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Plasticity as panacea？ Nerves, hormones, and the currencies of trade-offs

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Current Zoology 2015年第2期61卷 251-264页

作者： elizabeth BASTIAANS elizabeth SWANGER Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota MN 55108 USA

Phenotypic plasticity is nearly universal among organisms, and evidence indicates that plasticity can exhibit additive genetic variation and respond to selection. These findings have important implications for our understanding of how plasticity may be constrained and how its mechanistic structure may affect its evolution. Many life history trade-offs may be conceptua- lized as plastic traits, with individuals varying in their position along trade-off axes due to genetic differences, developmental plasticity, or short-term plasticity occurring throughout an individual＇s lifetime. Behavioral plasticity is key to understanding when organisms are likely to encounter trade-offs, whether those trade-offs can be mitigated, and how the tradc-offs affect the ecology and evolution of populations. In this review, we discuss hormonal and neural mechanisms that may influence how plastic behavioral traits are expressed and evolve. We also outline a classification of life history trade-offs and their mechanistic bases and discuss the currencies most likely to mediate each category of trade-off and bow they are tied to the mechanisms by which animals express their behaviors.

关键词： Phenotypic plasticity Life history trade-offs Hormones Neural tissue

应用CRISP清单,提升我国全科医学和基本医疗研究报告的质量

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中国全科医学 2025年第4期28卷 393-401页

作者：杨辉汪洋陈庆奇刘晨曦顾杰赵洋秦江梅曹新阳 elizabeth Sturgiss William R.Phillips 许岩丽 Monash大学公共卫生与预防医学学院澳大利亚墨尔本市VIC 3168 上海市全科医学与社区卫生发展研究中心 200090 同济大学附属杨浦医院全科医学科上海市200090 香港大学家庭医学及基层医疗学系中国香港特别行政区999077 华中科技大学同济医学院医药卫生管理学院湖北省武汉市430000 复旦大学附属中山医院全科医学科上海市200032 复旦大学附属中山医院国际医疗部上海市200032 新南威尔士大学乔治全球健康研究院澳大利亚悉尼2050 墨尔本大学人口与全球健康学院澳大利亚墨尔本3010 国家卫生健康委卫生发展研究中心北京市100044 《中国全科医学》杂志社有限公司北京市100053 School of Primary and Allied Health Care Monash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustraliaVIC 3168 University of Washington SeattleWashington98195

基本医疗(初级保健)研究报告内容的条目共识(CRISP)工作组于2023年提出了CRISP清单,以支持改善上述领域研究报告的质量、实用性和传播性。《中国全科医学》英文版的学术编辑团队对CRISP清单进行了中文翻译,并通过这篇述评,在回顾我国全... 详细信息

基本医疗(初级保健)研究报告内容的条目共识(CRISP)工作组于2023年提出了CRISP清单,以支持改善上述领域研究报告的质量、实用性和传播性。《中国全科医学》英文版的学术编辑团队对CRISP清单进行了中文翻译,并通过这篇述评,在回顾我国全科医学和基本医疗研究的内涵和发展现状的基础上,归纳了该领域的科研报告中目前存在的主要问题,如“以作者为中心”“过度重视塑造权威性”“盲目生搬国际经验”“缺乏对方法学的透明报告”“在论文中压入大量冗繁信息”以及“遮蔽关键信息”等。最后,编辑团队推荐和鼓励中国的全科医学和基本医疗服务研究的作者、编辑和学术评议专家尝试使用CRISP清单,在改善中国全科医学和基本医疗研究报告质量的同时,进一步完善该工具在学科发展研究、临床研究、卫生服务研究、卫生政策研究、教育和培训研究以及社区流行病学研究等亚领域中的应用。

关键词：全科医学基本医疗研究报告内容共识

The effectiveness of eyespots and masquerade in protecting artificial prey across ontogenetic and seasonal shifts

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Current Zoology 2022年第4期68卷 451-458页

作者： elizabeth G Postema Department of Entomology and Nematology University of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA

When constraints on antipredator coloration shift over the course of development,it can be advantageous for animals to adopt different color strategies for each life *** caterpillars in the genus Papilio exhibit unique ontogenetic color sequences:for example,early instars that masquerade as bird feces,with later instars possessing eyespots.I hypothesize that larvae abandon feces masquerade in favor of eyespots due to ontogenetic changes in signaler *** ontogenetic pattern also occurs within broader seasonal shifts in background color and predator activity.I conducted predation experiments with artificial prey to determine how potential signaling constraints(specifically size and season)shape predation risk,and consequently the expression of ontogenetic color change in Papilio ***,both predation and background greenness declined significantly from July to September,though there was little evidence that these patterns impacted the effectiveness of either color *** size and color strongly affected the attack rate of avian predators:attacks increased with prey size regardless of color,and eyespotted prey were attacked more than masquerading prey *** results may reflect a key size-mediated tradeoff between conspicuousness and intimidation in eyespotted prey,and raise questions about how interwoven aspects of behavior and signal environment might maintain the prevalence of large,eyespotted larvae in nature.

关键词： ontogenetic color change eyespots masquerade predator-prey dynamics season

ntegrated approach to winery waste： waste generation and data consolidation

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2016年第1期10卷 168-176页

作者： Margarida OLIVEIRA elizabeth DUARTE Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA) University of Lisbon 1349-017 Lisboa Portugal Escola Superior Agrairia de Santarem (ESAS) Instituto Superior Politecnico de Santarem 2001-904 Santarem Portugal

The winemaking process involves the genera- tion of a significant amount of waste and wastewater. These residues should be addressed for recycling or treatment before being returned to environment. As each winery is unique in waste generation and disposal, plans for environmentally friendly waste management are not universal and should be tested for their effectiveness. In this study, a diagnostic was made during three years, in different wineries, throughout Portugal, in order to quantify and characterize the waste and the wastewater produced. The results showed that solid waste and wastewater are mainly produced during the harvest period, corresponding to 74% and 87%, respectively. One ton of processed grape approximately produce 0.13 t marc, 0.06 t lees, 0.03 t of stalks and 1.65 m3 of wastewater. No significant differences （P≤0.05） were observed for grape marc, lees and wastewater ratios, between years or wineries. With respect to the stalk ratio, there was no effect of year but the winery significantly affected this ratio （P ≤ 0.05）. During the study period the treated wastewater, since diluted, revealed suitable characteristics for irrigation representing an additional source of water. In this regard, the data acquisition and consolidation ensure the transfer of information and experience which constitute an essential step in a support decision tool design.

关键词： waste management wastewater reuse winerywastewater

Distribution of Panama’s narrow-range trees:are there hot-spots?

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Forest Ecosystems 2021年第4期8卷 801-809页

作者： elizabeth Tokarz Richard Condit Morton Arboretum 4100 Illinois Rte.53LisleIL 60532USA

Background:Tree species with narrow ranges are a conservation concern because heightened extinction risk accompanies their small *** risks for these species is challenging,however,especially in tropical flora where their sparse populations seldom appear in traditional plots and ***,we utilize instead large scale databases that combine tree records from many sources to test whether the narrow-range tree species of Panama are concentrated at certain elevations or in certain *** investigations have suggested that the Choco region of eastern Panama and the high mountains of western Panama may be potential hotspots of narrow-range tree ***:All individual records were collected from public databases,and the range size of each tree species found in Panama was estimated as a polygon enclosing all its *** with ranges<20,000 km^(2) were defined as narrow *** divided Panama into geographic regions and elevation zones and counted the number of individual records and the species richness in each,separating narrow-range species from all other ***:The proportion of narrow endemics peaked at elevations above 2000 m,reaching 17.2% of the species *** elevation<1500 m across the country,the proportion was 6-11%,except in the dry Pacific region,where it was 1.5%.Wet forests of the Caribbean coast had 8.4% narrow-range species,slightly higher than other *** total number of narrow endemics,however,peaked at mid-elevation,not high elevation,because total species richness was highest at ***:High elevation forests of west Panama had higher proportions of narrow endemic trees than low-elevation regions,supporting their hot-spot status,while dry lowland forests had the lowest *** supports the notion that montane forests of Central America should be a conservation ***,given generally higher diversity at low-to mid-elevation,lowlands are also import

关键词： Narrow endemic trees Biodiversity hot-spots Panama Rarefaction High elevations BIEN database Narrow-range

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction at Five:Lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第2期11卷 167-178页

作者： elizabeth Maly Anawat Suppasri International Research Institute of Disaster Science Tohoku UniversitySendai 980-8579.Japan

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030(SFDRR) represents an inclusive approach to disaster risk reduction, linked to development and recovery. Building on previous international guidelines, the SFDRR promotes practical and measurable outcomes for reducing disaster losses, including indicators to measure progress towards seven specific global *** in the context of the priorities and global targets of the SFDRR, the article considers the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 to illustrate advances and limitations in pre-disaster tsunami hazard engineering and post-disaster recovery. With respect to the targets set out in the Sendai Framework related to risk reduction and tsunami engineering, especially Priority 1,understanding disaster risk, there have been significant advances in hazard assessment and systems for tsunami detection and warning. Although the SFDRR emphasizes actions in the recovery phase through Priority 4, enhancing disaster preparedness with an emphasis on the concept of build back better, on its own this does not function as a clear directive for guiding recovery. However, the overall people-centered and inclusive approach of the SFDRR, as well as the global targets and several sub-priorities, can be a useful way to shape good practices in recovery and evaluate recovery progress.

关键词： Build back better Disaster recovery Great East Japan Earthquake Sendai Framework Tsunami risk

Cultural and health implications of fish advisories in a Native American community

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Ecological Processes 2013年第1期2卷 42-53页

作者： elizabeth Hoover American Studies and Ethnic Studies Brown UniversityBox 1886Providence RI 02860USA

Introduction:Fish advisories are issued in an effort to protect human health from exposure to contaminants,but Native American communities may suffer unintended health,social,and cultural consequences as a result of warnings against eating local *** paper focuses on the Mohawk community of Akwesasne,which lies downstream from a Superfund site,and explores how fish advisories have impacted fish consumption and ***:65 Akwesasne community members were interviewed between March 2008 and April *** were semi-structured,lasted from 30–90 minutes and consisted of open-ended questions about the impacts of environmental contamination on the *** field notes were also maintained during extensive visits between 2007–*** were transcribed,and these transcripts as well as the field notes were analyzed in NVivo *** research received approval from the Akwesasne Task Force on the Environment Research Advisory Committee,as well as the Brown University Institutional Review ***:Three-quarters of the 50 Akwesasne Mohawks interviewed have ceased or significantly curtailed their local fish consumption due to the issuance of fish advisories or witnessing or hearing about deformities on *** of these respondents have turned to outside sources of fish,from other communities or from grocery *** change in fish consumption concerns many residents because cultural and social connections developed around fishing are being lost and because fish has been replaced with high-fat high-carb processed foods,which has led to other health ***-quarter of the 50 interviewees still eat local fish,but these are generally middle-aged or older residents;fish consumption no longer occurs in the multi-generational social context it once ***:Human health in Native American communities such as Akwesasne is intimately tied to the health of the *** advisories should not be used as an institutional

关键词： Fish advisories Native American Mohawk Haudenosaunee PCBs Superfund St.Lawrence River Health risk assessment

Hydrologic experiments and modeling of two laboratory bioretention systems under different boundary conditions

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第4期11卷 83-92页

作者： Ruifen Liu elizabeth Fassman-Beck Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China Department of Civil Environmental and Ocean Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken NJ 07030 USA

Hydrologic performance of bioretention systems is significantly influenced by the media composition and underdrain configuration. This research measured hydrologic performance of column-scale bioretention systems during a synthetic design storm of 25.9 mm, assuming a system area：catchment area ratio of 5%. The laboratory experiments involved two different engineered media and two different drainage configurations. Results show that the two engineered mediawith different sand aggregates were able to retain about 36% of the inflow volume with tree drainage conlaguratlon. However, the medium with marine sand is better at delaying the occurrence of drainage than the one with pumice sand, denoting the better detention ability of the former. For both engineered media, an underdrain configuration with internal water storage （IWS） zone lowered drainage volume and peak drainage rate as well as delayed the occurrence of drainage and peak drainage rate, as compared to a free drainage configuration. The USEPA SWMM v5.1.11 model was applied for the tree drainage configuration case, and there is a reasonable fit between observed and modeled drainag.e-rates when media-specific characteristics are available. For the IWS drainage configuration case, air entrapment was observed to occur in the engineered medium with manne sand. F^lhng ot an IWS zone is most likely to be influenced by many factors, such as the structure of the bioretention system, medium physical and hydraulic properties, and inflow characteristics. More research is needed on the analysis and modeling of hydrologic process in bioretention with IWS drainage configuration.

关键词： Bioretention Hydrologic process Underdrain configuration SWMM Modeling

Exploring Loss and Damage at the International Climate Change Talks

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2014年第3期5卷 242-246页

作者： Karen elizabeth McNamara School of Geography Planning and Environmental ManagementThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4072Australia

In recent years, there has been a growing need to address loss and damage as a result of climate change through international processes. At the most recent November 2013 international climate change talks in Warsaw, 194 countries negotiated the best way to establish institutional arrangements for loss and damage under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Such a decision to establish these arrangements was made in 2012 in Doha in a decision known as the‘‘Doha Gateway.’’ While the 19th(2013) Conference of the Parties succeeded in delivering the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts, there was concern by some negotiators earlier into the conference that this would never transpire given the staunch disagreements between countries and lobbying blocks on a way forward. This article provides a brief historical overview of loss and damage at the climate change talks, and examines the key discourses defining this issue between 2011 and 2013 by analyzing submissions by lobbying blocks and member countries, and final negotiated texts. These discourses revolve around causality and solutions, compensation, and the relationship between loss and damage and adaptation.

关键词： Adaptation Climate change Loss and damage Mitigation United Nations