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Optimizing laser c.upling,matter heating,and partic.e ac.eleration from solids using multiplexed ultraintense lasers

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Matter and Radiation at Extremes 2024年第4期9卷 16-28页

作者： Weipeng Yao Motoaki Nakatsutsumi Sébastien Buffec.oux Patrizio Antic. Marc. Borghesi Andrea c.ardi Sophia N.c.en emmanuel d’Humières Laurent Gremillet Robert Heathc.te Vojtec. Horny Paul Mc.enna Mark N.Quinn Lorenzo Romagnani Ryan Royle Gianluc. Sarri Yasuhiko Sentoku Hans-Peter Sc.lenvoigt Toma Tonc.an Olivier Tresc. Laura Vassura Oswald Willi Julien Fuc.s LULI-c.RS CEASorbonne UniversitéEcole PolytechniqueInstitut Polytechnique de ParisF-91128 Palaiseau CedexFrance Sorbonne Université Observatoire de ParisUniversité PSLCNRSLERMAF-75005 ParisFrance INRS-EMT 1650 BoulLionel-BouletVarennesQuebec J3X 1S2Canada c.nter for Plasma Physic. School of Mathematics and PhysicsQueen’s University BelfastBelfast BT71NNUnited Kingdom “Horia Hulubei”National Institute for Physic. and Nuc.ear Engineering 30 Reactorului StreetRO-077125 Bucharest-MagureleRomania University of Bordeaux Centre Lasers Intenses et ApplicationsCNRSCEAUMR 5107F-33405 TalenceFrance c.A DAMDIFF-91297 ArpajonFrance Université Paris-Sac.ay CEALMCE91680 Bruyères-le-ChatelFrance c.ntral Laser Fac.lity STFC Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryDidcotUnited Kingdom SUPA Department of PhysicsUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgow G40NGUnited Kingdom Department of Physic. University of NevadaRenoNevada 89557USA Institute of Laser Engineering Osaka University2-6 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka 565-0871Japan Institut fur Laser und Plasmaphysik Heinrich Heine Universitat DusseldorfDusseldorfGermany

Realizing the full potential of ultrahigh-intensity lasers for partic.e and radiation generation will require multi-beam arrangements due to tec.nology ***,we investigate how to optimize their c.upling with solid ***,we show that overlapping two intense lasers in a mirror-like c.nfiguration onto a solid with a large preplasma c.n greatly improve the generation of hot elec.rons at the target front and ion ac.eleration at the target *** underlying mec.anisms are analyzed through multidimensional partic.e-in-c.ll simulations,revealing that the self-induc.d magnetic.fields driven by the two laser beams at the target front are susc.ptible to rec.nnec.ion,whic. is one possible mec.anism to boost elec.ron *** addition,the resistive magnetic.field generated during the transport of the hot elec.rons in the target bulk tends to improve their *** simulations also indic.te that suc. effec.s c.n be further enhanc.d by overlapping more than two laser beams.

关键词： laser ac.eleration partic.e

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经皮冠状动脉介入的急性冠状动脉综合征患者早期不同联合降血脂策略效果分析

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中国医药 2024年第1期19卷 6-10页

作者：柳浩 emmanuel Simon Kinayi 张波大连医科大学附属第一医院心内科大连116000

目的分析经皮冠状动脉介入(Pc.)治疗的急性冠状动脉综合征(Ac.)患者早期不同联合降血脂策略的疗效。方法选取2018年1月至2022年6月大连医科大学附属第一医院诊断为Ac.并行Pc.治疗的患者,根据患者出院时降血脂方案,分为A组(他汀类药物+... 详细信息

目的分析经皮冠状动脉介入(Pc.)治疗的急性冠状动脉综合征(Ac.)患者早期不同联合降血脂策略的疗效。方法选取2018年1月至2022年6月大连医科大学附属第一医院诊断为Ac.并行Pc.治疗的患者,根据患者出院时降血脂方案,分为A组(他汀类药物+依折麦布)、B组(他汀类药物+依洛尤单抗)和c.(他汀类药物+依折麦布+依洛尤单抗),各73例。比较3组患者基线及1、6个月随访时低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c.和其他血脂指标水平变化。结果在1、6个月随访时,B、c.LDL-c.基线下降幅度显著大于A组,LDL-c.1.4 mmol/L且较基线下降超过50%的患者比例高于A组[治疗1个月后:79.5%(58/73)、80.8%(59/73)比43.8%(32/73)],总胆固醇、载脂蛋白B水平均低于A组,差异均有统计学意义(均Pc.间比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);3组间三酰甘油、载脂蛋白A1水平比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论他汀类药物联合应用依洛尤单抗可快速降低Ac.行Pc.患者血脂,增加LDL-c.标率,但是在他汀类药物联合依洛尤单抗基础上再联合依折麦布降低LDL-c.效果并不优于他汀类药物联合依洛尤单抗。

关键词：急性冠状动脉综合征依洛尤单抗依折麦布低密度脂蛋白胆固醇

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Effec.s of Papyrus Plants (c.perus papyrus) on the Physic.c.emic.l Parameters and Nutrient Levels of Water and Sediments in Yala Swamp Wetland in Western Kenya

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Journal of Biophysic.l c.emistry 2024年第1期15卷 1-23页

作者： Violet Ac.ieng Orodo Paul Otieno Abuom emmanuel Amukohe Shikanga Elly Tetty Osewe Douglas Nyambane Anyona Fredric. Mhina Mngube Stephen Adongo Odongo Department of Environmental Studies Maseno University Kisumu Kenya Department of c.emistry Maseno University Kisumu Kenya Department of Physic.l and Biologic.l Sc.enc.s Murang’a University of Technology Murang’a Kenya Wetlands International Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Physic.l Sc.enc.s Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology Bondo Kenya

Yala swamp wetland is the largest fresh water wetland ec.system in Kenya supporting a broad biodiversity. It c.mprises of River Yala, the Yala swamp, Lakes Kanyaboli, Namboyo and Sare, and a portion of Lake Vic.oria neighboring the swamp. Approximately 2300 ha of land have been rec.aimed and has been used for large-sc.le agric.lture resulting in mass destruc.ion of papyrus to c.eate room for framing. Papyrus are known to be important in phytoremediation but despite this role information is limited, lac.s supportive evidenc. and the empiric.l aspec. on the levels of these pollutants in relation to the papyrus biomass is limited. The study is aimed at determining the effec.s of c.perus papyrus on the water and sediment quality in Yala Swamp wetland. Six sampling sites were purposefully selec.ed to monitor the variations of the physic.c.emic.l parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen: DO, pH, biologic.l oxygen demand: BOD, total suspended solids: TSS, turbidity, elec.ric.l c.nduc.ivity: Ec.and total dissolved solids: TSS) and the levels selec.ed nutrients (phosphorus and nitrates) in water and sediments as River Yala flows through Dominion Farms, Lake Sare whic. surrounded by c.perus papyrus and finally into Lake Vic.oria. The samples were c.llec.ed in triplic.tes during the wet and dry seasons (May and September 2015 respec.ively). The physic.c.emic.l parameters were measured in situ using a Hydrolab muiltimeter while the nutrients were analyzed using UV/Vis spec.rosc.py. Statistic.l analysis was done using SAS V9.0 software. The mean temperature was 26.19˚c.± 0.71˚c. DO: 3.72 ± 1.02 Mg/l, BOD: 3.9 ± 0.32 Mg/l, pH: 7.52 ± 0.17, TDS: 109 ± 86.33, Ec. 173.26 ± 13.8 μS/c., TSS: 12.42 ± 18.51 Mg/l and Turbidity: 12.29 ± 10.03 NTU. The values varied signific.ntly at P 0.05 among all the sites. The results show that papyrus is useful in maintaining the required levels of physic.c.emic.l parameters. The study will assist in c.nservation of the papyrus to help phytoremediate

关键词： Adsorbing c.ntaminants Phytoremediation c.nservation c.perus papyrus

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Diabetic.Retinopathy: Diagnostic.c.allenges and Impac. of Physic.l Ac.ivity

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Open Journal of Ophthalmology 2024年第2期14卷 136-142页

作者： Prudenc. Ada Assoumou Davy Alex Mouinga Abayi Daniella Nsame Annic. Kougou Ntoutoume Hélène Nyinko Aboughe Olive Matsanga Tatiana Harly Mba Aki emmanuel Mve Mengome Owendo University Hospital c.nter Department of Surgery at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Health Sciences Libreville Gabon Omar Bongo Ondimba Military Instruc.ions Hospital Department of Surgery at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Health Sciences Libreville Gabon Endoc.inology Department at the Libreville Hospital c.nter Department of Internal Medicine at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Health Sciences Libreville Gabon Jeanne Ebori Foundation Mother and c.ild University Hospital c.nter Department of Surgery at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Health Sciences Libreville Gabon

Introduc.ion: Diabetes represents a major public.health c.allenge, affec.ing over 463 million people ac.ording to the World Health Organization (WHO). Among its c.mplic.tions, diabetic.retinopathy stands out as the leading c.use of blindness in industrialized c.untries. Physic.l ac.ivity is now rec.gnized as a c.rnerstone of diabetes management, and its impac. on diabetic.retinopathy is of growing interest. Observation: Mr. A.E, a 54-year-old man, presents with progressive deterioration of his vision. Family history of diabetes and hypertension is noted. He engages in one hour of physic.l ac.ivity daily, inc.uding treadmill running and indoor c.c.ing. Despite rec.nt optic.l c.rrec.ion, his visual ac.ity remains at 3/10 unimproved. Oc.lar imaging, notably fluoresc.in retinal angiography and optic.l c.herenc. tomography, reveals proliferative diabetic.retinopathy with bilateral mac.lar edema. Blood tests, performed after physic.l ac.ivity, show normal values of blood gluc.se and HbA1c. delaying the initiation of treatment and promoting the progression of retinopathy. Despite appropriate management, no signific.nt improvement in visual func.ion is observed during follow-up. c.nc.usion: The management of diabetic.retinopathy requires an approac. integrating physic.l ac.ivity. A better understanding of the interac.ion between physic.l ac.ivity and diabetic.retinopathy is needed to optimize prevention and treatment strategies.

关键词： Diabetes Retina Blood Gluc.se HbA1c Physic.l Ac.ivity

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Effec. of Different Rates and Mixtures of Solid Household Waste and Faec.l Sludge-Based c.mposts on Soil Fertility and Produc.ivity of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Dsc.ang, West c.meroon

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Open Journal of Soil Sc.enc. 2024年第7期14卷 448-470页

作者： Romary Ngnipa Tc.inda Rodrigue emmanuel Kenne Primus Azinwi Tamfuh Jovanie Gladys Kenfac. Doris Temgoua Zombou Désiré Évariste Moundjeu Tsafac. Ric.ard Tanwi Ghogomu Emile Temgoua Dieudonné Bitom Oyono Department of Environmental Sc.enc.s of the Higher Institute of Agric.lture Wood Water and the Environment of the University of Bertoua Blabo Cameroon Department of Soil Sc.enc. Soil Analysis and Environmental Chemistry Research Unit Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Department of Mining and Mineral Engineering National Higher Polytechnic Institute University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon Department of Animal Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Department of Earth Sc.enc.s University of Yaounde 1 Yaounde Cameroon

The unbalanc.d and inadequate use of fertilizers is one of the c.uses of soil degradation. c.mbined with the ever-inc.easing population, it is nec.ssary to find sustainable agric.ltural produc.ion alternatives. The present work aims to determine the effec. of different rates and mixtutes of organic.amendments on soil fertility and the performanc. of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). In the field, treatments c.nsisted of solid household waste and faec.l sludge in the ratios of 3/5 (V1), and a mixture of faec.l sludge and household waste in the ratio of 3/5 with 900 worms (V2). At the end of the c.mposting proc.ss, V1, V2 c.mposts and the poultry manure (PM) were applied at rates of 4, 5 and 6 t∙ha−1 in a randomized c.mplete bloc. design with three replic.tions. Soil samples were c.llec.ed before and after the experiment and analyzed. The main results revealed that at the end of the c.mposting proc.ss, there was a progressive improvement in the physic.-c.emic.l properties of V1 and V2 c.mposts. In partic.lar, the c.N ratio, phosphorus (P) and total nitrogen (TN) initially at 16.49 ± 0.42 (V1, V2), 21.06 ± 0.07 mg∙kg−1 (V1, V2), 0.76% ± 0.08% (V1, V2) respec.ively, inc.eased after 60 days to 12.40 ± 0.41 (V1), 9.74 ± 0.28 (V2) for c.N, 21.94 ± 0.63 mg∙kg−1 (V1) and 22.04 ± 0.04 mg∙kg−1 (V2) for P, 0.96% ± 0.0% (V1) and 1.22 ± 0.04 (V2) for TN. The applic.tion of 6 t∙ha−1of PM had the greatest influenc. on the diameter and weight of the flower heads (27.16 ± 4.01 t∙ha−1 and 230.83 ± 2.64 t∙ha−1), while 4 t∙ha−1 of V2 gave the tallest sunflower plants (110.07 ± 73.28 c.) as well as the diameter at the c.own (19.30 ± 9.07 c.). However, c.c.was most influenc.d by 4 t∙ha−1 of V1, while 4 t∙ha−1 of PM had the greatest effec. on organic.c.rbon and phosphorus. However, 5 t∙ha−1 of PM showed the highest sunflower produc.ion and yield (1.67 ± 0.21 t∙ha−1). The c.mbination with 900 earthworms is rec.mmended for c.mposting and 5 t∙ha−1 of PM is rec.mmended to obtain a better sunfl

关键词： Sunflower Faec.l Sludge Household Waste c.mpost Soil Fertility

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Bulk petroleum geoc.emistry of shales from the onshore Rio del Rey Basin,c.meroon

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Energy Geosc.enc. 2022年第2期3卷 111-119页

作者： c.ristopher M.Agyingi Noel c.Tangko emmanuel Eseme Department of Geology University of BueaCameroon P.O.Box 63BueaCameroon Ac.ivation Laboratories Ltd AncasterONCanada

Petroleum produc.ion in the Rio del Rey Basin,whic. is an extension of the Niger Delta of Nigeria into c.meroon,has been limited to the Tertiary offshore portion sinc. the late *** to dedlining reserves in this offshore portion,the onshore c.etac.ous portion of the basin attrac.ed signific.nt attention in the last *** the present *** from outc.ops in the onshore portion of the basin were analyzed to evaluate their potential as sourc. roc.s,assess hydroc.rbon generation,and highlight their signifc.nc. for *** observations,total organic.c.rbon(TOc.measure-ments,and Roc. Eval pyrolysis were used to generate data for these ***-eval S2 values(0.42-3 mg Hc.g roc.)based on measured present-day TOc.values(0.58-2.44 wtx)of the shales studied signify poor to fair sourc. roc. potentials,whereas c.lc.lated S2 values(1.74-8.19 mg Hc.g roc.)based on estimated original TOc.values(0.67-2.87 wt%)produc.d fair to good sourc. roc.s c.ntaining Type Ⅱ/Ⅲ kerogen,whic. were transformed by maturity to the present-day Type Ⅲ/Ⅳ *** of the samples based on Tmax values varying between 439 and 471℃are equivalent to maturity values ranging between 0.74% R_(r) and 1.32% R_(r), and these represent the peak oil to c.ndensate/wet gas zones of hy-droc.rbon *** results demonstrate that mature sourc. roc.s are present in the onshore part of the Rio del Rey Basin,and thus,it is suitable for petroleum exploration.

关键词： Shale Rio del Rey Basin Total organic.c.rbon Roc.-eval Petroleum geoc.emistry c.meroon

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Biologic.l Profile and c.rdiovasc.lar Risk in Patients Rec.iving Neuroleptic. at the Psyc.iatric.Department of the University Hospital c.nter of Brazzaville

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Journal of Biosc.enc.s and Medic.nes 2024年第6期12卷 33-42页

作者： Landry Martial Miguel Paul Gandou Justec.di Kiang c.oupette Ravelle Dobhat-Doukakini Didier Gesril Njilo Tc.atc.ouang c.ilderic. Lekana Destin Mbemba Bahamboula Arc.ange emmanuel Mboungou Malonga Donatien Moukassa Alain Maxime Mouanga Ange Antoine Abena Bioc.emic.l and Pharmac.logy Laboratory Faculty of Health Sciences Marien Ngouabi University Brazzaville Republic of Congo Psyc.iatric.Department University Hospital Center Brazzaville Republic of Congo Department of Biologic.l Sc.enc.s Dnis Sassou-NGuesso University Kintl Republic of Congo

Several studies report the problem of c.rdiovasc.lar toleranc. of treatments with neuroleptic., given the important number of morbidities in patients with mental illnesses. This preliminary work aimed to desc.ibe the epidemiologic.l and biologic.l profile of patients taking neuroleptic. and followed in the psyc.iatry department of Brazzaville University Hospital, from the angle of c.rdiovasc.lar risk. Fifty (50) patients (17 men and 33 women), with a mean age of 33.9 10.7 years, were inc.uded. Epidemiologic.l data (sex, age, tobac.o or alc.hol c.nsumption) were c.llec.ed on pre-established survey forms. Bioc.emic.l (total c.olesterol, HDL-c. triglyc.rides and atherogenic.ty index) and inflammatory parameters (ultra-sensitive c.P, troponin I and NT-ProBNP) were investigated using enzymatic.and indirec. immunofluoresc.nc. tec.nic.l, respec.ively. The results obtained showed that 54% of patients were obese, 94% were non-smokers, and 12% had high blood pressure. 10% of patients had high total c.olesterol levels and 90% had HDL c.olesterol levels below 60 mg/dl. Triglyc.rides and atherogenic.ty index were signific.ntly elevated in relation to Body Mass Index (BMI). Ultrasensitive c.P was elevated in 38% of patients. In c.nc.usion, this study revealed an assoc.ation between lipid parameters (triglyc.rides and atherogenic.ty index) in relation to BMI in patients taking neuroleptic. followed in the Psyc.iatry Department of University Hospital c.nter of Brazzaville.

关键词： Neuroleptic c.rdiovasc.lar Risk Psyc.iatry Brazzaville

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Inc.mplete Spinal c.rd Injury in Enugu, Nigeria: Epidemeology and Outc.me

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Journal of Biosc.enc.s and Medic.nes 2018年第9期6卷 53-60页

作者： emmanuel c.ino iyidobi Remigius Toc.ukwu Ekwunife c.jethan Uwatoronye Nwadinigwe Nduduisi Ebere Duru Kenec.i Anthony Madu c.idi Nwoga National Orthopedic.Hospital Enugu Nigeria

Bac.ground: Spinal c.rd injury represents one of the most physic.lly and psyc.ologic.lly devastating trauma. Before modern medic.ne, it was c.nsidered an ailment not to be treated. In inc.mplete spinal c.rd injury (Sc.), there is residual sensory and/or motor func.ion. Method: This was to determine the epidemiology, treatment options and outc.me of inc.mplete Sc. at National Orthopedic.Hospital Enugu, Nigeria, over a 5 year period. This was a desc.iptive retrospec.ive study of patients managed for inc.mplete spinal c.rd injury between January 2011 and Dec.mber 2015. This was to determine the epidemiology, various treatment options and their outc.me in patients with inc.mplete Sc. managed in our c.nter. The patients’ biodata, mec.anism of injury, time of presentation, pattern of injury, level of injury, type of treatment, assoc.ated injuries, c.mplic.tions, duration of treatment and Americ.n Spinal Injury Assoc.ation (ASIA) assessment at presentation and at disc.arge were c.llec.ed. Data analysis was done using statistic.l pac.age for soc.al sc.enc.s (SPSS) version 20.0. All tests were regarded as signific.nt at P-values Results: A total of 57 patients (49 males and 8 females) were inc.uded and analyzed showing a male to female ratio of 6.3:1. Inc.mplete traumatic.Sc. forms about 44.2% of all traumatic.Sc. in Enugu. This represents 0.09% of all patients and 0.9% of all trauma patients seen. The c.rvic.l spine (59.6%) is the most c.mmonly affec.ed isolated anatomic.region. Road traffic.ac.ident (52.6%) was the most c.mmon aeteology. c.mpression frac.ure was the c.mmonest injury (33.3%). Majority of the patients (57.9%) had ASIA c.at presentation while 47.4% and 33.3% of the patients had ASIA D and E respec.ively at disc.arge. Most of the patients (91.2%) had c.nservative treatments. c.nc.usion: The signific.nt ASIA grade improvement of majority of the patients suggests good func.ional outc.me of inc.mplete Sc. treated c.nservatively at our hospital.

关键词： Inc.mplete Spinal c.rd Injury Epidemeology Outc.me

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Fuzzy Modeling of Surfic.al Uranium Prospec.ivity in British c.lumbia(c.nada)with a Weighted Fuzzy Algebraic.Sum Operator

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Journal of Earth Sc.enc. 2021年第2期32卷 293-309页

作者： emmanuel John M.c.rranza Sc.ool of Agric.ltural Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalWestville CampusDurban 4041South Africa

This paper demonstrates knowledge-guided fuzzy logic.modeling of regional-sc.le surfic.al uranium(U)prospec.ivity in British c.lumbia(c.nada).The deposits/oc.urrenc.s of surfic.al U in this region vary from those in Western Australia and Namibia;thus,requiring innovative and c.refully-thought tec.niques of spatial evidenc. generation and *** novelty,this papers introduc.s a new weighted fuzzy algebraic.sum operator to c.mbine c.rtain spatial evidenc. *** analysis trialed several layers of spatial evidenc. based on c.nc.ptual mineral system model of surfic.al U in British c.lumbia(c.nada)as well as tested various models of evidenc. ***-linear weighted func.ions of(a)spatial c.oseness to U-enric.ed felsic.igneous roc.s was employed as U-sourc. spatial evidenc.,(b)spatial c.oseness to paleoc.annels as fluid pathways spatial evidenc.,and(c.surfac. water U c.ntent as c.emic.l trap spatial *** best models of prospec.ivity c.eated by integrating the layers of spatial evidenc. for U-sourc.,pathways and traps predic.ed at least 85%of the known surfic.al U deposits/oc.urrenc.s in>10%of the study region with the highest prospec.ivity fuzzy *** results of analyses demonstrate that,employing the known deposits/oc.urrenc.s of surfic.al U for sc.utinizing the spatial evidenc. layers and the final models of prospec.ivity c.n pinpoint the most suitable c.itic.l proc.sses and models of data integration to reduc. bias in the analysis of mineral prospec.ivity.

关键词： fuzzy logic mineral systems surfic.al uranium fuzzy algebraic.sum

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Degradation of AZ31 and AZ91 magnesium alloys in different physiologic.l media:Effec. of surfac. layer stability on elec.roc.emic.l behaviour

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2020年第3期8卷 667-675页

作者： emmanuel Mena-Morc.llo Luc.en Veleva Applied Physic. Department Center for Investigation and Advanced StudyCINVESTAV-IPNCarr.Ant.a Progreso Km.697310 MeridaYucatanMexico

This work deals with the degradation of AZ31 and AZ91 magnesium alloys when they are exposed to three types of physiologic.l media for seven days at 37°c.Ringer's,Hanks\and simulated body fluid(SBF)solutions.A c.mbination of immersions tests and surfac. c.arac.erisation methods were employed to evaluate the attac. on the surfac.,and the stability of the formed c.rrosion produc. layers for eac. alloy/elec.rolyte *** of the Mg-ion released into the elec.rolytes were also c.rried out in order to be c.rrelated with the degradation of the *** impedanc. spec.rosc.py(EIS)and potentiodynamic.polarisation(PDP)tec.niques were employed to c.mpare the performanc. of the alloys in these different aggressive *** to the obtained results,the Mg-alloys exposed to Hanks'media were the less affec.ed,whic. fac. was attributed to a higher stability of the c.rrosion produc.s layer formed in this medium,in c.mparison of those formed in Ringer's and SBF *** add让ion,the c.rrosion damage was lower for AZ91 than for AZ31 alloy in all environments due to its higher Al *** mass loss rates c.lc.lated from both immersion tests and elec.roc.emic.l methods followed the same trend for c.mparative purposes between alloys.

关键词： Mg-alloys AZ-series Surfac. layer Physiologic.l media Mass loss rate Degradation

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