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PPIs are not associated with a lower incidence of portal-hypertension-related bleeding in cirrhosis

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第46期16卷 5869-5873页

作者： Mauricio Garcia-Saenz-de-Sicilia Francisco Sanchez-avila Norberto C Chavez-Tapia Gustavo Lopez-Arce Sandra Garcia-Osogobio Roberto Ruiz-Cordero Felix I Tellez-avila Department of Gastroenterology Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiranMexico CityMexico Medica Sur Clinic and Fundation Endoscopy Department Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador ZubiranMexico City14000Mexico

AIM:To determine if proton pump inhibitor use in cirrhotic patients with endoscopic findings of portal hypertension is associated with a lower frequency of gastrointestinal ***:Patients with cirrhosis and endoscopic findings related to portal hypertension,receiving or not receiving proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy,were included *** assigned patients to two groups:group 1 patients underwent PPI therapy and group 2 patients did not undergo PPI ***:One hundred and five patients with a median age of 58 (26-87) years were included,57 (54.3%) of which were *** varices were found in 82 (78%) patients,portal hypertensive gastropathy in 72 (68.6%) patients,and gastric varices in 15 (14.3%) *** therapy was used in 45.5% of patients (n=48).Seventeen (16.1%) patients presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding;in 14/17 (82.3%) patients,bleeding was secondary to esophageal varices,and in 3/17 patients bleeding was attributed to portal hypertensive *** related to portal hypertension according to PPI therapy occurred in 18.7% (n=9) of group 1 and in 14% (n=8) of group 2 (odds ratio:0.83,95% confidence interval:0.5-1.3,P=0.51).CONCLUSION:Portal hypertension bleeding is not associated with PPI *** findings do not support the prescription of PPIs in patients with chronic liver disease with no currently accepted indication.

关键词： Drug prescription Liver cirrhosis Portal hypertension Proton pump inhibitors Upper gastrointestinal bleeding

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X-ray diffraction investigation of amorphous calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite under ultra-high hydrostatic pressure

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2015年第11期22卷 1225-1231页

作者： elisa Lam Qinfen Gu Peter J.Swedlund Sylvie Marchesseau Yacine Hemar School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Australian Synchrotron Université Montpellier 2 UMR IATE Pl.E Bataillon34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France

The changes in the crystal structures of synthetically prepared amorphous calcium phosphate（ACP） and hydroxyapatite（HAP） in water（1：1 mass ratio） were studied by synchrotron X-ray diffraction（XRD） under ultra-high hydrostatic pressures as high as 2.34 GPa for ACP and 4 GPa for HAP. At ambient pressure, the XRD patterns of the ACP and HAP samples in capillary tubes and their environmental scanning electron micrographs indicated amorphous and crystalline characteristics for ACP and HAP, respectively. At pressures greater than 0.25 GPa, an additional broad peak was observed in the XRD pattern of the ACP phase, indicating a partial phase transition from an amorphous phase to a new high-pressure amorphous phase. The peak areas and positions of the ACP phase, as obtained through fitting of the experimental data, indicated that the ACP exhibited increased pseudo-crystalline behavior at pressures greater than 0.96 GPa. Conversely, no structural changes were observed for the HAP phase up to the highest applied pressure of 4 GPa. For HAP, a unit-cell reduction during compression was evidenced by a reduction in both refined lattice parameters a and c. Both ACP and HAP reverted to their original structures when the pressure was fully released to ambient pressure.

关键词： calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite high hydrostatic pressure X-ray diffraction

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Evaluation of mercury biogeochemical cycling at the sediment–water interface in anthropogenically modified lagoon environments

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第6期30卷 5-23页

作者： elisa Petranich Stefano Covelli Alessandro Acquavita Jadran Faganeli Milena Horvat Marco Contin Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze Universita degli Studi di Trieste Via Weiss 2 34128 Trieste Italy Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Universita degli Studi di Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 5 34128 Trieste Italy CoN.I.S.Ma. Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare Piazzale Flaminio 9 00196 Rome Italy Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale del Friuli Venezia Giulia ARPA FVC Via Cairoli 14 33057 Palmanoua (Udine) Italy Marine Biological Station Fornace 41 6330 Piran Slovenia Department of Environmental Sciences Joker Stefan Institute Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari Ambientali e Animali Universita di Udine Via delle Scienze 206 33100 Udine Italy

The Marano and Grado Lagoon is well known for being contaminated by mercury（Hg） from the Idrija mine（Slovenia） and the decommissioned chlor-alkali plant of Torviscosa（Italy）.Experimental activities were conducted in a local fish farm to understand Hg cycling at the sediment–water interface. Both diffusive and benthic fluxes were estimated in terms of chemical and physical features. Mercury concentration in sediments（up to 6.81 μg/g）showed a slight variability with depth, whereas the highest methylmercury（MeHg） values（up to 10 ng/g） were detected in the first centimetres. MeHg seems to be produced and stored in the 2–3 cm below the sediment–water interface, where sulphate reducing bacteria activity occurs and hypoxic–anoxic conditions become persistent for days. DMeHg in porewaters varied seasonally（from 0.1 and 17% of dissolved Hg（DHg）） with the highest concentrations in summer. DHg diffusive effluxes higher（up to 444 ng/m^2/day） than those reported in the open lagoon（~ 95 ng/m^2/day）, whereas DMeHg showed influxes in the fish farm（up to-156 ng/m^2/day）. The diurnal DHg and DMeHg benthic fluxes were found to be higher than the highest summer values previously reported for the natural lagoon environment. Bottom sediments, especially in anoxic conditions, seem to be a significant source of MeHg in the water column where it eventually accumulates. However, net fluxes considering the daily trend of DHg and DMeHg, indicated possible DMeHg degradation processes. Enhancing water dynamics in the fish farm could mitigate environmental conditions suitable for Hg methylation.

关键词： Mercury Benthic fluxes Biogeochemistry lagoons Sediment–water interface

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Shareholder internationality and importing activities of emerging market firms

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Frontiers of Business Research in China 2020年第3期14卷 383-402页

作者： Pei Wang William Gonzalo vega Salas Business School Renmin University of ChinaBeijing 100872China Universidad del Pacifico Av.Salaverry 2020Jesus MariaLimaPeru

In light of the increasing efforts made by emerging market firms to engage in international business through importing activities,identifying the characteristics that motivate importing busi ness and con tribute to its success is practically and theoretically *** upon a knowledge-based view(KBV),we examine how the shareholder internationality affects a firm's importing *** hypothesize that the shareholder internationality can facilitate a firm's import initiati on and con tribute to the diversity of importing countries of ***,the divergence of shareholders'nationality backgrounds may hinder import initiation,but motivate importing from dispersed countries of origin during the import development process.A longitudinal analysis of Colombian firms supports our hypotheses.

关键词： Shareholder internationality Importing Knowledge-based view(KBV) Emerging markets Colombia International business

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Protecting the photosynthetic performance of snap bean under free air ozone exposure

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第4期30卷 31-40页

作者： Lu Zhang Yasutomo Hoshika elisa Carrari Kent O.Burkey Elena Paoletti College of Horticulture Northeast Agricultural University Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection National Research Council Plant Science Research Unit USDA-ARS

Tropospheric ozone（O3） is a major air pollutant and causes serious injury to vegetation. To protect sensitive plants from O3 damage, several agrochemicals have been assessed,including cytokinin（e.g., kinetin, KIN） and ethylenediurea（EDU） with cytokinin-like *** higher plant, leaves are primarily injured by O3 and protective agrochemicals are often applied by leaf spraying. To our knowledge, the mitigating abilities of EDU and KIN have not been compared directly in a realistic setup. In the present research, impacts of elevated O3（2 × ambient O3, 24 hr per day, for 8 days） on an O3 sensitive line（S156） of snap bean（Phaseolus vulgaris）, which is often used for biomonitoring O3 pollution, were studied in a free air controlled exposure system. The day before starting the O3 exposure, plants were sprayed with a solution of EDU（300 ppm）, KIN（1 mmol/L） or distilled water, to compare their protective abilities. The results demonstrated that 2 × ambient O3 inhibited net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, increased the minimal fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state, decreased the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, and led to visible injury. KIN and EDU alleviated the reduction of the photosynthetic performance, and visible injury under O3 fumigation. The plants sprayed with EDU showed greater ability to mitigate the O3 damage than those sprayed with KIN. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging may have detected more precisely the differences in O3 response across the leaf than the conventional fluorometer.

关键词： Ethylenediurea Free air controlled exposure Kinetin Ozone Phaseolus vulgaris

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Testing visible ozone injury within a Light Exposed Sampling Site as a proxy for ozone risk assessment for European forests

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Journal of Forestry Research 2021年第4期32卷 1351-1359页

作者： Pierre Sicard Yasutomo Hoshika elisa Carrari Alessandra De Marco Elena Paoletti ARGANS 260 route du Pin Montard06410 BiotFrance IRET-CNR Via Madonna del Piano 1050019 Sesto FiorentinoItaly Department of Agriculture FoodEnvironment and Forestry(DAGRI)University of FlorenceFlorenceItaly ENEA Via Anguillarese 30100123 Santa Maria di GaleriaItaly

Biologically meaningful and cost-effective indicators are needed for assessing and monitoring the impacts of tropospheric ozone(0_(3)) on vegetation and are required in Europe by the National Emission Ceilings Directive(2016).However,a clear understanding on the best suited indicators is *** MOTTLES(MOnitoring ozone injury for seTTing new critical LEvelS) project set up a new generation network for 0_(3) monitoring in forest plots in order to:1) estimate the stomatal 0_(3) fluxes(Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold Y of uptake,PODY);and 2) collect visible foliar 0_(3) injury,both within the forest plot(ITP) and along the Light Exposed Sampling Site(LESS) along the forest *** forest sites at high 0_(3) risk were selected across Italy over 2017-2019 and significant correlations(p <0.05) were found between the percentage of symptomatic plant species within the LESS,and POD1(PODY,with Y=1 nmol 0_(3) m^(-2) s^(-1)) calculated for mixed forest species(r=0.53)and with the occurrence and severity of visible foliar 0_(3) injury on the dominant species in the plots(r=0.65).A generic flux-based critical level for mixed forest species was derived within the LESS and it was recommended using11 mmol m^(-2) POD1 as the critical level for forest protection against 0_(3) injury,similar to the critical level obtained in the ITP(12 mmol m^(-2) POD1).It was concluded that the frequency of symptomatic plant species within a LESS is a suitable and effective plant-response indicator of phytotoxic 0_(3) levels in forest *** is a non-destructive,less complex and less time-consuming approach compared to the ITP for monitoring foliar 0_(3) injury in the long *** visible foliar 0_(3) injury in the ITP might only underestimate the 0_(3) risk assessment at individual *** results are biologically meaningful and useful to monitoring experts and environmental policy makers.

关键词： Cost-effective indicator Forest monitoring Light-Exposed Sampling Site Ozone Phytotoxic ozone dose Visible injury

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Compatibility of early natural enemy introductions in commercial pepper and tomato greenhouses with repeated pesticide applications

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Insect Science 2020年第5期27卷 1111-1124页

作者： Beatriz Dader Ignacio Colomer Angeles Adan Pilar Medina elisa Vinuela Unidad de Proteccion de Cultivos Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria AgronomicaAlimentaria y de Biosistemas(ETSIAAB)Universidad Polit^cnica de Madrid(UPM)MadridSpain Departamento de Ingenieria Rural Escuela Superior de IngenieriaUniversidad de AlmeriaAlmeriaSpain

Successful integrated pest management in protected crops implies an evalu-ation of the compatibility of pesticides and natural enemies(NE),as control strategies that only rely on one tactic can fail when pest populations exceed NE activity or pests become resistant to *** in Almeria(Spain),growers release NE prior to transplanting or early in the crop cycle to favor their settlement before pest arrival because this improves biocontrol efficacy,although it extends pesticide exposure *** pur-pose of this research was to evaluate the compatibility of two applications of pesticides with key NE in 2-year trials inside tomato and sweet pepper commercial greenhouses:Nesidiocoris tenuis(Reuter)(Hemiptera:Miridae),Orius laevigatus(Say)(Hemiptera:Anthocoridae)and Amblyseius swirskii(Athias-Henriot)(Acari:Phytoseidac).In tomato,flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole(IOBC category 1)were compatible with ***,but chlorpyrifos.:methyl and spinosad(IOBC categories 2-3),which efectively reduced Tiuta absoluta(Meyrick)(Lepidoptera:Gelechidae)density,compromised its predatory *** sweet pepper,chlorantraniliprole(IOBC category 1)was the only pesticide compatible with *** while chlorantraniliprole,emamectin benzoate,spirote-tramat and pymetrozine were harmless(IOBC category 1)to Amblyseius swirskii,and sulfoxaflor slightly harmful(IOBC category 2)to this phytoseiid predator.

关键词： Amblyseius swirskii chemical control Frankliniella occidentalis Nesidiocoris tenuis Orius laevigatus Tuta absoluta

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An Analysis on the Competitiveness of Costa Rica’s Coffee Trade

An Analysis on the Competitiveness of Costa Rica’s Coffee T...

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作者： Jonathan vega-Castillo 苏州大学

学位级别：硕士

Coffee production has played a key role in Costa Rica’s history and continues to be important to the country’s economy. In2011, the agriculture sector employed28percent of the labor force and comprised10percent of Costa Rica’s total GNP. Coffee is an important commodity and a popular beverage. Over1.6billion cups of coffee are consumed in the world every day. Over90%of coffee production is done by small producers in small developing countries like Costa Rica, while consumption happens mainly in the industrialized economies. Agricultural producers, particularly those with smaller, independently owned operations, face a critical issue:how to compete effectively in today’s marketplace. Some key problems countries face when competing in markets characterized by parity of core product attributes are: Traditional differentiation strategies are eliminated from the countries’ arsenal. They are based in rural areas in poor countries where infrastructure is poor and service provision low. Local purchasing markets are often characterized by imperfect competition, where the appearance of cartels is common in small producing countries like Costa Rica. Due to lack of investment in Research and Development of new varieties of disease resistant coffee, during the last2cropping season Costa Rica has faced a decrease in production that has weakened a lot of the producers. To face this problems Costa Rica most implement strategic changes in its current agricultural strategy, this dissertation intends to determine which those strategic areas are.

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Do Pregnant Teens Have Higher Risk of Intimate Partner Violence than Pregnant Adult Women in Mexico?

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Health 2014年第20期6卷 2814-2824页

作者： Rosario Valdez Santiago Mariana Mojarro Iñ iguez elisa Hidalgo Solorzano Leticia avila Burgos Luz Arenas Monreal WHO Collaborating Centre for Injuries and Violence Research National Institute of Public Health (INSP/Mexico) Cuernavaca Mexico

Objective: The objective of the study is to estimate the prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and identify factors linked to it in pregnant Mexican adult and adolescent women. Methods: Data were gathered by the National Survey of Violence against Women (2006), applied to women between the ages 15-49, users of Mexican public health institutions. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the significant factors associated with IPV against pregnant women. Results: Both adolescent and adult study participating women showed a 24% prevalence of current IPV (during the previous 12 months). The study’s multivariate model for adult women revealed the following as main predictors for IPV: a woman’s agreement with traditional gender roles (OR = 4.35, CI95% = 2.20 - 8.60), and women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (OR = 2.76, CI95% = 1.68 - 4.55). The main predictor of IPV in pregnant adolescents was their partners’ frequency of alcohol consumption: often/usually (OR = 6.49, CI95% = 2.18 - 19.33). Conclusion: To this date, Mexico has not been able to guarantee universal screening methods for IPV as a part of prenatal care protocols. The phenomenon of IPV towards pregnant women neither has been followed-up by further research nor has been identified as a public health problem in spite of the seriousness of its implications for women and their offspring.

关键词： Partner Violence in Pregnancy Adolescents & Adults Mexico

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High ownership concentration and exporting of emerging market firms： evidence from Peru

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Frontiers of Business Research in China 2017年第3期11卷 427-451页

作者： William Gonzalo vega Salas Ziliang Deng Renmin Business School Renmin University of China Haidian Beijing China vega Salas Corp Arequipa Peru

Despite the extraordinarily high ownership concentration widely observed in emerging market firms as a result of institutional voids, there is little research on how this high ownership concentration affects the exporting behavior of emerging market firms. From principal-agent and institutional perspectives, we hypothesize that high ownership concentration has a negative relationship with export intensity, because, in emerging markets, highly concentrated ownership bridges the interests of owners （principals） and managers （agents） so that principals must be prudent in exploring risky international markets. Moreover, we hypothesize that export country diversification strengthens the relationship between ownership concentration and export intensity, because broad geographic dispersion increases risk exposure and principal-agent problems. Empirical analysis based on a panel dataset for publicly listed firms in Peru from 2005 to 2014 supports the hypotheses. The study highlights the risk aversion attitude activated by ownership concentration, an attitude that protects emerging market firms from overconfidently exploring international business opportunities. The study extends the conventional literature on the interface between ownership concentration and international business in an emerging market context. We also discuss the generalizability of the findings to other emerging markets, e.g. China.

关键词： Ownership concentration Export Country diversification Agency theory Emerging markets Peru

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