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Integrative Zoology 2010年第4期5卷 363-377页

作者： emma j.STOKES Wildlife Conservation Society Global Conservation ProgramBronxNew YorkUSA

Wild tigers are in a critical state with an estimated population decline of more than 95%over the past *** the capacity and effectiveness of law enforcement in reducing poaching of tigers is an immediate priority to secure remaining wild populations in source *** 2008-2010,standardized patrol-based law enforcement monitoring(LEM)was established under the Tigers Forever Program across 8 key tiger sites in order to improve and evaluate law enforcement ***-based monitoring has the distinct advantage of providing regular and rapid information on illegal activities and ranger performance,although,until recently,it has received relatively little scrutiny from the conservation *** present paper outlines a framework for implementation of LEM in tiger source sites using MIST,a computerized management information system for ranger-based data *** framework addresses many of the technical,practical and institutional challenges involved in the design,implementation,sustainability and evaluation of *** of such a framework for LEM is a cost-effective strategy to improve the efficiency of law enforcement efforts,to increase the motivation of enforcement staff and to promote the accountability of law enforcement agencies in addressing threats to *** combined with independent,systematic and science-based monitoring of tigers and their prey,LEM has great potential for evaluating the effectiveness of protection-based conservation investments.

关键词： law enforcement monitoring MIST protected areas protection tigers

Associations between maternal vitamin D status and porcine litter characteristics throughout gestation

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journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2023年第2期14卷 806-813页

作者： Claire Stenhouse emma Hurst richard j.Mellanby Cheryl j.Ashworth Functional Genetics and Development Division The Roslin Institute and Royal(Dick)School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothian EH259RGUK Current Affiliation Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas 77843‑2471USA Clinical Sciences Division The Roslin Institute and Royal(Dick)School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothian EH259RGUK.

Emerging evidence suggests an important role of vitamin D in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy,and the regulation of foetal growth across mammalian ***,the temporal changes in maternal vitamin D sta-tus throughout gestation in the pig and the relationship between maternal vitamin D status and litter characteristics of interest across gestation remain poorly understood and *** abundance of 25(OH)D in maternal plasma was quantified by HPLC–MS/MS at gestational days(GD)18,30,45,60 and 90(n=5–11 gilts/GD).Maternal plasma 25(OH)D concentrations significantly increased between GD18 and GD30(Prelationship between maternal vitamin D metabolite concentrations and litter characteristics of interest including gilt weight,ovulation rate,mean litter weight,number of live foetuses,percentage prenatal survival,and sex ratio of the litter was *** 25(OH)D(P=0.059)concentrations tended to be positively associated with percentage prenatal survival on *** GD90,maternal 25(OH)D(Prations were inversely associated with gilt *** plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were inversely associated with the percentage of male foetuses in the litter on GD90(Provided novel insights into temporal changes in maternal vitamin D status throughout ges-tation and the relationship between maternal vitamin D status and the economically important litter characteristics of gilt weight,percentage prenatal survival and percentage of male foetuses in the *** the understanding of the role of vitamin D across important developmental timepoints in relation to foetal growth is essential to improve reproductive success in livestock species.

关键词： Porcine Pregnancy Vitamin D

Early postoperative feeding in resectional gastrointestinal surgical cancer patients

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World journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2010年第4期2卷 187-191页

作者： emma j Osland Muhammed Ashraf Memon Department of Surgery and Nutrition Ipswich HospitalIpswichQueensland 4305Australia Department of Mathematics and Computing Australian Centre for Sustainable CatchmentsUniversity of Southern QueenslandToowoombaQueensland 4305Australia Department of Surgery University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4305Australia Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine Bond UniversityGold CoastQueensland 4305Australia School of Health and Social Sciences University of BoltonBoltonLancashire BL3 5ABUnited Kingdom

Malnutrition is present in the majority of patients presenting for surgical management of gastrointestinal malignancies,due to the effects of the tumour and preoperative anti-neoplastic *** traditional practice of fasting patients until the resumption of bowel function threatens to further contribute to the malnutrition experienced by these ***,the rationale behind this traditional practice has been rendered obsolete through developments in anaesthetic agents and changes to postoperative analgesia ***,there is a growing body of literature that consistently demonstrates that providing oral or tube feeding proximal to the anastomosis within 24 h postoperatively,is not only safe,but might be associated with significant benefits to the postoperative *** post operative feeding should therefore be adopted as a standard of care in oncology patients undergoing gastrointestinal resections.

关键词： Early feeding Surgery Meta-analysis randomised controlled trials

A Graph-Based Pan-Genome Guides Biological Discovery

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Molecular Plant 2020年第9期13卷 1247-1249页

作者： Yongfu Tao David r.jordan emma S.Mace Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation(QAAFI) The University of QueenslandHermitage Research FacilityWarwickQLD 4370Australia

The availability of reference genomes has been the foundation for genomics research in the last ***,as reports of presence/absenee variations of sequence and genes are growing in various species(Zhang et al.,2016;Sun et al.,,2018)it is increasingly evident that a single reference genome provides an in adequate represe ntation of the whole landscape of sequence diversity within a ***-genome analysis provides a platform to investigate the entire genome repertoire of a biological clade.

关键词： species. landscape Graph

Does the scent of a potential mate prevent the resorption of oocytes by apoptosis in Nauphoeta cinerea？

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Insect Science 2009年第5期16卷 393-398页

作者： emma L. B. Barrett Allen j. Moore Patricia j. Moore Centre for Ecology and Conservation School of Biosciences University of Exeter Cornwall Campus Penryn Cornwall UK

We expect organisms to have evolved mechanisms to gather and use the information available within their environments, to steer resource investment decisions toward the traits that will give the greatest fitness returns. Pheromones are social signals, a common purpose of which is to act as indicators of mate presence. Consequently, pheromones have the potential to act as signals to increase or maintain reproductive investment over that of competing life-history traits. In the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea （Oliver）, females pay costs of maintaining investment in reproduction when there are no males, and males produce pheromones that are known to effect female reproductive outcomes. Whether the pheromones have an influence on resource physiology is unknown. We subjected newly eclosed females to either a synthetic blend of male pheromones or control. We dissected females at 7, 12, 17 or 22 days. We measured apoptosis levels and size of all oocytes within the vitellerium, and measured dry fat body mass. Synthetic male pheromone blend did not have an effect on any measure of female reproductive or somatic resource physiology. Although negative results are always problematic, the success of the synthetic pheromone method in the past suggests that females may be insensitive to male pheromones in the pre-oviposition period, and may rely on mating stimulus rather than pheromone as the cue for oocyte maintenance and growth. Previous studies reporting effects of male pheromones on female reproduction suggest that the period of pheromone sensitivity may be between mating and birth.

关键词： apoptosis environment oocyte ovary pheromone predictable trade-off

An assessment of African lion Panthera leo sociality via social network analysis： prerelease monitoring for an ex situ reintroduction program

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Current Zoology 2017年第3期63卷 301-311页

作者： emma j. DUNSTON jackie ABEL rebecca E. DOYLE jacqui KIrK Victoria B. HILLEY Andrew FOrSYTH emma jENKINS rafael FrEIrE School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia Social and Conservation Psycology Coventry University Coventry CV1 5FB UK African Lion & Environmental research Trust Melrose Farm Livingstone 23345 Zambia Animal Welfare Science Centre The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia African Lion & Environmental research Trust Antelope Park Gweru Midlands Zimbabwe Siyafunda The Greater Makalali Private Game Reserve Harmony 27 Hoedspruit 0895 South Africa

The wild population of the African lion Panthera leo continues to decline, requiring alternate conservation programs to be considered. One such program is ex situ reintroduction. Prior to release, longterm monitoring and assessment of behavior is required to determine whether prides and coalitions behave naturally and are sufficiently adapted to a wild environment. Social network analysis （SNA） can be used to provide insight into how the pride as a whole and individuals within it, function. Our study was conducted upon 2 captive-origin prides who are part of an ex situ reintroduction program, and 1 wild pride of African lion. Social interactions were collected at all occurrence for each pride and categorized into greet, social grooming, play, and aggression. Betweenness centrality showed that offspring in each pride were central to the play network, whereas degree indicated that adults received （indegree） the greatest number of overall social interactions, and the adult males of each pride were least likely to initiate （outdegree） any interactions. Through the assessment of individual centrality and degree values, a social keystone adult female was identified for each pride. Social network results indicated that the 2 captive-origin prides had formed cohesive social units and possessed relationships and behaviors comparable with the wild pride for the studied behaviors. This study provided the first SNA comparison between captive-bred origin and a wild pride of lions, providing valuable information on individual and pride sociality, critical for determining the success of prides within an ex situ reintroduction program.

关键词： African lion Panthera leo conservation ex situ reintroduction social interactions.

Assessing vulnerability to panic:a systematic review of psychological and physiological responses to biological challenges as prospective predictors of panic attacks and panic disorder

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General Psychiatry 2019年第6期32卷 297-303页

作者： Donald j robinaugh Meredith j Ward emma r Toner Mackenzie L Brown Olivia M Losiewicz Eric Bui Scott P Orr Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA

Background Cognitive-behavioural theories of panic disorder posit that panic attacks arise from a positive feedback loop between arousal-related bodily sensations and perceived *** a recently develope computational model formalising these theories of pani attacks,it was observed that the response to a simulate perturbation to arousal provided a strong indicator of vulnerability to panic attacks and panic *** this/review,we evaluate whether this observation is borne o in the empirical literature that has examined responses biological challenge(eg,C02 inhalation)and their relatio to subsequent panic attacks and panic *** We searched PubMed,Web of Science and PsycINFO using keywords denoting provocation agents(eg,sodium lactate)and procedures(eg,infusion)combined with keywords relevant to panic disorder(eg,panic).Articles were eligible if they used response to a biologic challenge paradigm to prospectively predict panic attac or panic *** We identified four eligible *** effect sizes suggest that there is biological challenge response a moderate prospective association with subsequent pani attacks,but no prospective relationship with panic disorde Conclusions These findings provide support for the prediction derived from cognitive-behavioural theories an some preliminary evidence that response to a biological challenge may have clinical utility as a marker of vulnerab to panic attacks pending further research and developme Trial registration number 135908.

关键词： behaviour subsequent sizes

Mercury photoreduction and photooxidation in lakes：Effects of filtration and dissolved organic carbon concentration

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journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第6期30卷 151-159页

作者： Nelson j.O’Driscoll emma Vost Erin Mann Sara Klapstein robert Tordon Matthew Lukeman Department of Earth & Environmental Science Acadia University Wolfville B4P 2R6 Nova Scotia Canada Environment Canada Dartmouth Nova Scotia Canada Department of Chemistry Acadia University Wolfville B4P 2R6 Nova Scotia Canada

Mercury is a globally distributed, environmental contaminant. Quantifying the retention and loss of mercury is integral for predicting mercury-sensitive ecosystems. There is little information on how dissolved organic carbon（DOC） concentrations and particulates affect mercury photoreaction kinetics in freshwater lakes. To address this knowledge gap,samples were collected from ten lakes in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia（DOC： 2.6–15.4 mg/L）. Filtered（0.2 μm） and unfiltered samples were analysed for gross photoreduction, gross photooxidation, and net reduction rates of mercury using pseudo first-order curves. Unfiltered samples had higher concentrations（p = 0.04） of photoreducible divalent mercury（Hg（II）rED）（mean of 754 ± 253 pg/L） than filtered samples（mean of 482 ± 206 pg/L）;however, gross photoreduction and photooxidation rate constants were not significantly different in filtered or unfiltered samples in early summer. DOC was not significantly related to gross photoreduction rate constants in filtered（r2= 0.43; p = 0.08） and unfiltered（r2= 0.02; p = 0.71） samples; DOC was also not significantly related to gross photooxidation rate constants in filtered or unfiltered samples. However, DOC was significantly negatively related with Hg（Ⅱ）rED in unfiltered（r2= 0.53; p = 0.04）, but not in filtered samples（r2= 0.04;p = 0.60）. These trends indicate that DOC is a factor in determining dissolved mercury photoreduction rates and particles partially control available Hg（Ⅱ）rED in lake water. This research also demonstrates that within these lakes gross photoreduction and photooxidation processes are close to being in balance. Changes to catchment inputs of particulate matter and DOC may alter mercury retention in these lakes and could partially explain observed increases of mercury accumulation in biota.

关键词： Mercury Photoreduction Photooxidation Dissolved organic carbon(DOC) Particulates Kejimkujik National Park

Effects of L-arginine and L-citrulline supplementation in reduced protein diets for broilers under normal and cyclic warm temperature

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Animal Nutrition 2021年第4期7卷 927-938页

作者： Hiep Thi Dao Nishchal K.Sharma emma j.Bradbury robert A.Swick School of Environmental and rural Science Faculty of ScienceAgricultureBusiness and LawUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleAustralia Faculty of Animal Science Vietnam National University of AgricultureTrau Quy TownGia Lam DistrictHanoiViet Nam ridley AgriProducts MelbourneVictoriaAustralia

Heat stress causes significant economic losses in the broiler *** supplementation of arginine(Arg)and citrulline(Cit)might increase the performance of broilers raised under warm temperature due to vasodilation *** study investigated the effects of L-Arg or L-Cit supplementation in broilers fed a reduced protein wheat-based diet deficient in Arg under thermoneutral(NT)and cyclic warm temperature(WT).ross 308 cockerels(n=720)were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments with 12 replicates of 15 birds per pen from d 7 to *** 4 treatments were:normal protein(NP),i.e.,22.3%and 20.9%crude protein in grower and finisher,respectively;reduced protein(rP),i.e.,2.5%lower protein and deficient in Arg;and rP supplemented with 0.28%Arg(rP-Arg)or 0.28%Cit(rP-Cit).A factorial arrangement of treatments was applied during the finisher phase(21 to 35 d).Factors were:diet(4 diets above);and temperature,NT(24℃)or cyclic WT(33±1℃for 6 h per day)with 6 replicate pens per *** 7 to 35 d and 21 to 35 d,the birds fed the rP diet had lower body weight gain(BWG)and higher FCr compared to the NP diet(Prg or Cit to rP decreased FCr compared to rP(Pring 21 to 35 d,the birds exposed to WT had lower feed intake(FI),lower BWG(Pr FCr(P>0.05)compared to birds exposed to *** by temperature interactions were not observed for performance parameters during the period of WT(P>0.05).On d 35,the rP-fed birds had a lower yield of thigh and drumstick,higher fat pad,lower femur ash,and breaking strength but similar serum uric acid level and higher nitrogen digestibility on d 21 compared to those offered NP(Prg or Cit to rP resulted in increased femur ash on d 35(Pry to maintain growth performance in broilers regardless of the temperature conditions.

关键词： Arginine Citrulline Meat chickens Low protein Heat stress

response of laying hens to L-arginine,L-citrulline and guanidinoacetic acid supplementation in reduced protein diet

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Animal Nutrition 2021年第2期7卷 460-471页

作者： Hiep Thi Dao Nishchal K.Sharma emma j.Bradbury robert A.Swick School of Environmental and rural Science Faculty of ScienceAgricultureBusiness and LawUniversity of New England2351New South WalesAustralia Faculty of Animal Science Vietnam National University of AgricultureTrau Quy TownGia Lam DistrictHanoiViet Nam ridley AgriProducts Level 4565 Bourke StreetMelbourneVICAustralia

A study was conducted with Hy-Line Brown laying hens to examine the effects of reduced protein diet,deficiency of arginine(Arg),and addition of crystalline Arg,citrulline(Cit)and guanidinoacetic acid(GAA)as substitutes for *** performance,egg quality,serum uric acid,liver and reproductive organ weights,and energy and protein digestibility were measured using a completely randomized design with 5 *** were a standard diet(17%protein diet;SP),a reduced diet(13%protein diet deficient in Arg;rP)and rP with added Arg(0.35%,rP-Arg),GAA(0.46%equivalent to 0.35%Arg,rP-GAA)or Cit(0.35%,rP-Cit)to the level of *** was hypothesized that performance would decrease with Arg deficient rP diet and the addition of GAA or Cit in rP would allow birds to perform similar or greater than Arg-added rP *** experiment was conducted from 20 to 39 wk of age but the treatment effect was seen only after 29 wk of *** birds offered rP had reduced egg and albumin weights(Pr yolk color score(Pr protein intake and excretion(Pred *** Arg or Cit were added to rP to make them equivalent to SP,feed intake(FI)and egg production were not different than those of rP(P>0.05).The birds offered rP-GAA decreased FI and egg production(Pred to those offered *** addition ofArg,Cit or GAA to the rP had no effect on egg quality parameters,protein and energy digestibilities(P>0.05).However,birds offered the rP-Cit diet tended to have higher Haugh unit(P=0.095)and lower shell breaking strength(P=0.088)compared to all other treatments while those offered rP-GAA had higher energy digestibility(Pr groups but *** limited performance response of hens fed rP with added Arg,GAA,or Cit may be due to deficiency of some other nutrients in rP such as phenylalanine,potassium or non-essential amino acids and other components of soybean meal in the diet.

关键词： Arginine Citrulline Guanidinoacetic acid Laying hen reduced protein