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图书与情报 2009年第2期 21-27页

作者： Samuel mc Chord Crothers 王波(译) 不详北京大学图书馆北京100871

《大西洋月刊》(Atlantic Monthly)创办于1857年11月,是一本名副其实的"杂"志,扉页上长期写着:"一本关于文学、政治、科学与艺术的杂志"(A Magazine of Literature,Science,Art and Politics),创刊宣言声称它要成为美国理想的代言人,不... 详细信息

《大西洋月刊》(Atlantic Monthly)创办于1857年11月,是一本名副其实的"杂"志,扉页上长期写着:"一本关于文学、政治、科学与艺术的杂志"(A Magazine of Literature,Science,Art and Politics),创刊宣言声称它要成为美国理想的代言人,不但定义还要创造独特的美国声音,标明美国在世界文化中的位置。这本新生的杂志很快成为全美最智慧的人从无名小卒到鼎鼎大名之间的转换器,文学家霍桑、爱默生、马克·吐温,政治家西奥多·罗斯福、马丁·路德·金等,举凡美国的文化、政治明星,不少人都曾在该刊发表过原创的文学作品和政论文章。《大西洋月刊》凭借着它超然的、智慧的、幽默的、富有艺术感的优雅态度,一百多年来从容地发表着对美国各个层面深思熟虑的看法与观点,成为美国人极为尊敬的思想餐桌、美学看台和科学课堂。进入20世纪后,该刊在强烈关注政治、文化的同时,对于高新技术同样抱着浓厚兴趣。二战后,它率先发表了探讨原子能技术的文章,最早对人工智能作了富有远见的介绍。目前它的发行量已经达到47万份,每期有120万人在阅读,是"美国国家杂志奖"无法跳过的大刊名刊。伴随着《大西洋月刊》的成长,美国文化与美国理想不但觉醒,而且俨然成为一种霸权。对于中国读者来说,一个细节或许会拉近我们与《大西洋月刊》的距离。在该刊的编辑部里张贴着一封特殊的读者来信——中国订户宋美龄因为抗战原因,随国民党政府从南京迁至重庆,特别致信要求将杂志邮寄至新地址。对于中国的图书情报工作者来说,有一篇文章使我们对《大西洋月刊》相当耳熟,那就是维纳·布什(VannevarBush)在该刊1945年6月号上发表的《诚如所思》(AsWeMayThink)。此文被中外很多情报学家视为情报学诞生的标志。可惜的是,由于我们不太重视资料的积累和翻译,《诚如所思》直到2001年才被全文翻译出来,发表在《新媒介与创新思维》(清华大学出版社,2001年)一书中。无独有偶,图书馆学的分支课题——阅读疗法的大多数研究文献,都把阅读疗法的理论源头指向《大西洋月刊》,该刊1916年9月号发表的《一家文学诊所》(ALiteraryClinic),一般被认为是世界上第一篇专门讨论阅读疗法的文章。考虑到这篇关于阅读疗法的始祖文献虽然被广为提及,但是由于其发表在近百年之前,当时的《大西洋月刊》在国内收藏无几,如今的电子数据库亦未收录,其内容殊难被研究阅读疗法的国内同道所接触,不少人对其全貌并不了解,只是人云亦云。故而揭开其神秘面纱,使其全文完整呈现,是有学术意义的。经仔细寻觅,本人在北京大学图书馆的燕京大学旧藏中发现了《大西洋月刊》1916年的合订本。于是将这篇已经过了知识产权保护期的作品全文翻译如下。这篇文章通篇采用的是对话体,叙述的是作者克罗色尔斯偶然发现他在教堂工作的朋友、医生拜格斯特把他的小礼拜室变成了阅读疗法诊所,就好奇地对朋友进行了采访。拜格斯特爽快地、全盘道出了自己创办阅读疗法诊所的初衷、理念,并举了一些临床案例来论证阅读疗法的疗效。一问一答的对话体是新闻报道常用的一种文体,文章虽然没有交代作者的身份,但从文章的题材,我们可以推断作者很可能是一名记者。这篇文章与其说是一篇论文,不如说是一篇有深度的社会新闻报道。和该文同期发表的,还有18篇文章,涉及政治、文学、宗教等各个方面,该文位于第2篇,紧接其后的是主题宏大的《战争与人类进步》,由此可见,文学诊所的出现、阅读疗法的发明对当时的美国社会来说,是一件相当新奇和引起轰动的事件。对照《大西洋月刊》的宗旨,在重要的位置发表这样的文章,编辑部显然是看重了阅读疗法兼具智性、科普、美感等要素,寄望据此推动美国人塑造艺术化的生活方式。同时也表明,《大西洋月刊》对于新生事物具有非同寻常的敏感和兴趣,大约30年后,《诚如所思》的发表也是这种热情拥抱新事物的办刊风格的体现,它全面地表述了关于自动检索等人工智能的畅想。拜格斯特是一名医生,他在谈话中,随意自如地以药品类比书籍,把不同的书分别比喻为兴奋剂、安眠药、镇静剂、乳状液、去酸精、增甜剂、赋形剂、刺激物、反刺激物、酒精、退烧药、酊剂等药物。他还提到了许多作家,如卢梭、尼采、托尔斯泰、爱默生、拜伦等,点评了他们作品的特点及其治疗价值。为了阐明自己的理念,证实阅读疗法的疗效,他进一步介绍了几个自己成功治疗的例子,当事人有患上抑郁症的年轻人,有空虚无聊的中年人,有职业书评家、政客、股票经纪人、宗教偏执者等,拜格斯特自豪地介绍了对不同的病人如何对症荐书,畅谈了如何在临床上灵活、巧妙地辩证使用各种风格的文学书籍、各种思潮的哲学书籍、各种倾向的史学书籍。将这些药品名、作家名、作品名的娓娓道来,说明拜格斯特先生十分博学,使这篇文章读起来生动活泼、饶有趣味。因为拜格斯特提到的都是20世纪初流行的

关键词：文学家《大西洋月刊》 Science 诊所世界文化科学与艺术政治家政论文章

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Socio-economic status and lifestyle factors are associated with achalasia risk: A population-based case-control study

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第15期22卷 4002-4008页

作者： Helen G Coleman Ronan T Gray Kar W Lau Conall mc Caughey Peter V Coyle Liam J Murray Brian T Johnston Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group Centre for Public Health Queen’s University Belfast Regional Virus Laboratory Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast Department of Gastroenterology Royal Victoria HospitalBelfast

AIM: To evaluate the association between various lifestyle factors and achalasia ***: A population-based case-control study was conducted in Northern Ireland, including n = 151 achalasia cases and n = 117 age- and sexmatched controls. Lifestyle factors were assessed via a face-to-face structured interview. The association between achalasia and lifestyle factors was assessed by unconditional logistic regression, to produce odds ratios(OR) and 95% confidence interval(CI).RESULTS: Individuals who had low-class occupations were at the highest risk of achalasia(OR = 1.88, 95%CI: 1.02-3.45), inferring that high-class occupation holders have a reduced risk of achalasia. A history of foreign travel, a lifestyle factor linked to upper socioeconomic class, was also associated with a reduced risk of achalasia(OR = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.35-0.99). Smoking and alcohol consumption carried significantly reduced risks of achalasia, even after adjustment for socio-economic status. The presence of pets in the house was associated with a two-fold increased risk of achalasia(OR = 2.00, 95%CI: 1.17-3.42). Nochildhood household factors were associated with achalasia ***: Achalasia is a disease of inequality, and individuals from low socio-economic backgrounds are at highest risk. This does not appear to be due to corresponding alcohol and smoking behaviours. An observed positive association between pet ownership and achalasia risk suggests an interaction between endotoxin and viral infection exposure in achalasia aetiology.

关键词： Achalasia Risk factors Epidemiology Lifestyle Socio-economic status

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生物SIMS成像,扫描离子探针的优越性

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真空科学与技术 1998年第A12期18卷 61-65页

作者： Mony.,mc

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甲氨蝶呤单次给药与腹腔镜治疗未破裂型异位妊娠的一项随机比较性研究

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实用妇产科杂志 2001年第6期 381-382页

作者： Sowter mc 佐满珍

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Floss Software Architecture for Safety Related Systems

Floss Software Architecture for Safety Related Systems

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全国第20届计算机技术与应用学术会议（CACIS·2009）暨全国第1届安全关键技术与应用学术会议

作者： Nicholas mc Guire Distributed and Embedded Systems Lab Lanzhou University

The utilization of COTS/FLOSS in the context of safety related systems is of interest for technical as well as economical reasons and there are on-going efforts in industry to find solutions to the challenging question of how to utilize FLOSS in safety *** research efforts have reached positive conclusions about utilizing COTS,albeit with restrictions [2],[5],[4].While building on high-complexity software is in principle contended in much of the safety community,we believe that the vast resource of FLOSS components is of such great utility that it is mandatory to investigate there usage in safety related systems and find answers to the open *** critical system design been focused on minimizing complexity of the system most notably of software components which is also suggested by key standards [61508-37.***.2.6].Here we will argue that while there are grounds to claim that GNU/Linux is conservative with respect to design and technology,it is obviously large and complex,never the less usable if an appropriate solution at the architectural level is *** solutions need to address a deeper problem of the safety community,with respect to software: how can we address high software complexity - it is not going to g down in the future and answers need to be found based on sound technical reasoning.

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Multiple-stacked Hybrid Plays of lacustrine source rock intervals：Case studies from lacustrine basins in China

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Petroleum Science 2017年第3期14卷 459-483页

作者： Shu Jiang You-Liang Feng Lei Chen Yue Wu Zheng-Yu Xu Zheng-Long Jiang Dong-Sheng Zhou Dong-Sheng Cai Elinda mc Kenna Energy and Geoscience Institute University of UtahSalt Lake City UT 84108 USA Research Institute of Unconventional Oil and Gas and Renewable Energy China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao 266580 Shandong China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 Sichuan China Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute Beijing 100083 China PetroChina Hangzhou Institute of Geology Hangzhou 310023 Zhejiang China School of Ocean Sciences China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083 China CNOOC Beijing 100027 China

Hydrocarbon-producing lacustrine basins are widely developed in the world, and China has a large number of lacustrine basins that have developed since the early Permian. The organic-rich shale-dominated heterogeneous source rock intervals in Chinese lacustrine basins generally contain frequent thin interbeds of stratigraphically associated sandstone, siltstone, marl, dolomite, and limestone. The concept of ‘‘Hybrid Plays＇＇ as put forth in this article recognizes this pattern of alternating organicrich shale and organic-lean interbeds and existence of mixed unconventional and conventional plays. Hybrid Plays in lacustrine source rock intervals present a unique closed petroleum system hosting continuous *** interbedded organic-lean siliciclastic and/or carbonateplays are efficiently charged with hydrocarbons via short migration pathways from the adjacent organic-rich shale that is often also a self-sourced play. We assert ‘‘Hybrid Plays＇＇ provide the most realistic exploration model for targeting multiple-stacked and genetically related very tight shale, tight and conventional plays together in the entire source rock interval rather than individual plays only. The Hybrid Play model has been proven and works for a wide variety of lacustrine rift, sag and foreland basins in China.

关键词： Lacustrine basin Hybrid Plays - Shale Interbed Source rock Petroleum system

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Geotechnical risk management to prevent coal outburst in room-and-pillar mining

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2016年第1期26卷 9-18页

作者： zhang peter peterson scott neilans dan wade scott mc grady ryan pugh joe Alpha Natural Resources Inc. Waynesburg 15370 USA

A coal outburst is a severe safety hazard in room-and-pillar mining under deep cover. It is more likely to occur during pillar retreating. Multi-seam mining dramatically increases the risk of coal outburst within the influence zones created by remnant pillars and gob-solid boundaries. Though coal outburst is generally associated with heavy loading of coal pillars,its occurrence is difficult to predict. Risk management provides a proactive tool to minimize coal outburst in room-and-pillar mining under deep cover. Risk assessment is the first step in identifying and quantifying outburst risk factors. The primary risk factors for coal outburst are overburden depth,roof and floor strength,geological anomalies,mining type,multi-seam mining,and panel width. A risk assessment chart can be used to proactively screen out mining sections with high risk of coal outburst for further analysis. Gob-solid boundaries and remnant pillars are critical factors in evaluation of the coal outburst risk of multi-seam mining. Risk identification,risk assessment,geologic influence mapping,geotechnical evaluation,risk analysis,risk mitigation,and monitoring are essential elements of coal outburst risk management process. Training is an integral part of risk management for risk identification and communication between all the stakeholders including management,technical and safety personnel,and miners.

关键词： Coal outburstPillar retreatingPillar stabilityRisk management

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Combining Ethnography, Archival Data, and Social Network Analysis to Better Understand an Industry

Combining Ethnography, Archival Data, and Social Network Ana...

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International Conference on Anthropological Perspectives and Local Approaches:Indigenous Applications in Management and Marketing

作者： John mc Creery The Word Works Ltd.

This paper describes a project in which I have been involved for several years,an attempt to combine social network analysis(SNA)with historical and ethnographic research(HER)to better understand the world of top creators in the Japanese advertising *** versions of the paper were presented at Sunbelt XXXII,the annual conference of the International

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Three-dimensional reconstructed magnetic resonance scans:Accuracy in identifying and defining knee meniscal tears

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2016年第11期7卷 731-737页

作者： Neil Kruger Eugene mc Nally Sami Al-Ali Raj Rout Jonathan L Rees Andrew J Price Orthopaedic Research Unit University of Cape Town Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre University of Oxford the Whittington Hospital

AIM To determine whether three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction from conventional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) is able to accurately detect a meniscal tear, and define the *** Thirty-three patients' 3T MRI scan data were collected and sagittal uni-planar 3D reconstructions performed from the preoperative MRI. There were 24 meniscal tears in 24 patients, and nine controls. All patients had arthroscopic corroboration of MRI findings. Two independent observers prospectively reported on all 33 reconstructions. Meniscal tear presence or absence was noted, and tear configuration subsequently categorised as either radial, bucket-handle, parrot beak, horizontal or *** Identification of control menisci or meniscal tear presence was excellent(Accuracy: observer 1 = 90.9%; observer 2 = 81.8%). Of the tear configurations, bucket handle tears were accurately identified(Accuracy observer 1 and 2 = 80%). The remaining tear configurations were notaccurately *** Uni-planar 3D reconstruction from 3T MRI knee scan sequences are useful in identifying normal menisci and menisci with bucket-handle tears. Advances in MRI sequencing and reconstruction software are awaited for accurate identification of the remaining meniscal tear configurations.

关键词： Knee Meniscus Arthroscopy Magnetic resonance imaging Three-dimensional reconstruction Materialise Interactive Medical Control System Tear

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涂料用氨基树脂(Ⅰ)

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涂料工业 1993年第6期23卷 40-42页

作者： R.mc.D.Barrett 英国BIP专用树脂公司

一、丁醇改性氨基树脂丁醇改性脲甲醛树脂和丁醇改性三聚氰胺甲醛树脂(通常称为氨基树脂)作为一种交联剂在烘漆和酸固化木器清漆中已成功地使用了约五十年。这些烘漆可用作汽车漆、卷材漆、罐头磁漆、罐头油墨或罐头罩光清漆以及其他一... 详细信息

一、丁醇改性氨基树脂丁醇改性脲甲醛树脂和丁醇改性三聚氰胺甲醛树脂(通常称为氨基树脂)作为一种交联剂在烘漆和酸固化木器清漆中已成功地使用了约五十年。这些烘漆可用作汽车漆、卷材漆、罐头磁漆、罐头油墨或罐头罩光清漆以及其他一般的工业涂料。

关键词：涂料氨基树脂

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