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A rapid synthesis of high surface area PdRu nanosponges:Composition-dependent electrocatalytic activity for formic acid oxidation

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2017年第4期26卷 703-711页

作者： ehteram hasheminejad Reza Ojani Jahan Bakhsh Raoof Electroanalytical Chemistry Research Laboratory Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Mazandaran47416-95447BabolsarIran

Here, Pd Ru nanoparticle networks（NPNs） with various compositions were synthesized through an inexpensive method in water as a green solvent, at different ratios of the H;PdCl;and RuCl;precursors. This is a fast, room temperature and surfactant free strategy which is able to form high surface area metal nanosponges with a three-dimensional（3D） porous structure. The structure of as-prepared nanosponges was characterized using the techniques of field emission scanning electron microscopy（FESEM）, energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS） and cyclic voltammetry（CV）. Then, the electrocatalytic activities of Pd Ru NPNs towards formic acid oxidation were examined by electrochemical measurements including CV,chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）. Based on studies, it was found that the current density of formic acid oxidation（FAO） is strongly dependent on the composition of Pd Ru NPNs. The best performance was realized for Pd;Ru;NPNs compared to monometallic Pd counterpart and other bimetallic NPNs which might be ascribed to the role of Ru in the decrease of CO adsorption strength on the catalyst and consequently the priority of formic acid oxidation through the direct pathway. The Pd;Ru;NPNs also showed the maximum current density and stability in chronoamperometric measurements. In addition, comparative studies were performed between as-prepared NPNs and CNTs-supported Pd nanoparticles（Pd NPs/CNTs）. The present results demonstrated the unique structural advantages of NPNs compared to individual Pd NPs supported on the CNT which leads to the promising performance of NPNs as supportless catalysts for the oxidation of formic acid.

关键词： Palladium–ruthenium Nanosponge Nanoparticle networks Methanol oxidation Green synthesis

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Designing trauma registry system using a logical framework approach

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2013年第5期16卷 316-318页

作者： Hassan ehteram Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini Department of Pathology Kashan University MedicalSciences Kashan *** Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center SinaHospital Tehran University Medical Sciences Tehran11365-3876 Iran

While trauma registries provide the mechanisms to collect comprehensive, timely and accurate data related to the injuries and evaluate trauma care systems, they have not been established in most developing countries. On the other hand, in complex projects that have large aims, a logical framework approach （LFA） can help summarize and describe the multiple branches of the project systematically, and elucidate the main goals, extensive objectives, activities and expected outcomes. Therefore a LFA can be used to design and guide trauma registry project management, to integrate the cultural, clinical and capacity variations among countries; and to ensure early alignment of the project＇s design and evaluation.

关键词： Registries Database managementsystems Clinical coding

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