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Carnobacteria in fish

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Aquaculture and Fisheries 2024年第2期9卷 193-205页

作者： einar Ring Norwegian College of Fishery Science Faculty of BioscienceFisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsø9010Norway

Carnobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria,within family Carnobacteriaceae,and they are catalase-and oxidase-negative,non-sporing bacteria with properties such as CO_(2)and L(+)-lactic acid production from glucose,but they are not able to grow on acetate *** are ubiquitous lactic acid bacteria and have been isolated from both cold and temperate environments,and they are identified as components of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal(GI)tract of salmonids and several other fish species of which Carnobacterium(piscicola)maltaromaticum,Carnobacterium mobile,Carnobacterium divergens,Carnobacterium alterfunitum,and Carnobacterium inhibens are *** the last two decades several studies have revealed that carnobacteria can act as probiotics to promote health benefits of fish,as well as they in ex vivo studies to some extent can out-compete *** addition to beneficial effects,information is available that some carnobacteria species causing fish *** aim of the present review is to present an updated overview of Carnobacterium in fish,with focus on their presence in the GI tract,their use as probiotic supplement and general information on pathogenic carnobacteria.

关键词： Carnobacterium Gastrointestinal tract Probiotics Fish health Pathogenic

Probiotics in shellfish aquaculture

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Aquaculture and Fisheries 2020年第1期5卷 1-27页

作者： einar RingΦ Norwegian College of Fishery Science Faculty of BiosciencesFisheries and EconomicsUiTThe Arctic University of NorwayTromso 9037Norway A R

The shellfish aquaculture industry has dramatically developed during the last two ***,this de-velopment has,in some cases,resulted in environmental degradation,emergence of diseases and low *** need for improving disease resistance,growth performance,feed efficiency,and safe aquatic production for human consumption has stimulated development and applications of probiotics in *** used in shellfish aquaculture include genera of Lactobacillus,Enterococcus,Bacillus,Aeromonas,Alteromonas,Arthrobacter,Bifidobacterium,Clostridium,Parnibaillus,Phaeobacter,Pseudoalteromonas,Pseudomonas,Rhodosporidium,Roseobacter,Streptomyces and *** beneficial effects of these probiotics include improved growth performance,enzymatic contribution to nutrition,inhibition of adherence and colo-nization of pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract,modulation of the gut microbiota,and increase haema-tological parameters and immune *** present review addressed insight into the application of probiotics in shellfish aquaculture,methods of administration,mode of actions,and their enhancing effects,and discuss research gaps and issues that merit further investigations.

关键词： Probiotics Shellfish Aquaculture

Forward Scattering Series for 2-Parameter Acoustic Media:Analysis and Implications to the Inverse Scattering Task Specific Subseries

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Communications in Computational Physics 2008年第1期3卷 136-159页

作者： Adriana Citlali Ram´ırez einar Otnes M-OSRP Department of PhysicsUniversity of Houston77204-5005USA Statoil Research Center N-7005 TrondheimNorway.

We study the 2-parameter acoustic Born series for an actual medium with constant velocity and a density *** a homogeneous background we define a perturbation,the difference between actual and reference medium(we use background and reference as synonyms),which exhibits an anisotropic behavior due to the density *** an actual medium with a constant velocity,the reference velocity can be selected so that the waves in the actual medium travel with the same speed as the waves in the background *** theory decomposes the actual wave field into an infinite series where each term contains the perturbation and the propagators in the background ***,in this formalism,all propagations occur in the background medium and the actual medium is included only through the perturbations which scatter the propagating *** density-only perturbation has an isotropic and an anisotropic *** anisotropic component is dependent on the incident direction of the propagating waves and behaves as a purposeful perturbation in the sense that it annihilates the part of the Born series that acts to correct the time to build the actual wave field,an unnecessary activity when the reference velocity is equal to the one in the actual *** means that the forward series is not attempting to correct for an issue that does not *** define the purposeful perturbation concept as the intrinsic knowledge of preciselywhat a given term is designed to *** is a remarkable behavior for a formalism that predicts the scatteredwave fieldwith an infinite *** each order of approximation the output of the series is consistent with the fact that the time is correct because the velocity is always *** the density-only perturbation,the forward series only seeks to predict the correct ***,we extend the analysis to a wave propagating in a medium where both density and velocity *** selecting a convenient set o

关键词： Born series acoustics inverse scattering scattering acoustic modeling.

The importance of age for liver-related mortality in patients with metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease

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Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 2024年第1期13卷 124-127页

作者： einar S.Bjornsson Division of Gastroenterology Department of Internal MedicineLandspitali University HospitalReykjavikIceland Faculty of Medicine University of IcelandReykjavikIceland

In the last four decades,the importance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has increased as the etiology of cirrhosis in the world and associated hepatocellular cancer(HCC).Recently,the terminology has been changed to metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)(1).Importantly,a recent validation of the criteria revealed that 99.5%of NAFLD patients in a large cohort of Sweden met the MASLD criteria(2).The authors concluded that previous natural history data can be used.

关键词： Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) alcoholic liver disease(ALD) prognosis age

Advances in fatty acids nutrition in dairy cows: from gut to cells and effects on performance

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021年第1期12卷 1-36页

作者： Massimo Bionaz einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez Sebastiano Busato Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenGrønnegårdsvej 3DK-1870 Frederiksberg CDenmark.

High producing dairy cows generally receive in the diet up to 5–6% of fat. This is a relatively low amount of fat in the diet compared to diets in monogastrics;however, dietary fat is important for dairy cows as demonstrated by the benefits of supplementing cows with various fatty acids(FA). Several FA are highly bioactive, especially by affecting the transcriptome;thus, they have nutrigenomic effects. In the present review, we provide an up-to-date understanding of the utilization of FA by dairy cows including the main processes affecting FA in the rumen,molecular aspects of the absorption of FA by the gut, synthesis, secretion, and utilization of chylomicrons;uptake and metabolism of FA by peripheral tissues, with a main emphasis on the liver, and main transcription factors regulated by FA. Most of the advances in FA utilization by rumen microorganisms and intestinal absorption of FA in dairy cows were made before the end of the last century with little information generated afterwards. However,large advances on the molecular aspects of intestinal absorption and cellular uptake of FA were made on monogastric species in the last 20 years. We provide a model of FA utilization in dairy cows by using information generated in monogastrics and enriching it with data produced in dairy cows. We also reviewed the latest studies on the effects of dietary FA on milk yield, milk fatty acid composition, reproduction, and health in dairy cows. The reviewed data revealed a complex picture with the FA being active in each step of the way, starting from influencing rumen microbiota, regulating intestinal absorption, and affecting cellular uptake and utilization by peripheral tissues, making prediction on in vivo nutrigenomic effects of FA challenging.

关键词： Absorption Dairy cow Dietary fatty acids Intestine Liver Metabolism Performance Transcription factors Transport

Dynamics of Advantageous Mutant Spread in Spatial Death-Birth and Birth-Death Moran Models

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Communications on Applied Mathematics and Computation 2024年第1期6卷 576-604页

作者： Jasmine Foo einar Bjarki Gunnarsson Kevin Leder David Sivakoff School of Mathematics University of MinnesotaTwin CitiesMN55455USA Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering University of MinnesotaTwin CitiesMN55455USA Departments of Statistics and Mathematics The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH43210USA

The spread of an advantageous mutation through a population is of fundamental interest in population genetics. While the classical Moran model is formulated for a well-mixed population, it has long been recognized that in real-world applications, the population usually has an explicit spatial structure which can significantly influence the dynamics. In the context of cancer initiation in epithelial tissue, several recent works have analyzed the dynamics of advantageous mutant spread on integer lattices, using the biased voter model from particle systems theory. In this spatial version of the Moran model, individuals first reproduce according to their fitness and then replace a neighboring individual. From a biological standpoint, the opposite dynamics, where individuals first die and are then replaced by a neighboring individual according to its fitness, are equally relevant. Here, we investigate this death-birth analogue of the biased voter model. We construct the process mathematically, derive the associated dual process, establish bounds on the survival probability of a single mutant, and prove that the process has an asymptotic shape. We also briefly discuss alternative birth-death and death-birth dynamics, depending on how the mutant fitness advantage affects the dynamics. We show that birth-death and death-birth formulations of the biased voter model are equivalent when fitness affects the former event of each update of the model, whereas the birth-death model is fundamentally different from the death-birth model when fitness affects the latter event.

关键词： Spatial death-birth models Spatial birth-death models Spatial evolutionary models Spatial cancer models Evolutionary graph theory Stochastic processes Biased voter model Dual process Fixation probability Shape theorem

Checkpoint inhibitor-induced hepatotoxicity:Role of liver biopsy and management approach

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World Journal of Hepatology 2022年第7期14卷 1269-1276页

作者： Fernando Bessone einar Stefan Bjornsson Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Facultad de Ciencias MédicasHospital Provincial del CentenarioUniversity of Rosario School of MedicineRosario 2000Santa FeArgentina Department of Gastroenterology Natl Univ Hosp IcelandSect Gastroenterol&HepatolDept Internal MedHringbraut 11DIS-101 ReykjavikIceland Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine University of IcelandReykjavik Postal code 101State of ReykjavikIceland

Immunological checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)have revolutionized therapy of many different *** immune-mediated adverse effects are common and can affect many organs such as the skin,lungs,gastrointestinal and endocrine organs as well as the *** injury has been reported in 3%-8%of patients with grade III-IV hepatitis in retrospective *** liver injury is characterized by hepatocellular injury resembling autoimmune hepatitis biochemically but not immunologically as patients with ICI induced hepatoxicity rarely have auto-antibodies or IgG *** role for liver biopsy(LB)in patients with suspected liver injury due to ICIs is controversial and it is not clear whether results of a LB will change clinical *** can be helpful when there is diagnostic uncertainty and pre-existing liver disease is *** there are no distinctive histological features,the finding of granulomas and endothelitis may suggest a specific type of hepatitis induced by *** natural history of hepatotoxicity of ICI therapy is not well *** studies have demonstrated that 33%-50%of patients improve spontaneously with discontinuation of *** patients with jaundice and/or coagulopathy corticosteroids are *** high doses of corticosteroids with 1-2 mg/kg/d of methylprednisolone recommended by the oncological societies are *** it has shown that initial treatment with 1 mg/kg/d provided similar liver tests improvement which was also associated with a reduced risk of steroid-induced adverse effects in comparison with higher-dose *** immunosuppression mostly with mycophenolate mofetil has been reported to be helpful.

关键词： Hepatotoxicity Checkpoint inhibitors Biologics hepatitis Drug-induced liver injury Liver biopsy

Behavioral snake mimicry in breeding tits

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Current Zoology 2021年第1期67卷 27-33页

作者： Anders Pape MФLLER einar FLENSTED-JENSEN Wei LIANG Laboratoire d'Ecologie Systématique et EvolutionCNRS UMR 8079Université-Paris-SudSaclayBâtiment 362F-91405Orsay CedexFrance Cypresvej 1 BranderslevDK-9700Denmark Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands College of Life SciencesHainan Normal UniversityHaikou571158China

Many animals mimic the behavior or the appearance of venomous *** humans or other potential predators place their hand near the nest of tits belonging to the family Paridae(and a few other species),the incubating female performs a hissing display that mimics the inhalation hiss of a viper or another *** hiss vigorously while lunging their head forward and shaking their wings and tail,repeating this behavior several *** structure of the hiss in tits is similar to that of the inhalation hiss of a snake,providing evidence of significant convergence of the mimic toward the *** behavior of individual females is repeatable among tri *** that flew away from their nest box only performed the hissing display on 6%of later trials,when present at their box,whereas individuals that did not fly away hissed on 28% of occasions,consistent with great tits Parus major either cautiously flying away or staying put on their nest while actively defending *** that flew away produced fewer chicks than individuals that stayed and *** hissing display was more common when snakes were more abundant:1)When breeding late during the season;2)when breeding at sites with more snakes;and 3)when breeding in subtropical and tropical China with a higher abundance of snakes than in Denmark with a lower *** frequency of nest predation was higher in sites with no snakes,and the frequency of predation increased with decreasing frequency of hissing *** findings are consistent with expectations for frequency-dependent selection acting on snake mimicry.

关键词： Batesian mimicry frequency-dependent selection hissing display personaliy tits

Severe cholestatic hepatitis due to large vessel vasculitis:report of two cases

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Gastroenterology Report 2018年第1期6卷 68-71,I0003页

作者： Jason Xu einar S.Bjo¨rnsson Vinay Sundaram Department of Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology The National University Hospital of IcelandReykjavikIceland Faculty of Medicine University of IcelandReykjavikIceland Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Comprehensive Transplant Center Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA

Giant cell arteritis(GCA)is a vasculitis of medium and large sized vessels that occurs most often in people>50 years of age with associated symptoms of fever,weight loss,headache and jaw *** rheumatica(PMR),which is characterized by aching and stiffness in the shoulders,hip girdle,neck and torso,is intimately associated with GCA,and evidence suggests that GCA and PMR are two phases of the same *** occurrence of liver enzyme abnormalities in either of these conditions is ***,as these conditions occur most commonly in the elderly population who may be subject to polypharmacy,patients with elevated aminotransferases due to underlying GCA/PMR may mistakenly have their abnormal liver function tests attributed to drug-induced liver *** the potential complications of these diseases if left untreated,including ischemic stroke and blindness,early recognition and treatment are *** report two patients who developed severe cholestatic liver enzyme elevation,which had been initially attributed to drug toxicity,but was ultimately caused by large vessel vasculitis,specifically GCA and PMR.

关键词： acute liver injury polymyalgia rheumatica abnormal liver enzymes