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Do copepods inhabit hypersaline waters worldwide?A short review and discussion

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2015年第6期33卷 1354-1361页

作者： elena v.anufriieva MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments Institute of Mineral ResourcesCAGS Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas

A small number of copepod species have adapted to an existence in the extreme habitat of hypersaline water. 13 copepod species have been recorded in the hypersaline waters of Crimea （the largest peninsula in the Black Sea with over 50 hypersaline lakes）. Summarizing our own and literal_re data, the author concludes that the Crimean extreme environment is not an exception： copepod species dwell in hypersaline waters worldwide. There are at least 26 copepod species around the world living at salinity above 100; among them 12 species are found at salinity higher than 200. In the Crimea Cletocamptus retrogressus is found at salinity 360×10^-3 （with a density of 1 320 individuals/m^3） and Arctodiaptomus salinus at salinity 300×10^-3 （with a density of 343 individuals/m^3）. Those species are probably the most halotolerant copepod species in the world. High halotolerance of osmoconforming copepods may be explained by exoosmolyte consumption, mainly with food. High tolerance to many factors in adults, availability of resting stages, and an opportunity of long-distance transportation of resting stages by birds and/or winds are responsible for the wide geographic distribution of these halophilic copepods.

关键词： Copepoda halotolerance exoosmolytes biogeography

Cladophora mats in a Crimean hypersaline lake:structure,dynamics,and inhabiting animals

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2018年第6期36卷 1930-1940页

作者： Alexandr v.PRAZUKIN elena v.anufriieva Nickolai v.SHADRIN The A.O.Kovalevsky Institute of Marine Biological Research of RAS 2 Nakhimov Av.Sevastopol 299011Russia

Filamentous green algae play an important functional role in element cycling and productivity in the diff erent water bodies. In hypersaline lakes and lagoons of the Crimea, filamentous green algae are present and form bottom and floating mats that occupy large areas with high biomass, up to 4–5 kg(wet biomass)/m2. Cladophora spp. dominated in those mats. Five species of filamentous green algae(Chlorophyta) in Lake Chersonesskoye: C ladophora vadorum(Aresch.) Kütz., C. siwaschensis C. Meyer, C. echinus(Biasol.) Kütz., Ulothrix implexa(Kütz.) Kütz., Rhizoclonium tortuosum(Dillw.) Kütz., and seagrass(Angiospermae) R uppia cirrhosa(Petagna) Grande were found. Cladophora spp. and R. cirrhosa were found in the lake throughout the year, other types of algae were encountered episodically. In most cases the biomass of bottom mat exceeded that of the floating mat. In general, the total biomass of the bottom and floating mats in the lake areas at depths up to 30 cm was in a stable range of values from 100 to 290 mg(dry weight)/cm2. Animal and infusorian average abundance in mats reach high values: infusorians—up to 15 000 000 ind./m2, Cletocamptus retrogressus(Copepoda, Harpacticoida)—up to 730 000 ind./m2, Eucypris mareotica(Ostracoda)—up to 91 000 ind./m2 and Chironomidae larvae(Insecta, Diptera)—up to 140 ind./m2. Those values were much higher than in the plankton.

关键词： green algae mats hypersaline lake photosynthesis invertebrates

Morphometric variability of Arctodiaptomus salinus （Copepoda） in the Mediterranean-Black Sea region

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Zoological Research 2015年第6期36卷 328-336页

作者： elena v.anufriieva Nickolai v.SHADRIN The AO Kovalevsky Institute of Marine Biological Research Russian Academy of Sciences

Inter-species variability in morphological traits creates a need to know the range of variability of characteristics in the species for taxonomic and ecological tasks. Copepoda Arctodiaptomus salinus, which inhabits water bodies across Eurasia and North Africa, plays a dominant role in plankton of different water bodies-from fresh to hypersaline. This work assesses the intra- and inter-population morphometric variability of A. sa/inus in the Mediterranean-Black Sea region and discusses some observed regularities. The variability of linear body parameters and proportions was studied. The impacts of salinity, temperature, and population density on morphological characteristics and their variability can manifest themselves in different ways at the intra- and inter-population levels. A significant effect of salinity, pH and temperature on the body proportions was not found. Their intra-population variability is dependent on temperature and salinity. Sexual dimorphism of A. salinus manifests in different linear parameters, proportions, and their variability. There were no effects of temperature, pH and salinity on the female/male parameter ratio. There were significant differences in the body proportions of males and females in different populations. The influence of temperature, salinity, and population density can be attributed to 80%-90% of intra-population variability of A. salinus. However, these factors can explain less than 40% of inter-population differences. Significant differences in the body proportions of males and females from different populations may suggest that some local populations ofA. salinus in the Mediterranean-Black Sea region are in the initial stages of differentiation.

关键词： Crustacea Differentiation Morphology Sex differences Environmental factors

Dormant stages of crustaceans as a mechanism of propagation in the extreme and unpredictable environment in the Crimean hypersaline lakes

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2015年第6期33卷 1362-1367页

作者： Nickolai v.SHADRIN elena v.anufriieva Francisco AMAT Oleg Yu.EREMIN MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments Institute of Mineral Resources Institute of Marine Biological Research of RAS Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC)

A pool of dormant stages of planktonic organisms in saline lakes is a substantial component in the plankton communities;we need to take it into account to understand plankton *** water bodies in Crimea,the largest peninsula in the Black Sea,constitute a very characteristic and peculiar habitat type in the *** examined the presence of crustacean resting stages in sediments of dried up sites of the Crimean hypersaline *** samples were taken in 9 different *** performed on the hatching of these resting stages showed the presence of Moina salina(Cladocera),parthenogenetic Artemia and Artemia urmiana(Anostraca),Eucypris mareotica( inflata)(Ostracoda),and Cletocamptus retrogressus(Harpacticoida).Comparing the experimental results obtained with clean dried brine shrimp cysts and those kept in sediment samples,it was noted that clean cysts hatched much faster than those from sediments *** components in bottom sediments slow down and desynchronize hatching from resting eggs in different groups of *** sediments of different lakes inhibited the nauplii output from Artemia and ostracod resting eggs to different *** data are needed before we can discuss the reasons of this *** nonsynchronous output of active stages from the bottom resting ones may be an adaptation that allows crustacean species to exist in extreme and unpredictably changing environments,avoiding the risk that all may emerge at once under unsuitable conditions.

关键词： resting stages hypersaline waters Crustacea Crimea sediment

Does salinity change determine zooplankton variability in the saline Qarun Lake(Egypt)?

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2015年第6期33卷 1368-1377页

作者： Gamal M.EL-SHABRAWY elena v.anufriieva Mousa O.GERMOUSH Mohamed E.GOHER Nickolai v.SHADRIN National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Fish Research Station MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments Institute of Mineral Resources Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas Biology Department College of ScienceAl Jouf University

Zooplankton and 14 abiotic variables were studied during August 2011 at 10 stations in Lake Qarun, Egypt. Stations with the lowest salinity and highest nutrient concentrations and turbidity were close to the discharge of waters from the El-Bats and E1-Wadi drainage systems. A total of 15 holozooplankton species were identified. The salinity in Lake Qarun increased and fluctuated since 1901：12 g/L in 1901; 8.5 g/L in 1905; 12.0 g/L in 1922; 30.0 g/L in 1985; 38.7 g/L in 1994; 35.3 g/L in 2006, and 33.4 g/L in 2011. The mean concentration of nutrients （nitrate, nitrite and orthophosphate） gradually increased from 35, 0.16 and 0.38 μg/L, respectively, in 1953-1955 to 113, 16.4, and 30.26 μg/L in 2011. From 1999-2003 some decrease of species diversity occurred. Average total zooplankton density was 30 000 ind./m^3 in 1974-1977; 356 125 ind./m^3 in 1989; 534 000 ind./m^3 in 1994-1995; from 965 000 to 1 452 000 ind./m^3 in 2006, and 595 000 ind./m^3 in 2011. A range of long-term summer salinity variability during the last decades was very similar to a range of salinity spatial variability in summer 2011. There is no significant correlation between zooplankton abundance and salinity in spatial and long-term changes. We conclude that salinity fluctuations since at least 1955 did not directly drive the changes of composition and abundance of zooplankton in the lake. A marine community had formed in the lake, and it continues to change. One of the main drivers of this change is a regular introduction and a pressure of alien species on the existent community. Eutrophication also plays an important role. The introduction ofMnemiopsis leidyi, first reported in 2014, may lead to a start of a new stage of the biotic changes in Lake Qarun, when eutrophication and the population dynamics of this ctenophore will be main drivers of the ecosystem change.

关键词： saline lake Copepoda Rotifera Mnemiopsis leidyi alien species

Copepods in Hypersaline Waters Worldwide:Diversity,Environmental,Social,and Economic Roles

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第S1期88卷 43-45页

作者： elena anufriieva MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments Institute of Mineral ResourcesCAGS Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas Department of Marine Animal Physiology and Biochemistry

1 Introduction Copepods are a group of small crustaceans,which play an important ecological role in aquatic *** occupy different ecological niches in aquatic food webs,contributes to biogenic element cycles,and transf... 详细信息

关键词： Copepods in Hypersaline Waters Worldwide

Resting Stages of Crustaceans in the Crimean Hypersaline Lakes(Ukraine) and Their Ecological Role

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第S1期88卷 46-49页

作者： elena anufriieva Nickolai SHADRIN Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas Department of Marine Animal Physiology and Biochemistry MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments Institute of Mineral ResourcesCAGS

1 Introduction A presence of resting stages in various aquatic organisms is a long-known phenomenon as a mechanism of species adaptation to exist in unstable aquatic habitats,surviving adverse conditions in the"sleeping"state(Radzikowski,2013).Bank of resting stages of planktonic organisms is an important component of the plankton community,without which we cannot understand community dynamics(Brendonck and De Meester,2003).

关键词： saline lakes resting eggs Crustacea Crimea

Factors determining the average body size of geographically separated Arctodiaptomus salinus （Daday, 1885） populations

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Zoological Research 2014年第2期35卷 132-141页

作者： elena v. anufriieva Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas Department of Marine Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Sevastopol 99011 Ukraine MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments Institute of Mineral Resources Beijing 100037 China

Arctodiaptomus salinus inhabits water bodies across Eurasia and North Africa. Based on our own data and that from the literature, we analyzed the influences of several factors on the intra- and inter-population variability of this species. A strong negative linear correlation between temperature and average body size in the Crimean and African populations was found, in which the parameters might be influenced by salinity. Meanwhile, a significant negative correlation between female body size and the altitude of habitats was found by comparing body size in populations from different regions. Individuals from environments with highly varying abiotic parameters, e.g. temporary reservoirs, had a larger body size than individuals from permanent water bodies. The changes in average body mass in populations were at 11.4 times, whereas, those in individual metabolic activities were at 6.2 times. Moreover, two size groups of A. salinus in the Crimean and the Siberian lakes were observed. The ratio of female length to male length fluctuated between 1.02 and 1.30. The average size of A. salinus in populations and its variations were determined by both genetic and environmental factors. However, the parities of these factors were unequal in either spatial or temporal scales.

关键词： Copepoda Aretodiaptomus salinus Body size Sexual dimorphism variability

Intentional introduction of Artemia sinica(Anostraca) in the high-altitude Tibetan lake Dangxiong Co:the new population and consequences for the environment and for humans

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2015年第6期33卷 1451-1460页

作者：贾沁贤 elena anufriieva 刘喜方孔凡晶 Nickolai SHADRIN MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments Institute of Mineral ResourcesChinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS) Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas

The imbalance between supply and demand of Artemia cysts in China and around the world is increasing *** lakes in Tibet may contribute to the solution of the *** Northern Tibet there are 26 saline lakes whose salinity and temperature may support Artemia survival at an altitude of 4 000–5 100 *** found Artemia in 15 of these *** saline lakes with Artemia populations mainly belong to the shallow basin lakes,and the majority of these lakes are small in *** total area of lakes without Artemia is more than 1 000 km *** Dangxiong Co(Co means lake in Tibet) was chosen for the intentional introduction of Artemia *** 2004,850 g of *** cysts,originating from Qinghai,were introduced in the *** in 2006–2014 showed that the average abundance of Artemia adults in the lake gradually increased from 20 ind./m 3 in 2006 to 1950 ind./m 3 in *** assume that two subpopulations of ***,separated by depth,may exist in the *** new Artemia population caused an increase in the number of species of phytoplankton and heterotrophic protozoa with a decrease of their total *** transparency also *** in phytoplankton passed from cyanobacteria to *** occurred not only in the lake ecosystem;the number of water birds using the lakes also dramatically *** calculations showed that is it possible to harvest at least about 150 t cysts per year from the lake as well as 3.2 thousand tons of frozen or 350 t of dried biomass of adult Artemia.

关键词： Artemia phytoplankton water birds Tibet alien species