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Family Planning Needs of Adolescents in Predominantly Rural Communities in the Central Part of Ghana

Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2015年第6期5卷 269-279页

作者： Yeetey Enuameh Obed Ernest Nettey emmanuel mahama Charlotte Tawiah Ellen Boamah Abubakari Sulemana George Adjei Stephanie Gyaase Samuel Afari Asiedu Alexander Manu Charles Zandoh Kwaku Poku Asante Seth Owusu-Agyei Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC) Kintampo Ghana

The manuscript presents findings of a descriptive analysis of data from a cross-sectional study of adolescents aimed at identifying their family planning needs and the best approaches to addressing them in the Kintampo Districts of Ghana. Data for the paper were from the family planning module of a sexual and reproductive health survey carried out by the Kintampo Health and Demographic Surveillance System in 2011. Adolescents in this study recorded high marital (1.6% females and 0.4% males) and pregnancy rates (11.5% females and 1.5% males). Their knowledge of contraceptive methods was high (87.7% females and 82% males), but utilization was low (17.9% females and 6% males). Most study participants viewed family planning as important to their health and wellbeing (59.6% females and 58.6% males). A minority of adolescents were of the perception that contraceptive use was solely the responsibility of women (41.1% females and 32.4% males);and that the use of contraceptives could lead to promiscuity among women (43.8% females and 42.5% males). Those adolescents who previously had unwanted pregnancies would have accepted some help in preventing it (33.1% females and 9.1% males). Recommendations made by respondents included creating a friendly atmosphere by care providers for family planning services delivery to adolescents. Other suggestions were ensuring that family planning services are available and accessible to adolescents, and educating adolescents on the diverse methods available.

关键词： Adolescents Family Planning Contraceptives Kintampo Ghana

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Making Family Planning Services Relevant to Adolescents: Perspectives from Rural Communities in Central Ghana

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014年第11期4卷 852-859页

作者： Yeetey Enuameh Charlotte Tawiah Samuel Afari-Asiedu Obed Ernest A. Nettey Abubakari Sulemana emmanuel mahama George Adjei Ellen Boamah Alex Manu Stephanie Gyaase Charles Zandoh Nelson Amanfo Kwaku Poku Asante Timothy Letsa Seth Owusu-Agyei Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC) Kintampo Ghana Drexel University School of Public Health Philadelphia USA Regional Health Directorate Ghana Health Service Sunyani Ghana

In lower middle-income countries like Ghana, it is common to find low contraceptive use among adolescents with corresponding high pregnancy outcomes. Evidence points to the fact that the use of contraceptives prevents maternal, neonatal and infant deaths, but in most lower middle-income countries, socio-cultural practices inhibit adolescents’ use. Ensuring the uptake of family planning among adolescents is deemed a necessary means of reducing maternal, neonatal and infant mor-tality. This manuscript seeks to provide contextually relevant approaches to satisfying family planning needs of adolescents in a population lacking it. We employed a qualitative study design from an interpretive paradigm with phenomenology as the methodology to understand societal attitudes towards family planning delivery to adolescents, so as to arrive at contextually appro-priate ways of providing family planning to this needy group. Focused group discussions and in-depth interviews techniques were used in data collection among adolescents, relevant commu-nity opinion leaders and family planning & health services providers. Themes that emerged from data analysis with respect to “perspectives on family planning care delivery to adolescents” and “best ways in addressing adolescents’ family planning needs” are presented, followed by discussion of the issues emerging. A significant and encouraging finding of the study was that opinion leaders and healthcare providers viewed family planning as a means of protecting adolescents against pregnancies and their complications. A key recommendation is for policy makers and political leaders to enact legislations that enable adolescents to have friendly family planning service delivery in all places and at all times.

关键词： Adolescents Young People Family Planning Kintampo Ghana

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Family Planning Awareness, Perceptions and Practice among Community Members in the Kintampo Districts of Ghana

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Advances in Reproductive Sciences 2015年第1期3卷 1-12页

作者： Obed Ernest A. Nettey Yeetey A. Enuameh emmanuel mahama Abubakari Sulemana George Adjei Stephaney Gyaase Samuel Afari-Asiedu Robert Adda Abena Konadu Yawson Gifty Fosuaa Nuamah Edward Apraku Anane Livesy Abokyi Charles Zandoh Martha Abdulai Ellen Abrafi Boamah Kwame Adjei Seeba Amenga-Etego Francis Dzabeng Charlotte Tawiah-Agyeman Frank Baiden Kwaku Poku Asante Seth Owusu-Agyei Kintampo Health Research Centre Kintampo Ghana Drexel University School of Public Health Philadelphia USA

Family planning is known to prevent maternal deaths, but some social norms, limited supplies and inconsistent use makes this difficult to achieve in most low- and middle-income countries. In spite of the high fertility levels in most sub-Saharan African countries and the potential economic benefits of family planning, its patronage remains very low in the sub-region. This study was with the objective of identifying the levels of awareness, utilization, access to and perceptions about family planning and contraception. A cross-sectional study design was used for the study, with data collected from multiple sources using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Relevant findings included a marked disconnect between family planning/contraceptive knowledge and use. The pills and injectables were the most frequently used, but females in the study population poorly patronised emergency contraception. Supplies of most family planning methods were found to be health facility based, requiring clients to have to necessarily go there for services. Some respondents harboured perceptions that family planning was the responsibility of females alone and that it fuelled promiscuity among female users. Recommendations made include ensuring that health facilities had adequate staff and expertise to provide facility-based family planning services and also to disabuse the minds of community members of the negative perceptions towards family planning.

关键词： Family Planning Contraception Reproductive Health Kintampo Ghana

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A deep semantic segmentation-based algorithm to segment crops and weeds in agronomic color images

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Information Processing in Agriculture 2022年第3期9卷 355-364页

作者： Sovi Guillaume Sodjinou Vahid Mohammadi Amadou Tidjani Sanda mahama Pierre Gouton Institute of Mathematics and Physical Sciences University of Aboney CalaviDangboBenin ImViA UFR Sciences et TechniquesUniversite de BourgogneFranche-ComteDijonFrance

In precision agriculture,the accurate segmentation of crops and weeds in agronomic images has always been the center of *** methods have been proposed but still the clean and sharp segmentation of crops and weeds is a challenging issue for the images with a high presence of *** work proposes a segmentation method based on the combination of semantic segmentation and K-means algorithms for the segmenta-tion of crops and weeds in color *** images of two different databases were used for the segmentation *** the thresholding technique,everything except plants was removed from the ***,semantic segmentation was applied using U-net followed by the segmentation of crops and weeds using the K-means subtractive *** comparison of segmentation performance was made for the proposed method and K-Means clustering and superpixels *** proposed algorithm pro-vided more accurate segmentation in comparison to other methods with the maximum accuracy of equivalent to 99.19%.Based on the confusion matrix,the true-positive and true-negative values were 0.9952 and 0.8985 representing the true classification rate of crops and weeds,*** results indicated that the proposed method successfully provided accurate and convincing results for the segmentation of crops and weeds in the images with a complex presence of weeds.

关键词： Weed coverage Semantic segmentation Convolutional neural network Subtractive clustering algorithm Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) K-means

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Modelling die filling with charged particles using DEM/CFD

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Particuology 2012年第2期10卷 229-235页

作者： emmanuel Nkem Nwose School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK

The effects of electrostatic charge on powder flow behaviour during die filling in a vacuum and in air were analysed using a coupled discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics （DEM]CFD） code, in which long range electrostatic interactions were implemented. The present 2D simulations revealed that both electrostatic charge and the presence of air can affect the powder flow hehaviour during die filling. It was found that the electrostatic charge inhibited the flow of powders into the die and induced a loose packing structure. At the same filling speed, increasing the electrostatic charge led to a decrease in the fill ratio which quantifies the volumetric occupancy of powder in the die. In addition, increasing the shoe speed caused a further decrease in the fill ratio, which was characterised using the concept of critical filling speed, When the electrostatic charge was low, the air/particle interaction was strong so that a lower critical filling speed was obtained for die filling in air than in a vacuum. With high electrostatic charge, the electrostatic interactions became dominant. Consequently, similar fill ratio and critical filling speed were obtained for die filling in air and in a vacuum.

关键词： DEMCFDElectrostaticsDie fillingPowder flowCohesionCharged particles

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Scanning electron microscopy of fruits in the West African Polygonaceae

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Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2010年第5期48卷 336-343页

作者： Abiodun emmanuel AYODELE Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Science

The fruit morphology of 18 taxa representing seven genera of the family Polygonaceae in West Africa was investigated using scanning electron *** achenes are trigonous,lenticular,globose,subglobose,heart shaped,ovoid,or cone *** range from 0.12×0.10 cm2 in Polygonum plebeium to 7.87×0.58 cm2 in Afrobrunnichia *** are brown to *** cells are isodiametric in ***,irregular in ***,Antigonon leptopus,and Harpagocarpus snowdenii,and polygonal in other *** walls are straight,curved,or undulate and are either raised or *** erecta is characterized by deeply sinuate lateral *** cell surface may be smooth or tuberculate or fibrillate in the family,usually covered with wax *** combination of these characters is mainly taxonomically useful at the tribal level and rarely at the specific or infraspecific level for the delimitation of the taxa.

关键词： fruit Polygonaceae SEM taxonomy West Africa.

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Systems Analysis of Vulnerability to Hydrometeorological Threats: An Exploratory Study of Vulnerability Drivers in Northern Zimbabwe

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2019年第2期10卷 204-219页

作者： emmanuel Mavhura Department of Geography Bindura University of Science Education

Disasters result from complex interactions of hazards and vulnerability conditions. Reducing human exposure and sensitivity to threats can reduce disaster impact. Prior knowledge about community vulnerability levels is crucial to minimizing potential losses from future threats. Most vulnerability studies focus on high-impact disasters and their temporal and spatial analyses. Yet highfrequency, low-impact disasters have a cumulative potential to severely disrupt or damage socioeconomic *** is limited knowledge especially in the global south about the creation of vulnerability to hydrometeorological threats. Using a systems approach, this study explores ways in which communities in the northern semiarid tropics of Zimbabwe are vulnerable to hydrometeorological *** predominantly qualitative study used literature review, interviews, transect walks, and focus groups to gather data from selected samples involving smallholder farmers with in-depth knowledge about community vulnerability. The results show that the communities are vulnerable to multiple hydrometeorological threats due to multiple interacting factors including rainfed and floodbased farming, land tenure, topography, climate, and other socioeconomic conditions such as inadequate income sources and high poverty. In order to reduce vulnerability,this study provides five policy options for government and nongovernmental organization interventions, including the need to transform rural economies beyond the traditional rainfed and flood-based farming systems.

关键词： Community vulnerability Flood-based farming Hydrometeorological threats Rainfed agriculture Zimbabwe

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Revaluation of deuterostome phylogeny and evolutionary relationships among chordate subphyla using mitogenome data

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2009年第3期36卷 151-160页

作者： emmanuel Mukwaya Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems School of Life SciencesXiamen University

The traditional knowledge in textbooks indicated that cephalochordates were the closest relatives to vertebrates among all extant organisms. However, this opinion was challenged by several recent phylogenetic studies using hundreds of nuclear genes. The researchers suggested that urochordates, but not cephalochordates, should be the closest living relatives to vertebrates. In the present study, by using data generated from hundreds of mtDNA sequences, we revalue the deuterostome phylogeny in terms of whole mitochondrial genomes （mitogenomes）. Our results firmly demonstrate that each of extant deuterostome phyla and chordate subphyla is monophyletic. But the results present several alternative phylogenetic trees depending on different sequence datasets used in the analysis. Although no clear phylogenetic relationships are obtained, those trees indicate that the ancient common ancestor diversified rapidly soon after their appearance in the early Cambrian and generated all major deuterostome lineages during a short historical period, which is consistent with ＂Cambrian explosion＂ revealed by paleontologists. It was the 520-million-year＇s evolution that obscured the phylogenetic relationships of extant deuterostomes. Thus, we conclude that an integrative analysis approach rather than simply using more DNA sequences should be employed to address the distant evolutionary relationship.

关键词： mitochondrial genome deuterostomes phylogeny gene arrangement chordate evolutionary relationship amphioxus

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Physico-chemical characterization of a farmland affected by wastewater in relation to heavy metals

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2008年第3期9卷 366-372页

作者： emmanuel U. ONWEREMADU Department of Soil Science and Technology Federal University of Technology PMB 1526 Owerri Nigeria

This study investigated selected properties of soils affected by wastewater and its relationship with some heavy metals. A free survey technique involving target sampling was used in siting soil profile pits. Soil samples were collected based on horizon differentiation and analyzed using routine and special analytical techniques. Soil data were subjected to correlation analysis using SAS program. Results show that all heavy metals studied had values above critical limits in the polluted soils using known standards and that these biotoxic metals decreased with soil depths. Highly significant (P=0.01 and 0.05) relationships were established between investigated heavy metals and some soil properties, especially soil pH and organic matter. Further studies involving more edaphic properties, biotoxic metals and their bioaccessibility in crops growing on wastewater soils will surely enhance knowledge and management of these highly anthropogenically influenced soils of the study site.

关键词： Bioavailability Characterization Heavy metals Soil pollution Wastewater

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A Unified Spatio-Temporal Framework of the Cuerno-Barabasi Stochastic Continuum Model of Surface Sputtering

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2012年第7期58卷 165-170页

作者： Oluwole emmanuel Oyewande Department of Physics University of Ibadan

The nonlinear continuum model proposed by Cuerno and Barabasi is the most successful and widely acceptable theoretical description of oblique incidence ion sputtered surfaces to date and is quite robust in its predictions of the time evolution and scaling of interfaces driven by ion bombardment. However, this theory has thus far predicted only ripple topographies and rough surfaces for short and large scales, respectively. As a result, its application to the interpretation and study of nanodots, predicted by Monte Carlo simulations for, and observed in experiments of, oblique incidence sputtering is still unclear and, hence, an open problem. In this paper, we provide a new insight to the theory, within the same length scale, that explains nanodot formation on off-normal incidence sputtered surfaces, among others, and propose ways of observing the predicted topographies of the MC simulations, as well as possible control of the size of the nanodots, in the framework of the Cuerno-Barabasi continuum theory.

关键词： topographic phase diagrams surface nanostructures surface nanodots Cuerno-Barabasi model

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