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Differences in phenotype,homing properties and suppressive activities of regulatory T cells induced by epicutaneous,oral or sublingual immunotherapy in mice sensitized to peanut

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2017年第9期14卷 770-782页

作者： Vincent Dioszeghy Lucie Mondoulet emilie puteaux Véronique Dhelft Mélanie Ligouis Camille Plaquet Christophe Dupont Pierre-Henri Benhamou Research Department DBV TechnologiesParis92220France Pédiatrie-Gastroentérologie Université Paris Descartes&APHP-Hôpital NeckerParis75743France

Allergen-specific immunotherapy has been proposed as an attractive strategy to actively treat food allergy using the following three different immunotherapy routes:oral(OIT),sublingual(SLIT)and epicutaneous(EPIT)immunotherapy.Regulatory T cells(Tregs)have been shown to have a pivotal role in the mechanisms of immunotherapy.The aim of this study was to compare the phenotype and function of Tregs induced in peanut-sensitized BALB/c mice using these three routes of treatment.We show that although EPIT,OIT and SLIT were all able to effectively desensitize peanut-sensitized mice,they induced different subsets of Tregs.Foxp3+Tregs were induced by the three treatment routes but with greater numbers induced by EPIT.EPIT and OIT also increased the level of LAP+Tregs,whereas SLIT induced IL-10+cells.The suppressive activity of EPIT-induced Tregs did not depend on IL-10 but required CTLA-4,whereas OIT acted through both mechanisms and SLIT was strictly dependent on IL-10.Moreover,the three routes influenced the homing properties of induced Tregs differently,with a larger repertoire of chemokine receptors expressed by EPIT-induced Tregs compared with OIT-and SLIT-induced cells,resulting in different protective consequences against allergen exposure.Furthermore,whereas OIT-or SLIT-induced Tregs lost their suppressive activities after treatment was discontinued,the suppressive activities of EPIT-induced Tregs were still effective 8 weeks after the end of treatment,suggesting the induction of a more long-lasting tolerance.In summary,EPIT,OIT and SLIT mediated desensitization through the induction of different subsets of Tregs,leading to important differences in the subsequent protection against allergen exposure and the possible induction of tolerance.

关键词： allergy immunotherapy mechanisms regulatory T cells

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Distortion Function for Emoji Image Steganography

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2019年第6期59卷 943-953页

作者： Lina Shi Zichi Wang Zhenxing Qian Nannan Huang Pauline puteaux Xinpeng Zhang Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science School of Communication and Information EngineeringShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microlectronique de MontpellierCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueUniversity of MontpellierMontpellier34095France

Nowadays,emoji image is widely used in social networks.To achieve covert communication in emoji images,this paper proposes a distortion function for emoji images steganography.The profile of image content,the intra-and inter-frame correlation are taken into account in the proposed distortion function to fit the unique properties of emoji image.The three parts are combined together to measure the risks of detection due to the modification on the cover data.With the popular syndrome trellis coding(STC),the distortion of stego emoji image is minimized using the proposed distortion function.As a result,less detectable artifacts could be found in the stego images.Experimental results show that the proposed distortion function performs much higher undetectability than current state-of-the-art distortion function HILL which is designed for natural image.

关键词： Steganography emoji image distortion function

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