University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology College of Medicine University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Lagos Nigeria Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology College of Medicine Lagos State University Lagos Nigeria

Background: Preeclampsia is reported to complicate 2% - 8% of pregnancies globally and is an important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aetiology and pathogenesis are still poorly understood and substantial improvement has not been made in the prediction, prevention and treatment of the disease. Objective: To compare the frequency of activated protein C resistance (APC-R) in patients with pre-eclampsia to that of normotensive pregnant women and to determine the correlation between activated protein ratio (APC-ratio) and the severity of pre-eclampsia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 100 pre-eclamptic patients and 100 normotensive pregnant controls. The APC-ratio was determined using the modified activated partial thromboplastin time. Study participants with APC-ratio of less than 2.0 were defined as having APC-R. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Mean APC-ratio was significantly lower in pre-eclamptics (2.89 ± 1.70) compared to normotensive pregnant women (3.57 ± 1.06) (p = 0.0008) and the levels were also higher in mild (2.95 ± 1.15) compared to severe pre-eclamptics (2.62 ± 1.14). The frequency of APC-R was 26% among women with pre-eclampsia compared to 4% among normotensive controls (p = 0.000). Among 100 pre-eclamptic women 7 (21.2%) out of 33 with mild pre–eclampsia had APC-R, while 19 (28.4%) out of 67 with severe pre-eclampsia had APC-R. APC-ratio had a significant negative correlation with mean arterial blood pressure (r = −0.324;p = 0.000) and proteinuria (r = −0.379;p = 0.000) among study participants. Conclusion: The frequency of activated protein c resistance is significantly higher in pre-eclamptics compared to normotensive pregnant women and this is more pronounced in those with severe pre-eclampsia compared with those with mild disease. APC-R may therefore be used as a marker of severity in the disease.

关键词： Activated Protein C Resistance Activated Protein C Ratio Pre-Eclampsia

Bacterial Agents Causing Food Poisoning among Patients Attending Thika Level 5 Hospital, Kiambu County, Kenya

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2019年第4期9卷 168-177页

作者： Karanja N. Esther Menza C. Nelson kabiru W. ephantus Department of Community Health and Epidemiology Kenyatta University Nairobi Kenya Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Kenyatta University Nairobi Kenya

Food poisoning is caused by the ingestion of contaminated food or water that contains microbial agents that cause illness or release their toxins onto the food. Examples of these microbial agents are Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella typhiridium, and Salmonella enteritidis. Epidemiological monitoring of food poisoning is highly desirable for continuous determination of the existing causative species and disease trends. The study was conducted at Thika level 5 hospital. The objective of the study was to establish the prevalence of food poisoning at Thika level 5 hospital. A cross-sectional study design and purposive sampling technique was adopted in this study. Interview scheduled questionnaires and collection of stool samples from in-patients presenting with suspected food poisoning at Thika level 5, hospital was used for data collection. Stool culture tests were used to identify the bacterial causative agents of food poisoning. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used in the analysis of the data. Ethical approval was sought from Kenyatta University Ethical Review Committee, the Ministry of Education Science and Technology and Kiambu County Government. Informed consent was sought from the respondents after they had been informed about the study. The study findings showed that of the sample taken 28 (26.4%) were positive of Cholera while 78 (73.6%) were positive of Salmonella. The study recommends early set-up of emergency wards to contain outbreaks of infectious diseases together with well-equipped diagnostic labs for prompt response.

关键词： Bacteria Food Poisoning Salmonella

Corporate Social Responsibility Projects by Transnational Oil Corporations in Nigerian Niger Delta Region： The Experiences of Selected Oil Producing Communities

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Economics World 2014年第3期2卷 152-160页

作者： kabiru Isa Dandago Love Obiani Arugu Universiti Utara Malaysia Kedah Darul Aman Malaysia Federal University Bayelsa State Nigeria

A well-known fact about the Nigerian Niger Delta region is incessant conflicts between the oil transnational corporations (Oil TNCs) and the oil producing communities. This could be attributed to the fact that the activities of Oil TNCs have continued to unleash untold devastation on the environment of the oil producing communities and its consequences on the local economy and by extension the total obliteration of the livelihood of the inhabitants of the area. Therefore, the Oil TNCs are increasingly becoming conscious of their devastating impact on the ecology of the area and their blatant disregard for the socio-economic development of the host communities. Consequently, the Oil TNCs have come to embrace the idea of executing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) projects as a vehicle to intervene meaningfully in order to mitigate the adverse effect of their operations in host communities. This paper attempts a review and analysis of CSR practices of the two major Oil TNCs in Bayelsa State: Shell and Agip in six host communities: Olugboboro, Olugbobiri, Ikebiri 1, Oporoma, Angiama, and Peremabiri in Southern Ijaw local government area. The key question explored in this study is: Has the practice of CSR in the Nigerian Niger Delta region by Oil TNCs brought about socio-economic development and drastic reduction in conflict between the host communities and the Oil TNCs? The paper argues that CSR projects of transnational oil corporations in Nigeria are driven by short-term expediency rather than the long term development needs of host communities through the provision of poor quality social amenities to these communities in order to secure social license to operate. For transnational oil corporations to make positive impact in the Nigerian Niger Delta Region, their CSR projects should be long tern in nature, taking into consideration the sustainable development needs of the local communities. The CSR projects should be in the form of high quality social amenities a

关键词：世界经济政策规划经济问题

Social Dimensions of Musculoskeletal Pain Experiences among the Elderly in Southwestern Nigeria

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Health 2019年第7期11卷 953-970页

作者： Matthew Ayegboyin kabiru K. Salami Department of Sociology University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

Musculoskeletal pain (MS pain) in the elderly has attracted more medical focus than its social dimensions. This cross-sectional survey design study, conducted in southwestern Nigeria, through a multi-stage sampling technique, documented reported MS pain in 1280 consented elderly using 3-scale pain experiences categorized as acute, semi-acute, and chronic. Also, 12 In-depth Interviews (IDIs) among elderly persons, and 15 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) among orthodox- and traditional medicine practitioners were conducted. The age of the respondents was 65.5 ± 4, while about half (51.1%) had no formal education. Majority (76.8%) of the respondents perceived MS pain as normal process of old age. Occupational life history of the respondents ranked the highest as perceived reason for having MS pain, while the knees (19.6%) were the most identified pained location among others in the body. A high significant relationship between neck and shoulders pain (χ2 = 0.000) was however found. Social construction dimensions of the elderly were narrated, while MS pain was considered as sickness of the elders. There is need for orientation for the elderly and their helpers on the social dimensions of old age relative to Nigeria.

关键词： Ageing Population Older Persons Musculoskeletal Pain Social Dimensions Social Security

Household Environment and Malaria in Pregnancy in Ibadan, Nigeria

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Health 2018年第4期10卷 403-421页

作者： kabiru K. Salami Nneka L. Umego Department of Sociology University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

Introduction: Malaria in pregnancy, which enormously creates substantial risks for the mother and her fetus, is a public health problem in Nigeria. Design and Methods: Through questionnaire administration, this cross-sectional survey investigates the influence of the household environment on malaria preventive and treatment behaviors among 300 pregnant women in two selected areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. In addition, four focus group discussions and four in-depth interviews were conducted, all between October 2015 and March, 2016. Results: Findings from the study indicate a positive relationship between income level (P = 0.000), educational level (P = 0.000) and preventive behavior and perception of malaria. There, however, is a negative relationship (P = 0.122) between place of residence and number of malaria episodes of the respondents. A high awareness on the cause of Malaria was recorded in this study, while a low awareness on the consequences of malaria infection in Pregnancy was visible. Conclusion and Recommendation: The household environment of pregnant women was found a key predictor in the prevention and treatment of malaria in both rural and urban areas of Oyo State Nigeria. Nationwide programme aimed at reducing malaria especially among pregnant women is needed in Nigeria.

关键词： Household Attributes Social Environment Malaria Preventive Behavior Pregnancy Maternal and Child Health

Health-seeking behavior of migrant beggars in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria

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Health 2013年第4期5卷 792-804页

作者： kabiru K. Salami Aishat O. Olugbayo Department of Sociology University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

Most studies on beggars in Nigeria have focused exclusively on the social course of indigenous begging activities in Nigerian cities. There exists dearth of knowledge about international migrant beggars and their health-seeking behavior in Ibadan Southwestern Nigeria. A cross sectional survey data were collected through purposive sampling technique among a total of 250 international migrant beggars in six locations in Ibadan. Results showed that 56% of respondents were female, few had formal education, 85.6% were married, and 94.8% were Muslim. Respondents migrated from Niger (83.6%), Chad (11.2%), Mali (4.0%) and Benin (1.2%). None had a legal residence permit. Respondents’ mean residence duration in Nigeria was 8.5 years. Malaria was common to beggars both in their home country and in Nigeria. Treatment was received from patent medicine vendors by 51.2% respondents. Advice for appropriate treatment for illness was received from family members by 44.4% migrant beggars. Sex and country of beggars have a direct relationship with the treatment seeking (P Financial and legal status of migrant beggars dynamically limited their healthcare choices. Routine health education on hygiene practice and appropriate treatment-seeking should be taken to beggars at their different locations by health workers as means of prevention of the spread of diseases.

关键词： Begging Health-Seeking Behavior Migrant Beggar Migration Nigeria Treatment

Environmental Mapping of Potential Habitats for Anthropod Vectors of Trypanosomiasis in Northern Nigeria

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2021年第9期9卷 34-51页

作者： Sadiq Abdullahi Yelwa kabiru Bilalu Abdulhamid Yahuza Nura Garba Department of Environmental and Resources Management Faculty of Engineering and Environmental Design Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto Nigeria

This paper presents analysis of a cost effective methodology using remotely sensed data analysed within a geographical systems (GIS) environment for mapping out potential habitats of anthropod vectors responsible for trypanosomiasis in northern Nigeria. These geographical locations are areas with high population of livestock in Nigeria. Animal Trypanosomiasis is considered as an arthropod-borne viral disease which is endemic in about 37 countries of the sub-Saharan Africa and in particular northern Nigeria. This anthropod-borne viral disease remains a threat to both humans and livestock in many communities, and the outbreak of such diseases is shown to relate to fluctuations in the changing climate mostly experienced whenever there are changes in global precipitation which also relates to changes in sea surface temperatures otherwise known as “El Niňo Southern Oscillations” (ENSO). Monthly Satellite imageries in the form of Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at 250 meters spatial resolution obtained from NASA-MODIS/CMD were subjected to principal component analysis utilizing the standardize

关键词： Trypanosomiasis Habitat Cost Effective Measures Principal Component Analysis (PCA) El–Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO)

Vended foods in Lagos, Nigeria: A potential reservoir for the spread of emerging strains of drug resistant bacteria

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Health 2013年第4期5卷 675-680页

作者： kabiru Olusegun Akinyem Muibat O. Fashola Nene Habib Esther Akinwande Department of Microbiology Faculty of Science Lagos State University Lagos Nigeria

Background and Aims: Food is of paramount importance to the sustenance of human health, on that basis this study was initiated with a view to determining bacterial agents associated with the vended foods and to investigating antibacterial resistance of the isolates. Methods: Twelve food samples from vendors were randomly collected from ten locations within Lagos environs. The food samples were analyzed bacteriologically by standard methods. The isolates were identified and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using standard procedures. Results: The total plate counts of bacteria recorded was between 2.98 × 103 cfu/g in Jollofrice and 4.09 × 104 cfu/g in Salad. Seventy-six bacterial isolates made up of six genera;Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Alcaligenes spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcensens and Proteus spp. were identified. Most of the bacterial isolates were moderately sensitive to cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, amoxicillin and nitrofurantion except in S. Typhimurium with less than 50% susceptibility. Also over 60% of the pathogens isolated were inhibited by ceftazidime, cefpodoxime, and levofloxacin antibiotics and most strains of E. coli, S. Typhimurium and K. pneumoniae were resistant to ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ceftriazone. Conclusion: The study revealed gross contamination of various vended foods. It also indicated that vended foods are potential reservoir for the spread of emerging multiple drug resistant bacteria strains that pose threat to public health. There is a need for intensive surveillance to avoid possible outbreak of food- borne diseases resulting from consumption of contaminated vended foods.

关键词： Antibiotics Bacteria Contamination Reservoir Resistance Vended Foods